CHAPTER VIII.

Sherman's march from the mountains to the sea.-Yankee boasts.-Easy nature of
Sherman's enterprise.-"Grand" mistake of the Confederates.-The burning of
Atlanta. Five thousand houses in ruins.-Sherman's route to Milledgeville.-
Second stage of the march to Millen.-Last stage of the march.-Wheeler's cavalry.
-THE FALL OF SAVANNAH.-Capture of Fort McAllister.-Probable surprise of
Hardee. The Confederates evacuate Savannah.-Sherman's Christmas-gift to Mr.
Lincoln. The true value of Sherman's exploit.-His own estimation of it.-De-
spondency in the South.-Depletion of the Confederate armies.-THE EXCHANGE OF
PRISONERS, etc.-Bad faith of the Yankees.-Their misrepresentations.-The ques-
tion of recaptured slaves.-A Yankee calculation.-The Washington Government
responsible for the sufferings of Yankee prisoners.-How capital was made out of
their sufferings.-A game with "sick" prisoners.-How "rebel barbarities" were
manufactured.-Noble conduct of General Grant.-Its commentary on the Wash-
ington cabinet. His "victory" over that body..

CHAPTER IX.

......

130

The blockade at Wilmington.-How ineffective.-FIRST EXPEDITION AGAINST FORT
FISHER. Butler's powder-ship.-The two days' bombardment.-Landing of
Butler's troops.-Butler decides not to attack.-His sudden departure.--He is
removed from command.-SECOND EXPEDITION AGAINST FORT FISHER.-FALL OF
WILMINGTON.-Landing of Terry's command.-Movements of General Hoke.-The
assault on the fort.-A feu d'enfer.-Desperate fighting.-The Confederates
overpowered.-Surrender of Fort Fisher.-Evacuation of Fort Anderson.-Yankee
occupation of Wilmington.-How a part of General Sherman's campaign in the
Carolinas. SHERMAN'S SIXTY DAYS IN THE CAROLINAS.-Direction of his march.-
Crossing the Savannah River.-Mismanagement of the Confederate troops.-Sher-
man at Branchville.-THE FALL OF CHARLESTON.-Hardee joins Beauregard.-
Conflagration in Charleston.-Explosion at the railroad depot.-A scarred city.-
Charleston as seen through Yankee eyes.-CAPTURE AND BURNING OF COLUMBIA.—
Wild and savage scenes of pillage.-The city on fire.-Four thousand citizens
homeless. Sherman's march northward.-His organization of "bummers."-
The column of smoke.-The Yankees at Winnsboro'.--More of the enemy's atro-
cities. Sherman's feint upon Charlotte.-His occupation of Fayetteville.-Hamp-
ton attacks Kilpatrick.-Sherman's appointment of a rendezvous with Schofield.
-Hardee's fight near Averysboro'.-What he did with half a corps of Confeder-
ates.-THE BATTLE OF BENTONVILLE.-Success of the Confederates.- No decisive
results. Sherman's move towards Goldsboro'.-Schofield's movement.-Sher-
man's success. His congratulatory order.-A military conference at City Point,
Virginia....
141

CHAPTER X.

The date of distrust in the Southern mind.-Observation of General Lee.-A pecu-
liar moral condition of the Confederacy.-Want of confidence in President Davis'
administration. Impatience of the prolongation of the war.-Davis' unpopularity.
-Weak attempts in Congress at a counter-revolution.--General Lee made com-
mander-in chief.-The title a nominal one.-The Virginia delegation and the Pres-
ident. Mr. Seddon's resignation.--President Davis' defiance to Congress.--The

Davis-Johnston imbroglio.--Senator Wigfall's speeches.-Johnston's restoration.
-President Davis' opinion of homeopathy.-Sullen and indifferent disposition of
the Southern people.-How they might have accomplished their independence.-
Review of the military situation.--Analysis of the peace feeling in the North.--
How it was likely to be developed by a long war.-The Union not the enemy's sine
qua non.-Two contingencies that limited the war.-The worthless title of Yankee
invasion.-"Cob-web" occupation of the Confederacy.-Note: an address in the
Richmond newspapers.-The two fatal facts in the condition of the Confederacy.--
THE FORTRESS MONROE COMMISSION.-How it was brought about.--The Yankee
ultimatum.-Official narrative of the Confederate commissioners.--A new attempt
to rally the spirit of the South.--The meeting at the African church in Richmond.
-President Davis' boasts.-His noble allusion to history.-How the cause of the
Confederacy was in danger.-PROPOSITION TO ARM THE SLAVES OF THE SOUTH.—
Indicative of a desperate condition of the public mind.-General Lee's opinion.-
The slaveholding interest.-Its selfishness and insolence.-A weak conclusion of
the matter."Catching at straws" in the Confederate Congress.-Character of
this body
159

CHAPTER XI.

The last address and appeal of the Confederate Congress.--The war in a geographical
point of view. THE CONFEDERATE CONGRESS AND PRESIDENT DAVIS. THE EXECU-
TIVE DEPARTMENTS.-A sharp recrimination.-- A committee of the Senate reply to
President Davis.-Maladministration in the War Department.-Two-thirds of the
Confederate Army absentees.-Lee loses nearly half his army by desertions.-The
other half threatened with starvation.--Ample supply of food in the country,—
The fault in the Commissary Department,--Commissary Northrop a "pepper-doc-
tor" as the favorite of Davis.--Analysis of President Davis' character for firmness.
-How Northrop starved Richmond.-HISTORY OF THE CONFEDERATE COMMISSA-
RIAT.--Secret testimony in Congress.-President Davis' refusal to trade cotton for
meat.-Persistent delusion about "king cotton."-Venality of the enemy.--Davis
takes no advantage of it.Record of the rations in Lee's army.-Startling statis-
tics.-Attempts to get meat from Europe.--General Lee's army without meat.--
His telegram to President Davis.-The necessities of the Commissary Department
summed up in secret session of Congress.--But little done to meet them.--How the
cause of the Confederacy would have failed without a catastrophe of arms.-The
military narrative resumed.-MILITARY EVENTS IN VIRGINIA IN THE WINTER OF
1864-5.-SHERIDAN'S RAID.-Thirteen counties traversed.--Amount of destruction
accomplished by the enemy.--THE RICHMOND LINES.-HATCHER'S RUN.-Extension
of Grant's line.--BATTLE OF HARES HILL.-Gallantry of Gordon's command.-Vigor
and brilliancy of the fighting of the Confederates.--No decisive results....... 178

THE BATTLES AROUND PETERSBURG.--The movement of Sheridan's cavalry.-The Five
Forks.-General Lee's counter-movement.-Repulse of Sheridan.-Re-enforced by
Grant. The Confederates flanked at the Five Forks.-The situation in front of
Petersburg.--Lee's lines broken in three places.--Capture of Fort Mahone by the
enemy.--General Lee loses his entire line of defence, and the Southside Railroad.
-THE EVACUATION OF RICHMOND.-Great surprise in the Confederate capital.-The
news in the churches.-Dr. Hoge's address.-Consternation and uproar in the

streets.-The city on fire.-A reckless military order.-Scenes of horror.-Mobs of
plunderers. The scene at the commissary depot.-Weitzel's entry into Richmond.
-Suffering of the people.-Scene on Capitol Square.--Devastations of the fire.--
The burnt district.-Weitzel's and Shepley's general orders.-Yankee rejoicings
over the fall of Richmond.-Bell-ringings, hymns, and dancing in the streets of
New York.—A grand illumination in Washington.-Yankee mottoes.—A memor-
able speech.....
191

.........

CHAPTER XIII.

What the Confederates anticipated on the fall of Richmond.--Two opinions.--Pro-
phetic words of the Richmond Examiner.-Disintegration of Lee's army.-The
line of his retreat.-Grant's pursuit.-Sheridan captures prisoners, guns, and wag-
ons.-Sheridan's dispatch.-Change in the movements of both armies.-The situa-
tion at Appomattox Court-house.-How Lee was surrounded.-SURRENDER OF THE
ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA.-A frightful demoralization of the army.-More than
two-thirds of the men deserted.-Pickett's division.-Reasons to suppose that Gen-
eral Lee had predetermined a surrender on moving from Richmond and Peters-
burg. Straggling of his soldiers.-Official correspondence concerning the surren-
der.-Interview between General Lee and General Grant at McLean's house. -How
General Lee looked.--Grant's generous conduct.--Scenes between the lines of the
two armies.--An informal conference of officers.-How the news of surrender was
received in the Yankee army.-How received at Washington.-Secretary Stanton's
dispatch.-President Lincoln's speech.--" Dixie" in Washington.--General Lee's
farewell address to his army.-His return to Richmond.-Effect of Lee's surrender.
--General Johnston's department.--MOVEMENTS IN THE SOUTHWEST.--FALL OF Mo-
BILE.-Wilson's cavalry expedition through Alabama and Georgia.-SURRENDER
OF JOHNSTON'S ARMY.--Sherman's "basis of negotiations" repudiated at Wash-
ington. The policy of the Northern Government unmasked.-Sherman's reply.-
SURRENDER OF TAYLOR'S ARMY.-SURRENDER OF KIRBY'S SMITH'S ARMY.-" War
meetings" in Texas.-Want of public resolution.-The last act of the war.-A sud-
den peace, and what it implied.....

207

APPENDIX No. I.

I.

Political Iconoclasm in America.-The two idols of "the Constitution" and "the
Union."-Extravagant praises of the Constitution.-Its true value.-It contained a
noble principle and glaring defects.- Character of the founders of the Constitution.
-Hamilton.-Franklin.-His cookery-book philosophy.-His absurdities in the
Convention. The call for the Convention that formed the Constitution.-Three
parties in the Convention.-The idea of a "national" government.-Conflict be-
tween the small and large States.-The result of this, the distinguishing feature of
the Constitution.-That feature an accident, and not an a priori discovery.-Enu-
meration of defects in the Constitution.--The weakness and ignorance of its framers.
-Its one conspicuous virtne and original principle.-Combination of State-rights

with a common authority.-How involved in the construction of the Senate.-How
made more precise in the Amendments.-Particulars in which the element of the
States was recognized.-A new rule of construction applied to the American Union.
-The necessity which originated it.-The Constitution of the United States not a
political revolution. The creature of the States.-True interpretation of its moral
grandeur.-The bond of the Union a voluntary one.-No mission apart from the
States. Why coercion of the States was not necessary.-How the Union stood
for an American nationality.-Its power to reach individuals.-The Union, in
practice, rather a rough companionship than a national identity.-Right of seces-
sion. Not necessary to discuss it. The development of the Union a North and
South, and not disintegrated States.-Profound invention of Calhoun of South Car-
olina. How it was a Union measure, and not "Nullification.".

II.

238

What the American colonies contended for.--Burke's idea.-The first American Con-
gress.--Its demands.--How the question of independence was developed.-Vir-
ginia the first to move for independence.-The Declaration of Independence.-The
Articles of Confederation.-Diverse character and circumstances of the colonies.--
The gentry of Virginia and the Carolinas.-Early type of the Yankee.-Difference
of races. Its value in historical inquiries.-Commercial spirit of New England
in the revolution.-The nature and the value of "the Confederation."—John Ad-
ams' idea." Perpetual Union."-The Confederation a makeshift of the war.-
"State-rights" in the treaty of 1783.-How the revolution succeeded.-Its illustra-
tion of the value of endurance.-Liberty invariably the fruit of rebellion.-The
two conditions of all history..

248

III.

The times of Thomas Jefferson.-Manners and appearance of the man.-His Demo^-
racy. Its application to the relations of the States and Federal Government.-Ori-
gin of the Republican or Democratic party.-The idea of consolidation.-New
York, and the New England States.-Early political preaching in New England.-
The Alien and Sedition laws.-How the latter infringed the rights of the States.-
The Kentucky Resolutions.-A fact not in the record.-Mr. Jefferson on "nullifi-
cation."-Why the Kentucky Resolutions were modified.—The Virginia Resolutions.
-The replies of the New England States, and of New York.-Jefferson's triumph.
-A new era at Washington.....

IV.

257

The slavery question.-A libel on political nomenclature.-A brief moral de-
fence of negro servitude in the South.-The history of its establishment.-
Accommodation of the slavery question in the Constitution.-Political history of
the question. The Hartford Convention.-Two blows aimed at the South.-Devel-
opment of the slavery controversy.-Mr. Jefferson's opinion as to slavery in
the territories.-The Missouri restriction.-The initial point of the war of sections.-
Mr. Jefferson's alarm.-The trace of disunion.-Real causes of conflict between
the North and the South.-The slavery question subordinate and yet conspicu-
ous. Why so?-How it was bound up in the conflict between State-rights and
consolidation.-Northern civilization.-An insolent democracy.-Yankee "gentle-
men."-Plainness of the South.-A noble type of civilization.-Effect of slavery
on the political and social character of the South.-Yankee vulgarity.-Why the
South was the nursery of American statesmen..

266

Contrast between the North and South in material progress.-The times of Andrew
Jackson. The tariff controversy.-Calhoun and Webster as representative men.
-The latter a sophomore in American politics.-Mr. Webster's private correspon-
dence and poetry.-His superficial accomplishments.-" Nullification," another
libel of political nomenclature.—A true explanation and analysis of Mr. Calhoun's
scheme to save and perpetuate the Union.-Jefferson Davis' defence of Calhoun.
New England's regard for the Union.-The veneration of the Union peculiarly a
Southern sentiment.—Mr. Calhoun's Fort Hill speech.—The ignorance or hypoc-
risy of Webster and his party.-How the South was driven to " disunion."... 274

VI.

A Fourth of July sentiment in 1851.-Slavery not the Cause of Disunion.-The War
of 1861.-What it has decided.-The incense of weak minds to the Yankee.-
Last sentiment of President Davis.......

284

APPENDIX No. II.

RECONSTRUCTION.

PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENTS. THE MISSISSIPPI QUESTION. THE AMNESTY PROCLA-
MATION. THE FRANCHISE IN VIRGINIA.-PARC LED PRISONERS.-TRADE.—THE DEFI-
NITION OF LOYALTY."-MESSAGE OF PROVISIONAL-GOVERNOR JOHNSON OF GEORGIA.
-MESSAGE OF PROVISIONAL-GOVERNOR PERRY OF SOUTH CAROLINA.-THE LAST SIX
DAYS OF THE CONFEDERACY.

287

OFFICIAL REPORTS.

REPORTS OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL Longstreet.
REPORTS OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL JACKSON.

825, 358

837