The Constitution and the Flag: The flag salute cases

accompanying action American flag analysis applied approach argued argument authority believe Bill Chief Justice civil claim clause communicative concern concluded conduct Congress consider constitutional amendment constitutionally convey conviction course critical decision display dissenting draft effect establishment example expression fact federal flag burning flag desecration flag's freedom governmental ground held House ideas important integrity interest involved issue Johnson Justice justify legislation limited majority matter means ment O'Brien object offense opinion particular peace perhaps person physical political position preserving President prevent principles Professor prohibit proposed protection provides punish pure question reason regard regulation Rehnquist religious represents respect restriction result Senator simply speech state's statute Stevens suggested suppression supra note Supreme Court symbol Texas tion Tribe unique United violation Washington