tions will come finally in the common recognition, as a lesson for all future time, that between the social and industrial systems of equal opportunity and of race subjection, each ambitious of expansion in a confederated Republic like ours, there is a fatal antagonism.

I have now reached the ultimate goal proposed in these historical labors. I have told my tale; I have finished my task; and the story of reconstruction and of a broader national existence I willingly leave to other pens. Whatever may have been my imperfections as a narrator of events, and no one, I am sure, whose aims are high, can be unconscious of his own shortcomings, I trust it may

be said of me that I have written with a constant purpose to be just and truthful.

BOSTON, October 3, 1899.

JAMES SCHOULER.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

FIRST ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

PERIOD OF THIRTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS.

MARCH 4, 1861-MARCH 4, 1863.

SECTION I.

A REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION.

Lincoln's colossal greatness; comprehension of his task,

Utterances of his journey; draft of inaugural address,

His inauguration as President,

Last hours of the expiring Congress,

Cabinet nominated and confirmed,

First Cabinet meeting; startling situation at Fort Sumter,

Commissioners from Southern Confederacy; Campbell and

Question of reënforcing Sumter,

Seward,

Drift of opinion during March,

President framing a conclusion; the Virginia convention,

Executive appointments and the rush for office,

First impressions of the President; his personal appearance,

The Sherman interview; Premier or President,

SECTION II.

FORT SUMTER AND THE APPEAL TO ARMS.

Military temper and preparations of the Confederate rulers,

Major Anderson at Fort Sumter; President Lincoln's conclusion,

Sumter to be provisioned and Pensacola reënforced,

Campbell and the Southern commissioners self-deceived,

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Relief expedition ordered to Sumter; Anderson's situation,
Fort Sumter cannonaded and captured by the Confederates,
President's call for militia; spontaneous Northern uprising,
Volunteer enlistments; offers of money and men,
Enthusiasm for secession in the cotton States,

Border slave States distracted; Virginia secedes, with North
Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee,

Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware hold back,

Northern war governors; earliest militia regiments,

Massachusetts Sixth at Baltimore; riot and bloodshed,

Route of other troops by Annapolis; Washington city isolated,

Arrival of New York Seventh; capital rescued from danger,

Maryland saved to the Union; military arrests, etc., .

Militia of Northwestern States defend Mississippi Valley,

Confederate Congress votes more troops; Lincoln's new call for

volunteers,

Increase of navy; Southern privateers; a blockade proclaimed,

Strength of Union sentiment tested; DeTocqueville's predic-

tion,

SECTION III.

THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY.

Antagonism of slave and free labor systems; slave expansion

checked,

Virginia and South Carolina; the latter leads in rebellion,

Slave population and wealth in 1860; Lincoln's Presidency

resisted,

Conspiracy of leaders for State secession; Montgomery govern-
ment organized,

Davis and Stephens, provisional President and Vice-President;

Confederate Cabinet,

Permanent constitution and government; Davis and Stephens
chosen anew,

Confederate constitution examined; its leading provisions and

purpose,

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Not State autonomy, but recombination, the Southern intent,

State sovereignty and secession practically a means to an end,

Enthusiasm for slavery, and Southern homogeneousness,

First session of Confederate Congress at Montgomery,

Second session; ample preparations for resistance,

Confederate government centralized; Davis and his policy,

Southern military appointments; Lee, the Johnstons, and Jack-

CONTENTS.

SECTION IV.

FROM REBELLION TO CIVIL WAR.

First theory of rebellion; appeal for the Union as unchanged,

Scott in command; war aspects in Washington; public impa

tience,

Big Bethel; Vienna ambuscade; death of Ellsworth,

Extra session of Congress; the two Houses organized,

President Lincoln's message; confident national resources,

"On to Richmond;" Scott's forward movement begun,

Patterson; McDowell; battle of Bull Run,.

Retreat to Washington; loyalty's sterner task,

McClellan in western Virginia; Union political movements,

Military victories at Rich Mountain and Carrick's Ford,

McClellan summoned to Washington; West Virginia to become

a State,

Congress provides men and means; the Crittenden resolution,

Confederate Congress at Richmond; dissensions among Southern

leaders,

SECTION V.

THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.

Strategic importance of this region; the "far West " at this date,

The great river and its tributaries; Cairo and St. Louis,

Harney and Lyon in Missouri; Kentucky and State neutrality,

Military conflict in Missouri; Blair and Governor Jackson,

Lyon's prompt measures; disloyalists put to flight,

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90

91

92

93

Loyal State convention and provisional government,

Fremont placed in command; his military errors,

96

97

Lyon killed at Wilson's Creek; Fremont's proclamations,

100

Emancipation controversy with President; Fremont displaced

for mismanagement,

102

Kentucky treated with delicacy; fallacy of neutrality shown, 104

New legislature; governor overruled; State stands by Union, 105

Anderson, Sherman, Thomas, and Buell; Johnston at Bowling

Grant and his tardy recognition; promotion to brigadier,
Paducah occupied by Grant; affair at Belmont, .

FOREIGN RELATIONS AND THE "TRENT."

Foreign policy of the Union; situation at Lincoln's accession,

Diplomatic appo'ntments; Secretary Seward's instructions.