CHAPTER IV. PAGE 62 - -- REVIEW (continued). — RELATIONS WITH MEXICO. - GENERAL TAYLOR MARCHES HIS ARMY TO THE RIO GRANDE. - FIRST ENCOUNTER WITH THE MEXICAN APMY. EXCITEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. CONGRESS DECLARES WAR AGAINST MEXICO.ILL TEMPER OF THE WHIGS. DEFEAT OF THE DEMOCRATS IN THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF 1846.- POLICY OF MR. POLK IN REGARD TO ACQUISITION OF TERRITORY FROM MEXICO. - THREE-MILLION BILL. THE FAMOUS ANTI-SLAVERY PROVISO MOVED BY DAVID WILMOT. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.-HIS PUBLIC SERVICE. ROBERT C. WINTHROP CHOSEN SPEAKER. TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1848.- EFFORT OF THE ADMINISTRATION TO MAKE A DEMOCRATIC HERO OUT OF THE MEXICAN WAR. THOMAS H. BENTON FOR LIEUTENANTGENERAL. BILL DEFEATED. — NOMINATION OF GENERAL TAYLOR FOR THE PRESIDENCY BY THE WHIGS. NOMINATION OF GENERAL CASS BY THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. - VAN BUREN REFUSES TO SUPPORT HIM. DEMOCRATIC BOLT IN NEW YORK. BUFFALO CONVENTION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FREE-SOIL PARTY. - NOMINATION OF VAN BUREN AND CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS. MR. CLAY'S DISCONTENT. MR. WEBSTER'S SPEECH AT MARSHFIELD. -GENERAL TAYLOR ELECTED. THE BARNBURNERS OF NEW YORK. — CHARACTER AND PUBLIC SERVICES OF MR. VAN BUREN. CHAPTER V. REVIEW (continued). — CONTRAST BETWEEN GENERAL TAYLOR AND GENERAL CASS. -THE CABINET OF PRESIDENT TAYLOR.-POLITICAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY.-EFFECT PRODUCED BY THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. CONVENING OF THIRTY-FIRST CONGRESS. ELECTION OF HOWELL COBB AS SPEAKER.-PRESIDENT TAYLOR'S MESSAGE. HIS RECOMMENDATIONS DISTASTEFUL TO THE SOUTH.-ILLUSTRIOUS MEMBERSHIP OF THE SENATE. — MR. CLAY AND THE TAYLOR ADMINISTRATION. MR. CALHOUN'S LAST SPEECH IN THE SENATE. - HIS DEATH. HIS CHARACTER AND PUBLIC SERVICES. - MR. WEBSTER'S 7TH OF MARCH SPEECH. ITS EFFECT UPON THE PUBLIC AND UPON MR. WEBSTER. MR. CLAY'S COMMITTEE OF THIRTEEN. THE OMNIBUS BILL. CONFLICT WITH GENERAL TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. — DEATH OF THE PRESIDENT. MR. FILLMORE REVERSES TAYLOR'S POLICY AND SUPPORTS THE COMPROMISE MEASURES. DEFEAT OF COMPROMISE BILL. PASSAGE OF THE MEASURES SEPARATELY. — MEMORABLE SESSION OF Congress.WHIG AND DEMOCRATIC PARTIES SUSTAIN THE COMPROMISE MEASURES. NATIONAL CONVENTIONS. -WHIGS NOMINATE WINFIELD SCOTT OVER FILLMORE. — MR. CLAY SUPPORTS FILLMORE. MR. WEBSTER'S FRIENDS. - DEMOCRATS NOMINATE FRANKLIN PIERCE. · CHARACTER OF THE CAMPAIGN. — OVERWHELMING DEFEAT OF SCOTT.-DESTRUCTION OF THE WHIG PARTY. DEATH OF MR. CLAY. DEATH OF MR. WEBSTER. THEIR PUBLIC CHARACTERS AND SERVICES COMPARED REVIEW (continued).—THE STRENGTH OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY IN 1853. — PoruLAR STRENGTH NOT SO GREAT AS ELECTORAL STRENGTH. THE NEW PRESIDENT'S PLEDGE NOT TO RE-OPEN THE SLAVERY QUESTION. HOW HE FAILED TO MAINTAIN THAT PLEDGE. THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. ANTI-SLAVERY RESTRICTION OF THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE. MOVEMENT TO REPEAL IT BY MR. CLAY'S SUCCESSOR IN THE SENATE. MR. DOUGLAS ADOPTS THE POLICY OF REPEALINg the RestriCTION. IT IS MADE AN ADMINISTRATION Measure AND CARRIED THROUGH CONGRESS.-COLONEL BENTON'S POSITION. — ANTI- SLAVERY EXCITEMENT DEVELOPED IN THE COUNTRY.-DESTRUCTION OF THE WHIG PARTY. - NEW POLITICAL ALLIANCES. - AMERICAN PARTY. KNOW- NOTHINGS. Origin and GROWTH OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY.-PRO-SLAVERY DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH. CONTEST FOR THE POSSESSION OF KANSAS. - PROLONGED Struggle. DISUNION TENDENCIES DEVELOPING IN THE SOUTH. -ELECTION OF N. P. BANKS TO THE SPEAKERSHIP OF THE HOUSE. THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1856.- BUCHANAN. — FRÉMONT. — Fillmore. THE SLAVERY QUESTION THE ABSORBING ISSUE. TRIUMPH OF BUCHANAN. — DRED SCOTT DECISION.-MR. LINCOLN'S VERSION OF IT.- - CHIEF JUSTICE - REVIEW (continued). — CONTINUANCE OF THE STRUGGLE FOR KANSAS. - LIST OF GOVERNORS. - ROBERT J. WALKER APPOINTED GOVERNOR BY PRESIDENT BUCHANAN. HIS FAILURE. THE LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION FRAUDULENTLY ADOPTED. ITS CHARACTER.IS TRANSMITTED TO CONGRESS BY PRESIDENT BUCHANAN. HE RECOMMENDS THE ADMISSION OF KANSAS UNDER ITS PRO- VISIONS. PRONOUNCES KANSAS A SLAVE STATE. GIVES FULL SCOPE and EFFECT TO THE DRED SCOTT DECISION. SENATOR DOUGLAS REFUSES SUSTAIN THE LECOMPTON INIQUITY. - HIS POLITICAL EMBARRASSMENT. BREAKS WITH THE ADMINISTRATION. - VALUE OF HIS INFLUENCE AGAINST SLAVERY IN KANSAS.LECOMPTON BILL PASSES THE SENATE. - COULD NOT BE FORCED THROUGH THE HOUSE. -THE ENGLISH BILL SUBSTITUTED AND PASSED.-KANSAS SPURNS THE BRIBE. DOUGLAS REGAINS HIS POPULARITY WITH NORTHERN DEMOCRATS. — ILLINOIS REPUBLICANS BITTERLY HOSTILE TO HIM. ABRAHAM LINCOLN NOMINATED TO CONTEST THE RE-ELECTION OF DOUG- LAS TO THE SENATE. LINCOLN CHALLENGES DOUGLAS TO A PUBLIC DISCUS- SION.-CHARACTER OF EACH AS A DEBATER. THEY MEET SEVEN TIMES IN DOUGLAS RE-ELECTED. -SOUTHERN SENATORS ARRAIGN DOUglas. - HIS DEFIANT ANSWER. - DANGER OF SECTIONAL DIVISION IN THE DEMO- EXCITED CONDITION OF THE SOUTH. THE JOHN BROWN RAID AT HARPER'S FERRY.-CHARACTER OF BROWN. GOVERNOR WISE.-HOT TEMPER. - COURSE OF REPUBLICANS IN REGARD TO JOHN BROWN. — MISUNDERSTANDING OF THE TWO SECTIONS. - ASSEMBLING OF THE CHARLESTON CONVENTION.— POSITION OF DOUGLAS AND HIS FRIENDS. IMPERIOUS DEMANDS OF SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS.-CALEB CUSHING SELECTED FOR CHAIRMAN OF THE CONVEN- TION. THE SOUTH HAS CONTROL OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. — RESISTANCE OF THE DOUGLAS DELEGATES. THEY DEFEAT THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. — DELEGATES FROM SEVEN SOUTHERN STATES WITHDRAW. — CONVENTION UNABLE TO MAKE A NOMINATION. ADJOURNS TO BALTIMORE. -CONVENTION DIVIDES. NOMINATION OF BOTH DOUGLAS AND BRECKINridge. -CONSTITUTIONAL UNION CONVENTION. - NOMINATION OF BELL AND EVER- ETT. THE CHICAGO CONVENTION. ITS MEMBERSHIP AND CHARACTER. — MR. SEWARD'S POSITION. HIS DISABILITIES.-WORK OF HIS FRIENDS, THURLOW WEED AND WILLIAM M. EVARTS. OPPOSITION OF HORACE GREELEY. - OB- JECTIONS FROM DOUBTFUL STATES. - VARIOUS CANDIDATES. - NOMINATION OF LINCOLN AND HAMLIN. FOUR PRESIDENTIAL TICKETS IN THE FIELD. ANI- MATED CANVASS. — THE LONG STRUGGLE OVER. THE SOUTH DEFEATED. — CHAPTER IX. - THE TARIFF QUESTION IN ITS RELATION TO THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION OF 1860. -A CENTURY'S EXPERIENCE AS TO BEST MODE OF LEVYING DUTIES. - ORIGINAL COURSE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN REGARD TO REVENUE. — FIRST TARIFF ACT. THE OBJECTS DEFINED IN A PREAMBLE. CONSTITUTIONAL POWER TO ADOPT PROTECTIVE MEASURE. - CHARACTER OF EARLY DISCUSSIONS. -THE ILLUSTRIOUS MEN WHO PARTICIPATED. MR. MADISON THE LEADER. THE WAR TARIFF OF 1812. ITS HIGH DUTIES. THE TARIFF OF 1816. -INTERESTING DEBATE UPON ITS PROVISIONS. - CLAY, WEBSTER, AND CALHOUN TAKE PART.—BUSINESS DEPRESSION THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. — CONTINUES UNTIL THE ENACTMENT OF THE TARIFF OF 1824. - PROTECTIVE CHARACTER OF THAT TARIFF.-STILL HIGHER DUTIES LEVIED BY THE TARIFF OF 1828. SOUTHERN RESISTANCE TO THE PROTECTIVE PRINCIPLE. MR. CALHOUN LEADS THE NULLIFICATION MOVEMENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA. COMPROMISE EFFECTED ON THE TARIFF QUESTION. FINANCIAL DEPRESSION FOLLOWS. — PANIC OF 1837. PROTECTIVE TARIFF PASSED IN 1842. - FREE-TRADE PRINCIPLES TRIUMPH WITH THE ELECTION OF PRESIDENT POLK. -TARIFF OF 1816.- PROSPEROUS CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. - DIFFERENCE OF OPINION AS TO THE CAUSES. SURPLUS REVENUE. PLETHORIC CONDITION OF THE TREASURY.-ENACTMENT OF THE TARIFF OF 1857.- BOTH PARTIES SUPPORT IT IN CONGRESS. - DUTIES LOWER THAN AT ANY TIME SINCE THE WAR OF 1812. PANIC OF 1857. - DISPUTE AS TO ITS CAUSES. - PROTECTIVE AND FREE-TRADE THEORIES AS PRESENTED BY THEIR ADVOCATES.-CONNECTION OF THE TARIFF WITH THE ELECTION OF MR. LINCOLN TO THE PRESIDENCY.-GENERAL REVIEW - CHAPTER X. PAGE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1860.- THE ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE. WIDE CONGRESS DURING THE WINTER OF 1860-61. LEAVE-TAKING OF SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES. SOUTH CAROLINA THE FIRST TO SECEDE. HER DELE CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. vii PAGE GATION IN THE HOUSE PUBLISH A CARD WITHDRAWING. OTHER STATES FOL- — OVERTHROWN BY ELECTION OF LINCOLN. CHAPTER XII. CONGRESS IN THE WINTER OF 1860-61.-THE NORTH OFFERS MANY CONCESSIONS TO THE SOUTH.-SPIRIT OF CONCILIATION. COMMITTEE OF THIRTEEN IN THE SENATE. COMMITTEE OF THIRTY-THREE IN THE HOUSE. DISAGREEMENT of SENATE COMMITTEE. - PROPOSITIONS SUBMITTED TO HOUSE COMMITTEE. THOMAS CORWIN'S MEASURE.-HENRY WINTER DAVIS. JUSTIN S. MERRill. -MR. HOUSTON OF ALABAMA. - CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT PROPOSED BY CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS. — REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THIRTY-THREE. — OBJECTIONABLE MEASURES PROPOSED. - MINORITY REPORT BY SOUTHERN MEMBERS. THE CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE PRoposed. - DETAILS OF THAT COMPROMISE. — MR. ADAMS'S DOUBLE CHANGE OF GROUND. - AN OLD RESOLUTION OF THE MASSACHUSETTS LEGISLATURE.-MR. WEBSTER'S CRITICISM PERTINENT.-VARIOUS MINORITY REPORTS. THE CALIFORNIA MEMBERS. WASHBURN AND TAPPAN. - AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION PASSED BY THE HOUSE. - BY THE SENATE ALSO. - NEW MEXICO. - THE FUGITIVE-SLAVE LAW.- MR. CLARK OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.- PEACE CONGRESS.-INVITED BY VIRGINIA. - ASSEMBLES IN WASHINGTON. - PEACE MEASURES PROPOSEd. — THEY MEET NO FAVOR IN CONGRESS. - TERRITORIES OF COLORADO, DAKOTA, AND NEVADA ORGANIZED. PROHIBITION OF SLAVERY ABANDONED. ― REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS DO NOT ASK IT. EXPLANATION REQUIRED. - JAMES S. GREEN OF MISSOURI. HIS CHARACTER AS A DEBATER. - NORTHERN REPUBLICANS FRIGHTENED AT THEIR OWN SUCCESS. ANXIOUS FOR A COMPROMISE. - DREAD OF DISUNION. - NORTHERN DEMOCRATS. DANGEROUS COURSE purSUED BY THEM. — GENERAL DEMORALIZATION OF NORTHERN SENTIMENT. MR. LINCOLN'S JOURNEY FROM SPRINGFIELD TO WASHINGTON. SPEECHES ON THE WAY.-REACHES WASHINGTON. HIS SECRET JOURNEY. - AFTERWARDS REGRETTED. — PRECAUTIONS FOR HIS SAFETY. - PRESIDENT BUCHANAN. — SECRETARY HOLT.- TROOPS FOR THE PROTECTION OF WASHINGTON. — - INAUGURATION OF MR. LINCOLN. RELIEF TO THE PUBLIC ANXIETY. - INAUGURAZ ADDRESS.-HOPEFULNESS AND SECURITY IN THE NORTH.-MR. LINCOLN'S OF THE SOUTH.-THE NEW CABINET. THE "EASY ACCESSION "" OF FORMER TIMES. SEWARD SECRETARY OF STATE. CHASE AT THE HEAD OF THE TREAS- URY. RADICAL REPUBLICANS DISSATISFIED. INFLUENCE OF THE BLAIRS. — COMMENT OF THADDEUS STEVENS. THE NATIONAL FLAG IN THE CONFEDE- BACY. FLYING AT ONLY THREE POINTS. - DEFENSELESS CONDITION OF THE GOVERNMENT. - ConfidenCE OF DISUNION LEADERS.-EXTRA SESSION OF THE SENATE. DOUGLAS AND BRECKINRIDGE. THEIR NOTABLE DEBATE. - DOUG- LAS'S REPLY TO WIGFALL. HIS ANSWER TO MASON. CONDITION OF THE TERRITORIES. SLAVERY NOT EXCLUDED BY LAW.-PUBLIC OPINION IN MARCH, 1861. MR. LINCOLN'S DIFFICULT TASK. HIS WISE POLICY.-HIS CAREFUL - - - - - - - PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND THE CONFEDERATE COMMISSIONERS. — MISLEADING AS- SURANCE GIVEN BY JUDGE CAMPBELL.- MR. SEWARD'S ANSWER TO MESSRS. FORSYTHE And Crawford. — AN INTERVIEW WITH THE PRESIDENT IS DENIED TO THE COMMISSIONERS. RAGE IN THE SOUTH.-CONDITION OF THE MONT- GOMERY GOVERNMENT. - ROGER A. PRYOR'S SPEECH. - PRESIDENT DETER- MINES TO SEND PROVISIONS TO FORT SUMTER.-ADVISES GOVERNOR PICKENS. - CONFLICT PRECIPITATED. THE FORT SURRENDERS. - EFFECT OF THE CON- FLICT ON THE NORTH.-PRESIDENT'S PROCLAMATION AND CALL FOR TROOPS. RESPONSES OF LOYAL STATES. POPULAR UPRISING. DEMOCRATIC PARTY.- PATRIOTISM OF SENATOR DOUGLAS. HIS RELATIONS WITH MR. LINCOLN.- HIS DEATH.- PUBLIC SERVICE AND CHARACTER. -EFFECT OF THE PRESIDENT'S CALL ON SOUTHERN STATES. - NORTH CAROLINA. - TENNESSEE. VIRGINIA. - SENATOR MASON'S LETTER. — RESPONSES OF SOUTHERN GOVERNORS TO THE PRESIDENT'S CALL FOR TROOPS. ALL DECLINE TO COMPLY.-SOME OF THEM WITH INSOLENT DEFIANCE. — GOVERNORS OF THE FREE STATES. JOHN A. ANDREW, E. D. MORGAN, ANDREW G. CURTIN, OLIVER P. MORTON.- ENERGETIC AND PATRIOTIC ACTION OF ALL NORTHERN GOVERNORS. EXCEP- TIONAL PREPARATION IN PENNSYLVANIA FOR THE CONFLICT. - Governors of FREE STATES ALL REPUBLICANS EXCEPT IN CALIFORNIA AND OREGON. - CRITI- CAL SITUATION ON PACIFIC COAST. LOYALTY OF ITS PEOPLE. - PRESIDENT'S REASONS FOR postponing SESSION OF CONGRESS. ELECTION IN KENTUCKY. - UNION VICTORY. — JOHN J. CRITTENDEN and GARRETT DAVIS. JOHN BELL. -DISAPPOINTS EXPECTATION OF UNION MEN.-RESPONSIBILITY OF SOUTHERN WHIGS. THEIR POWER TO ARREST THE MADNESS. AUDACITY OVERCOMES NUMBERS.-WHIG PARTY OF THE SOUTH. ITS BRILLIANT ARRAY OF LEAD- THIRTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS ASSEMBLES. MILITARY SITUATION. -LIST OF SENA- TORS: FESSENDEN, SUMNER, COLLAMER, WADE, CHANDLER, HALE, TRUMBULL, BRECKINRIDGE, BAKER OF OREGON. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: THADDEUS STEVENS, CRITTENDEN, LOVEJOY, Washburne, BINGHAM, CONKLING, SHELLABARGER. MR. GROW ELECTED SPEAKER. MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. ITS LEADING RECOMMENDATIONS. - HIS ACCOUNT OF THE OUTBREAK OF THE REBELLION. EFFECT OF THE MESSAGE ON THE NORTHERN PEOPLE. BATTLE OF BULL RUN. ITS EFFECT ON CON- GRESS AND THE COUNTRY. - THE CRITTENDEN RESOLUTION ADOPTED. ITS SIG- NIFICANCE.INTERESTING DEBATE UPON IT IN THE SENATE. FIRST ACTION BY CONGRESS ADVERSE TO SLAVERY.-CONFISCATION OF CERTAIN SLAVES. — |