The objections of Richard Henry Lee

Monroe wishes his measure delayed. Congress regrets Madison

The Massachusetts delegates disobey their instructions .

Their reasons. Bowdoin's reply

The effect

The American commissioners for treaties meet with a rebuff from England
John Adams and King George

England will not treat except on the condition of a preference
Adams proposes retaliation. Interview of Adams with Pitt.
The United States agree with France for a perfect reciprocity
France reduces the duty on American fish-oil. Treaty with Prussia
Spain reserved. Noble spirit of South Carolina. Treaty with Morocco
A new constitution cannot spring from congress

CHAPTER V.

OBSTACLES TO UNION REMOVED OR QUIETED.

1783-1787.

State of religion in the colonies

Virginia disestablishes the church

Hawley and the inquisition into faith by the temporal power

Decline of the Anglican church in Virginia.

.

Does religion need compulsory support? Opinions of the Presbyterians

Of the Baptists. Patrick Henry proposes a legal support for Christianity

Madison opposes. Opinion of Washington

Of the Baptists. Of the convention of the Presbyterian church

Jefferson's bill for religious freedom adopted. Other states follow

The statute in French and Italian.

The Protestant Episcopal church of the United States

The Methodists. Their missionaries in America

Their superintendents. Their liturgy

Their first general conference

The superintendent defined to be a bishop. The Methodists and slavery

Rapid increase of the Methodists. Roman Catholics in the United States

Adjustment of claims to land by Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York

By South Carolina, Virginia. Enlargement of Pennsylvania

New York yields to temptation. Slavery and freedom never reconciled

CHAPTER VI.

STATE LAWS IMPAIRING THE OBLIGATION OF CONTRACTS PROVE THE NEED

OF AN OVERRULING UNION.

The court and the legislature of Rhode Island in conflict

The laws of New York. Of New Jersey

Of Pennsylvania

Of Delaware. Of Maryland. Of Georgia. Of South Carolina

Of North Carolina. Of Virginia

Inflexibility of Washington .

Public opinion on paper money

PAGE

169

. 170

171

. 172

. 173

Situation and value of Mount Vernon. The house and grounds

The lands, negroes, and produce.

Washington embarrassed for income. A gradual abolitionist

His love of hunting. He arranges his papers

His perfect amiability. His exemplary life .

His religion. His hatred of war

His sympathy for the Irish and the Greeks

His enthusiasm at the beginning of the French revolution

He enjoins moderation on Lafayette. In politics an impartial American

The commissioners of Maryland and Virginia meet at Mount Vernon

The results. States divided on granting power over trade to congress

Opinion of Madison

Of Washington. Hesitation of Virginia

Maryland suggests a politico-commercial commission

The wisdom of Madison. Calling a convention at Annapolis

. 192

. 192

. 193

. 193

. 193

More strength to the confederacy, or an end to the union

Plan for a federal convention

Strife between New Jersey and New York. Congress interposes

New Jersey leads the way to a general convention

What was written by Monroe

By Grayson. The views of South Carolina

Monroe opposes a general convention .

Grayson's proposal. Proposal of Charles Pinckney

His committee offer seven new articles of confederation

Congress rests its hopes on the system of April 1783

Discussions in New York city

New York retains the collecting of the revenue

Pennsylvania recedes from the revenue plan of congress

Does not heed a delegation from congress

Congress expostulates with the governor of New York.

Clinton will not yield. Congress fails

Why it could not but fail

. 193

. 193

194

CHAPTER VIII.

VIRGINIA INVITES DEPUTIES OF THE SEVERAL LEGISLATURES OF THE STATES

TO MEET IN CONVENTION.

September 1786 to May 1787.

The convention at Annapolis

Only five states appear. Their extreme caution in their report

They fix the time and place of a federal convention

King prevents the recommendation of the measure by congress

Clinton condemns the commissioners from New York

King before the legislature of Massachusetts

Followed by Nathan Dane

Massachusetts declines the suggestions from Annapolis

Madison and Virginia. The assembly unanimous. Its declaratory preamble.

Virginia selects its delegates. Decision of New Jersey

. 197

197

. 198

So do South Carolina and Georgia. Connecticut. New Hampshire

Expectation of the British ministry

. 201

. 202

Madison prepares a complete plan of a constitution. Jefferson's advice

Conciliates Randolph, governor of Virginia.

. 202

. 202

Of Pennsylvania. North Carolina and Delaware.

The conciliatory movement of King in congress. It succeeds
The decision of New York. The insurrection in Massachusetts
Its legislature accepts the invitation from Annapolis

.

Shall the convention vote by states? Arrival of delegates

Their jarring opinions. Washington's appeal to them

The convention organized

Limited power of the delegates from Delaware

Position of Rhode Island. Character of the delegates
Votes of individuals not to be recorded.

He proposes an outline of a constitution
Proposal of Virginia to found representation on free inhabitants
Charles Pinckney presents a plan. Debates in committee
Butler supports the Virginia plan.
Sherman not yet ready.

Debate on equality of suffrage. Delaware interposes
The legislature to be of two branches.

One branch to be directly chosen by the people
Extent of the federal legislative powers

PAGE

. 211

. 211

Randolph opens the convention. 212

212

214

. 215

Government must act on individuals

. 215

. 215

. 216

. 216

. 216

. 217

The right to negative any state law denied. Coercion of states

. 218

The national executive. The mode of its election and its powers

. 219

Shall it be of one or more ? Sherman for its subordination to the legislature 219

Shall there be unity in the executive? Shall it be chosen by the people?

Its period of service

220

. 220

How to be chosen. How to be removed

. 221

Speech of Dickinson for a vote by states in one branch of the legislature . 221

Randolph proposes an executive of three members

. 222

Opinions on an executive council. The executive to be single

Shall the house of representatives be chosen by the states?

Or by the people?

How both branches are to be chosen. Hamilton's opinion

How to choose the senate

223

224

224

. 224

. 225

226

Connecticut the umpire between the small states and the large ones

The large states prevail

The requirement of an oath

Term of office and qualifications of representatives

Of senators. The work of the committee ended

CHAPTER II.

NEW JERSEY CLAIMS AN EQUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE STATES.

.

.

. 227

. 229

229

. 230

From the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth of June 1787.

The small states dissatisfied. The plan of Connecticut

New Jersey resists the large states

The plan of New Jersey

Debate on the extent of the powers of the convention

Paterson pleads for the equality of the states in one supreme council

Debate on the sovereignty of a single body

Speech and plan of Hamilton

THE CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE.

From the Nineteenth of June to the Second of July 1787.

The states and the nation. Independence declared unitedly

Connecticut takes the lead

Character of Roger Sherman

Of Johnson. Of Ellsworth

.

Federal and national. Speech of Mason for two branches
Sherman for two branches

The convention decides for two branches

Wilson speaks for the general government and the state governments
Ellsworth would graft a general government on the state governments
The mode of choosing and term of office of the senators

The decision. Fierce contest between the smaller states and the large ones
Franklin proposes prayer

The debate continues

Suffrage in the first branch proportioned to population

Ellsworth would have the vote in the senate by states

Speech of Baldwin. Wilson refuses to yield

So does Madison. Persistence of Ellsworth

He is supported by North Carolina

The convention equally divided

Appointment of a grand committee to report a compromise

CHAPTER IV.

THE ADJUSTMENT OF REPRESENTATION.

From the Third to the Twenty-third of July 1787.

Madison's proposal of compromise. Report of the new committee

. 258

Movement against the slave-trade. Two classes of slave states

Jealousy of the speedy preponderance of western states

The equal rights of the western states maintained

Strife on the representation for slaves.

. 261

. 262

263

264

A triple set of parties prevent a decision. Rash proposal of Morris