...use the one from the preceding year. The Emperor's subjects were allowed freedom of religious belief 'within limits not prejudicial to peace and order and not antagonistic to their duties as subjects' a catch-all piece of wording that would allow the authorities the maximum freedom of interpretation....

...curb them indirectly through restrictive definitions. Article 28 guaranteed freedom of religion only "within limits not prejudicial to peace and order, and not antagonistic" to one's duties as a subject. The limits of this right could be set by ordinance. In providing that "no...

...being drafted. Article 28 of the Meiji Constitution did eventually provide for religious freedom, but 'within limits not prejudicial to peace and order,...and not antagonistic to their duties as subjects'." The effect in later years when the state again wanted a closer alignment with Shinto was to make observance...

...reflected in the 1889 constitution, which provided that Japanese could enjoy religious freedom only "within limits not prejudicial to peace and order,...and not antagonistic to their duties as subjects." The Shinto faithful brandished such slogans as "Destroy Heresy, Manifest Orthodoxy" to attack Christianity,...

...that, under the Meiji constitution, Japanese "subjects" were entitled to enjoy freedom of religion "within limits not prejudicial to peace and order,...and not antagonistic to their duties as subjects." In this draft, no such conditions were attached. This was unrealistic, Sato thought, given the "present...

...religion, as all modern constitutions should, but in somewhat equivocal form. According to Article 28, "Japanese subjects shall, within limits not prejudicial...their duties as subjects, enjoy freedom of religious belief."81 Interpreters of this article were quick to point out that it was not contradicted by state...

...freedom of religious belief."' The freedom was guaranteed conditionally as long as people remained "not prejudicial to peace and order" and "not antagonistic to their duties as subjects." According to Nakajima Sachio, the duties of a subject included paying taxes, joining the military,...

...them with broad conditions favorable to the state. Article 28, on religious freedom, stipulated that "Japanese subjects shall, within limits not prejudicial...duties as subjects, enjoy freedom of religious belief." For the increasingly nervous leaders, however, even these constitutional limitations did not suffice...

...religious freedom for all guaranteed by Article 28 of the Meiji Constitution, which reads as follows: Japanese subjects shall, within limits not prejudicial...duties as subjects, enjoy freedom of religious belief. (BUNCE 1955, pp. 170-71) Laws passed during the period up to 1900 (cf. CREEMERS 1968, p. 31; HORI 1972,...

...(2) Measures necessary to be taken for the public benefit shall be provided for by law. Article 28. Japanese subjects shall, within limits not prejudicial...subjects, enjoy freedom of religious belief. Article 29. Japanese subjects shall, within the limits of law, enjoy the liberty of speech, writing, publication,...