Feb. 22, 1819 Feb. 17, 1834 July 5, 1877 June 19, 1882 Aug. 7, 1882 Dec. 10, 1898 Nov. 7, 1900 Aug. 7, 1901 July 3, 1902 June 15, 1904 April 20, 1908 April 3, 1783 Sept. 4, 1816 July 4, 1827 Mar. 21, 1860 May 26, 1869 Jan. 14, 1893 Nov. 14, 1905 May 2, 1908 June 1, 1910 May 18, 1847 Nov. 25, 1850 May 21, 1890 June 12, 1908 Mar. 18, 1839 Sept. 9, 1846 Dec. 27, 1882 Dec. 27, 1882 May 17, 1902 June 24, 1837 Aug. 16, 1858 July 5, 1884 Feb. 22, 1821 Nov. 1, 1834 Feb. 22, 1877 April 19, 1883 April 19, 1883 April 11, 1899 Mar. 23, 1901 Nov. 28, 1901 April 20, 1903 May 21, 1908 June 3, 1908 Sept. 25, 1783 Dec. 31, 1818 Jan. 19, 1828 Dec. 21, 1865 Jan. 12, 1872 Mar. 18, 1893 Dec. 14, 1905 Sept. 1, 1908 Mar. 20, 1911 May 4, 1848 Nov. 9, 1855 Feb. 28, 1901 Dec. 23, 1908 July 6, 1838 Oct. 13, 1838 Sept. 18, 1888 Samoan Islands. Salvador...... Convention.. Salvador. Samoan Islands. San Marino. Sardinia. Arbitration. Treaty. Extradition.. Treaty. Friendship and commerce. Dec. 21, 1908 April 18, 1911 Jan. 17, 1878 July 7, 1909 July 13, 1911 Feb. 13, 1878 General Act... Neutrality and autonomous government of Samoa*. Treaty. Extradition.. Treaty. Commerce and navigation.. Abolishing emigration taxes. Commerce and navigation. In force. Terminated. In force. In force. Expired. In force. Terminated. Terminated. In force. In force. In force. In force.t In force. Superseded.† In force. Obsolete. In force. Terminated.§ Satisfied. Satisfied. Satisfied. In force. In force. In force. All treaties with Spain prior to the treaty of peace were PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS. Since the establishment of our government 27 men have been elected to the office of President and 28 to the office of Vice-President. Several of the Presidents have served two terms, but in the case of President Cleveland these two terms were not consecutive and were separated by the election of President Harrison. In the numbering, therefore, the usual custom has been to denominate Cleveland as the 22d and 24th President of the United States and this custom has been followed. The States from which these officers were elected and the dates of their tenure of office are given and notations of death are inserted where either officer passed away during his term of office. PRESIDENTS VICE-PRESIDENTS DATE 67 James Monroe, Va.. John Quincy Adams, Mass. Martin Van Buren, N. Y. William Henry Harrison, Ohio. Millard Fillmore, N. Y. 21 Chester A. Arthur, N. Y. Grover Cleveland, N. Y. Benjamin Harrison, Ind. Grover Cleveland, N. Y William McKinley, Ohio. William McKinley, Ohio. 26 Theodore Roosevelt, N. Y Theodore Roosevelt, N. Y. 27 William H. Taft, Ohio.. Woodrow Wilson, N. J. 28 John Adams, Mass. George M. Dallas, Pa. William R. King, Ala. Schuyler Colfax, Ind. $$Thomas A. Hendricks, Ind. Charles W. Fairbanks. Ind. Resigned Dec. 28, 1832. April 30, 1789, to Mar. 3, 1793. § Died April 4, 1841. *Died April 20, 1812. + Died Nov. 23, 1814. 9, 1850. Died April 18, 1853. **Died April 15, 1865. tt Died Nov. 22, 1875. Nov. 25, 1885. Died Nov. 21, 1899. ¶¶ Died Sept. 14, 1901. A Died Oct. 30, 1912. • Died July §§ Died PRESIDENTIAL AND VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES. The first four presidential elections those of 1789, 1792, 1796, and 1800 - were held under the provisions of the second article of the Constitution, by the terms of which the candidate receiving the largest number of electoral votes was declared to be President and the candidate receiving the next highest number was declared to be Vice-President. But in the fourth election Jefferson and Burr each received the same number of electoral votes and a contest in the House of Representatives ensued, resulting in the final choice of Jefferson to the presidency. This contest demonstrated the necessity of amending the Constitution so that the country might not again witness a similar situation. The Twelfth Amendment was then framed (proclaimed September 25, 1804) providing that the electoral ballots should be cast for both presidential and vice-presidential candidates, and this method has ever since been followed. The voters do not cast their ballots "direct" for the two chief executives, but under the provisions of the second article of the Constitution and the Twelfth Amendment thereto vote for "electors." After the popular election these electors meet in the various States and certify to the 527 President of the Senate for which candidate they (the electors) have been instructed to cast their (electoral) votes. The President of the Senate then opens the ballots in the presence of the members of the Senate and House and officially announces the result of the election. For this reason there is no officially "direct" popular vote for our most important officials though the result of the count of ballots in the Electoral College may be regarded as the "direct" expression of popular opinion. The "will of the majority" (of the popular voters) has, however, been thwarted several times in our national elections, as in 1824, 1876 and 1888, when the unsuccessful candidates received from 100,000 to nearly 300,000 more votes from the people than the candidate who was declared elected by the Electoral College. As the number of electors in each State is equal to its representation in both branches of Congress and as the apportionment of representatives is changed only once every ten years (after each census and in accordance with the growth or decrease of population), it is not strange that the popular vote and the electoral vote vary, the popular majority, therefore, having little weight. |
