127, 128; mects Voltaire, 247; an-
swer to Hartley, 248; presented to
Louis XVI, 250; personal appear-
ance and manners of, 251, 252; a
popular favorite in France, 252; op-
position to, by Arthur Lee and Izard,
253, 254; minister to France, 304;
on receiving instructions as to peace
negotiations, 526; communication to
Shelburne, 534, 535; in charge of
negotiation for United States, 635;
intercourse with Oswald, 537, 538;
begs Jay to come to Paris, 588; pre-
fers Oswald to Grenville, 540; meets
Oswald, 547; discusses terms of peace,
etc., with United States, 547, 548;
active against Spanish intrigues, 553;
agrees to the treaty as drawn up by
Jay, 570, 571; instructed to effect a
loan from France to the United States,
572; signs the treaty, 580; share in
the work, 580, 581.

Signs the definitive treaty of peace,
vi. 52; president of Pennsylvania,
208;
in the federal convention, 211,
218, 219, 222; proposes having prayer
at the opening of the convention, 247;
on proportional representation, 252;
compromise in the convention, 257;
president of the Pennsylvania aboli-
tion society, 261; on property quali
fication, 296; on giving United States
power to cut canals, 360; prophecy
at close of federal convention, 367;
presents the constitution to the legis
lature of Pennsylvania, 381, 382.
Franklin, James, brother of Benjamin,
established New England "Courant"
(1721), ii. 258; government interfer-
ence against, 258, 259.

Franklin, William, son of Benjamin,
governor of New Jersey (1762), ii.
657; iii. 231; obtains cessions of
land from the Six Nations, 321; last
royalist governor of New Jersey
(1776), iv. 431; infamous proposal
of, v. 294; desires using the savages,
etc., 327.

Fraser, British general, v. 158, 187;
wounded, 188; death of, 189.
Frederic of Prussia, ii. 312; bulwark of
protestantism, 474, 475; struggles
against nearly all Europe, 476–481;
views of, 538, 540, 563; course and
views of (1776-1778), v. 235, 236;
as to George III., and efforts to sub-
due the United States, 237, 238;
views as to trade, as to American
declaration of independence, 238, 239;
visit to, by Arthur Lee, 239, 240;
criticisms on England's course toward

United States, 240; arrangement with
France as to the United States, 241;
on probable issues of the American
war, 242, 243; strong sympathies
with the United States, 243; puts
aside W. Lec's importunities, 337;
friendly toward England, 544; on the
prospects of the United States (1782),
vi. 55; treaty with the United States,
152, 153.

Frederica, Georgia, fort at (1736), ii.
290.

Free commonwealths, rise of, in Ameri-
ca, v. 404-422.

Free schools in New England, i. 315.
"Free ships, free goods," ii. 208, 450;
v. 50, 246.

See

Free thought in France, v. 258.
Free trade for America, iv. 70; mutual,
with England, offered, vi. 47.
French settlements in America.
France and Canada.
Friends. See Quakers.
Frobisher, Martin, three voyages of, to
the polar regions, i. 63–65.
Frontenac, Count de, governor of New
France, ii. 160, 161; De la Barre suc-
cecds him, 168; again governor, 179;
sends parties against Schenectady,
Salmon Falls, and Casco Bay, 180;
holds Quebec, 181; commands troops
against the Iroquois, 184; partial suc-
cess of, 184.

Frye, Colonel J., part of regiment of
goes to Bunker Hill, iv. 215.
Fuller, Rose, in parliament (1769), iii.

336; opposes Boston port bill (1774),
471; urges repeal of tax on tea, 472.
Fur trade, Chauvin's monopoly of, i. 18;
attempt at monopolizing, 211; trade
in Connecticut, 264; dispute of pa-
troons and Dutch West India Com-
pany, 500.

G.

Gadsden, Christopher, ii. 516; in South
Carolina legislature, iii. 121; in con-
gress, 149, 150, 154; on South Caro-
lina and union, 198, 199; on people's
rights, 236; in the continental con-
gress, iv. 71, 74; defends New Eng-
land, 261; clear for independence,
393; commands troops, 393, 394;
in Fort Johnson, 404; barbarously
treated by Cornwallis, v. 393; re-
joices at South Carolina ratifying the
federal constitution, vi. 420.
Gage, Thomas, Colonel, ii. 421-423; let-
ter on taxation of the colonies, 443;
inactive, 502; recommends the mu-

tiny act for America, iii. 105; com-
mander-in-chief in America, 148;
dares not fire on the people in New
York, 162; ordered to send regiment
and ship-of-war to Boston, 289;
opinion as to Boston and its doings,
310-312; learns some truth, 314;
sends away troops, 349; on people of
Illinois, 409; talks like a braggart,
465; made civil as well as military
governor of Massachusetts, 475; takes
four regiments, and directed to pun-
ish severely, 476; arrives in Boston
(1774), iv. 7, 8; weak and vacillating,
8; governor of Massachusetts, 20, 21;
intrigues, 25; proclamation of, 26;
receives the regulating act, 43; char-
acter of this act, 43, 44; looks for
more troops, 53; his council, 54;
scizes the powder of Massachusetts,
55; requires more troops, 57; wishes
for help from Canadians and Indians,
57, 58; fortifies Boston, 59; uncer-
tainty of, 67; avoids mecting the as-
sembly, 68; report on the state of
America, 91; private letter of, 91;
small force of, 94; to act offensively,
ordered to seize forts, stores, etc.,
150; sends an expedition to Concord
(April 1775), 152; breaks his pledge
to the inhabitants, 172; martial law
in Massachusetts, 205; proscribes
Samuel Adams and John Hancock,
205; designs to occupy Charlestown,
211; anticipated by the Americans,
orders attack, 217; reports to Lord
Dartmouth Bunker Hill battle, 231;
wishes to get to New York, 242;
mean treatment of prisoners, and in-
solence of, to Washington, 249; or-
ders the southern savages to be hired
at any price, 256, 257; recalled, goes
to England, 260, 262.

Gallatin, Albert, at conference of dele-

gates, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
(1788), vi. 465.

Galloway, Joseph, a royalist, iii. 91;
clected to congress from Pennsylvania,
iv. 33; plan in congress for president-
general over the colonies defeated, 69,
70; deserts the cause of the United
States, v. 83.

Galvez, Spanish colonial minister, v.
136; governor of Louisiana, 341.
Gama, Vasco da, voyage to lindostan
by way of the Cape of Good Hope, i.
11, 12; ii. 88.
Gansevoort, Colonel, at Fort Stanwix, v.
168; sally from the fort successful,
169; thanked by congress, 170.
Garay, F., governor of Jamaica, sends

Gardoqui, Spanish envoy (1785), negotia-
tions with Jay, vi 421, 422; specious
offers to the men of Kentucky, 463.
Garnier, French minister in England,
note to Vergennes, iv. 109; interview
with Franklin, 138, 129; to Vergennes,
185, 186, 189, 190.

Garth, agent for South Carolina, iii. 96.
Gaspee, insolence of commander of (at
Newport), iii. 414; burned, 415; af-
fair pronounced to be worse than pi-
racy, 428; commissioners meet in
Rhode Island as to, but gain nothing,
434.

Gates, Horatio, elected by congress ad-
jutant-general, with rank of brigadier,
iv. 234; cnters on work, 239; ap-
pointed to command in Canada, 381;
unbecoming conduct, v. 15; letter
from Charles Lec, 87; meanly deserts
Washington, 95, 96; in northern de-
partment, disputes with Schuyler, 149;
sent to Ticonderoga, 149; demands
troops, discourteous to Washington,
149, 150; address to the Six Nations,
156, 157; goes to Philadelphia, 157;
supersedes Schuyler, 173; extra pow-
ers given by congress, 173; number
of troops in the northern army, 181,
182; not on field of battle, 190; ob-
tains Burgoyne's surrender, 190; num-
ber of prisoners taken, 191; improper
conduct toward Washington, 197; in
the "cabal" against Washington, 210,
211; rupture with the commander-in-
chief, 212; denies charge of wishing
to supersede Washington, 216; suc-
ceeds General Lincoln in the South,
384; marches to Camden, South Caro-
lina, 386; defeated by Cornwallis,
386-389; rushes away, 389; super-
seded by General Greene, 477; uses
Armstrong at Newburg, New York,
vi. 71; at the meeting of the officers,
73, 75; result of the meeting (1783),

75.

Gates, Sir Thomas, relieves the colony

of Virginia (1611), i. 103; assumes
the government, 103, 104; returns to
England, 107.

Gee, Joshua, advice to the board of
trade, ii. 241.

General court of Massachusetts, i. 243.
Sec Massachusetts.

George I., king of England, ii. 212–214.

George II., king of England, ii. 373;

death of, 533.

George III., king of England, early
years, ii. 373, 374; of agc, 456; tem-
per of, 456; promises to support Pitt,
458; gift to America, 462; accession
to the throne, etc., 534, 535; dis-
likes Pitt's course, 535-545; wants a
stronger ministry, iii. 51, 52; asks
Pitt's aid, 53; angry at Wilkes, 69;
insane (1785), 101; proposes regency
bill, 122; quarrels with the ministry,
123-129; anger against the colonics,
167; on modification of the stamp-
act, 201; assents to its repeal, 212;
governs at last, 258-260; a politician,
366; disdains Chatham, 367; calls
for Lord North, 367; resolves to tax
America, 332; qualities of, 382, 383;
orders violation of Massachusetts
charter, 388, 339; in harmony with
Louis XV., 417, 418; inexorable and
resolute against the colonies, 438;
rejects petitions of Massachusetts,
439; scoffs at Massachusetts and
Franklin, 460-465; implacable, and
bent on subduing America, 465;
sneers at the opposition, 465; ap-
proves the Boston port bill, 475;
eager to punish, 476, 477.

Unrelenting toward the colonies
(1774), iv. 5; approves two acts
against, 11; appoints councillors for
Massachusetts, 20; interview with
Hutchinson, 27; deluded, 27, 28; dis-
solves parliament, 67; petition of con-
gress to, 75, 76; opinion of, as to New
England's resistance, 92; forbids ex-
porting of arms, 91; receives petition
of the colonies, 93; anger against
Chatham, 101; elated, 105; joint ad-
dress to and reply, 120; confident of
success, 132, 133; answer to city of
London, 149; confident, 151; refuses
to receive city of London's address,
188; orders Indians to be engaged
against the Americans, 188, 189;
"blows must decide," 269; obstinate,
orders Americans to be proclaimed
rebels, 270, 271; resolved to ravage
and destroy, if not able to subdue,
274, 275; begs of the empress of Rus-
sia 20,000 mercenaries, 275; failure,
275-279; final blow which severs
American allegiance, 313; asks a
brigade from Hanover, refused, 347;
negotiates with German adventurers,
349; and with duke of Brunswick,
352; orders forces to subdue the
southern colonies, 383.

Excited by the interference of
VOL. VI.-33

France (1776), v. 22; opens parlia-
ment (November 1778), and urges
continuance of the war, 223, 224;
holds Lord North to this course, 225;
violently opposed to Lord Chatham's
being at the head of affairs, 249, 250;
letter to North, 254; confession to
North, 282; interview with the min-
istry, 339; offers to Russia alliance,
351; friend of the slave-trade, 405;
obstinate as ever, 524; acquiesces in
the peace policy, 546, 550; troubled
in mind, 570, 576; anxious for peace
with Louis XVI., vi. 38; hates the
coalition ministry, 44; thinks the
Americans incompetent to establish a
general government, 51; meets John
Adams (1785), 148.

George, Lake, New York, ii. 459,

486.

Georgia, colony planted (1732), ii. 281,
282; councils held with the Indians,
283, 284; Lutheran emigrants to,
284-286; land titles in, 286; no
slaves to be introduced, 287; new
emigration to, 287, 288; forts built,
240; Indians friendly, 291; invaded
by the Spaniards, 298; failure of the
invasion, 293; slavery introduced,
299; condition of (1754), 391; a
royal province, 391, 392; favors a
congress, iii. 146; refuses the billet-
ing act, 254; sides with Massachu-
setts, 331; government meddles with,
408; spirit of, iv. 106, 107; de-
nounces slavery, 107; policy of, 107;
action of (1775), 181; Indians on the
frontiers of, 181; enters the confed-
eracy, making the thirteenth, 244; re-
solve against slavery and the slave-
trade, 244; provincial congress of,
391; instructions to delegates to con-
gress, 391; frames a constitution,
elects governor, etc., 392; expeditions
of the enemy into, 366; Savannah
taken by the British, 267; oppression
and outrage by the British, 367, 370,
374, 381; slavery in, 413; laws as to
paper money, vi. 172; appoints dele-
gates to the federal convention, 201;
threatens to secede on the slave-trade
issue, 318; legislature calls state con-
vention, which ratifies the constitu-
tion (January 2, 1788), 392.
Gerard, C. A., secretary of Vergennes,
meets American commissioners, v.
129; presents offers of the king, 129,
130; first French minister to the
United States, 256; received by con-
gress, 285; on Washington, 319, 320;
interview with committee of con-

gress, 320-322; further discussions !
with congress, 323-326.
Germain (George Sackville), supports
Lord North's views, iii. 474, 475;
takes the American department, iv.
284; character contemptible, 284,
285; abilities mean, 285, 286; a mis-
crable appointment, 285, 286; on
taxing America, 287; urges the Six
Nations to fight against the Ameri-
cans, 328, 329; declares it necessary
to hire mercenaries, 357; angry at
delays, v. 22; flatters Howe, 53; in
parliament, 54, 55; eager to use the
savages against Americans, 58, 64;
on American victory at Trenton, 99;
merciless spirit, 108; plans for new
campaign (1777), 143; instruction to
the lowes, 146, 147; urges bloody
measures, 152, 153; rejoices over In-
dian massacres, 280, 282; schemes
and hopes, 294, 295; praises British
rapacity and cruelty in America, 392;
exults in Cornwallis's victory, 91,
392; applauds the plot to buy Arnold
and others, 427, 428; on pushing the
war in Virginia, 513, 514; leaves the
cabinet, 524; as Lord Sackville, con-
demns the treaty of peace, vi. 40.
Germans, emigrate in large numbers,
ii. 265; in valley of the Blue Ridge,
cager to take up arms (1776), iv. 318.
Germantown, British camp at, v. 192,
193; battle of, 193-195.
Germany, electors, landgraves, etc., of,
accustomed to hire out troops, iv. 348,
349; negotiations with Faucitt, 350-
356; judgment on the German princes,
358; opposed to hiring out troops, v.
140, 141; course of, toward the
United States, 230, 241.
Gerry, Elbridge, of Marblehead, Massa-
chusetts, iii. 419; in congress (1779),
active, v. 323, 324; in the fifth con-
gress (1785), joins King against the
navigation act, vi. 145-147; in the
federal convention, 217, 221, 222,
223, 229; on committee's report, 255,
256; on property qualifications, 271;
as to ratification of the constitution,
273; on qualifications of members of
congress, 295; on state interference
with contracts, 305; on United States
army, 312; on term of the president's
office, etc., 330, 331, 336, 337; on
juries, 358; refuses to sign the con-
stitution, 365, 366; conduct of, not
approved in Massachusetts, 398.
Gibault, and George R. Clark, at Vin-
cennes (1778), v. 311, 312.
Gibbon, Edward, in parliament (1778),

advises a settlement with the Ameri-
cans, v. 225; member of the board
of trade, 281; friendly to Americans,

287.

Gibbons, or Gibbins, Lord Baltimore's
commission to, i. 165.

Gibson, bishop of London, on slavery,
ii. 276.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, patent granted
to, i. 67; failure of, at first, 67;
'aided by W. Raleigh, his step-brother,
67, 68; sails for Newfoundland, and
takes possession, 68; many mishaps
of, 68; is lost at sea, 69.
Gilbert, Raleigh, in command of ship
with colonists, i. 89; enters the Ken-
nebec, 90; explores the coast, 90;
returns to England, 91.

Gist, Christopher, scout and explorer,

ii. 362, 363; return of, and report,
366; guide of Washington, 380, 384.
Gist, Colonel Nathaniel, enlists Indians,
v. 222; with brigade at battle of
Camden, South Carolina, 387.
Gladwin, Major, at Detroit, iii. 42, 43, 47.
Gloucester, duke of, brother of George
III., at Metz, iv. 189; sympathy of,
for America, 189.
Gloucester, Massachusetts, patriotic spirit
of, iii. 427, 455.

Glover, the witch, " a wild Irish woman,"
executed, ii. 52.

Glover, John, colonel of regiment of
Massachusetts fishermen, at the rc-
treat from Long Island, v. 34; at
Trenton, with Washington, 96; oa
condition of the army, 450, 451.
Glover, William, governor in North
Carolina, ii. 15.

Godfrey, Edward, royal governor in
Maine, i. 300.

Godyn, Samuel, with Blommaert, pur-
chases land on the Delaware (1629),
i. 498.

Goethe, J. W., the German author, v.
232, 234.

Goffe. See Regicides.
Gomez, Stephen, explores part of coast
of North America, i. 26; discovers
the Hudson river, 27.
Gondomar, Spanish ambassador, i. 117,
130.

Gonzalez, A, brought negro slaves into
Europe, i. 123.

Gordon, William, v. 150; letter to, from
Washington, 216.

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, and Sir J. Pop-

ham, send out ships to plant colony
in Maine, i. 83; governor-general of
New England and lord proprietary,
221, 276; death of, 299.

Gorges, Robert, son of Sir F., appointed
lieutenant-general of New England, 1.
216; claim of, purchased by Massa-
chusetts, 307.

Gorges, W., nephew of Sir F., sent to
Maine, i. 221; short stay, 221.
Gorham, N., of Massachusetts, in con-
gress, debate on revenue, etc., vi. 63,
69; chair nan of committee of the
whole in the federal convention, 215;
on the committee of five, 257; on
appointment of judges, 272; one of
the committee of detail, 274, 275,
291, 302; on juries, 353; in the state
convention on the federal constitu-
tion, 333.

Gorton, Sanuel, strife of, with Massa-
chusetts ecclesiastical authorities, i.
287; result, 305, 303; followers of,
in Rhode Island, iv. 175.
Gosnold, Bartholomew, voyage to Ameri-

ca direct (1602), i. 79, 8); favorable
report by, 8); death of, 92.
Gower, Lord, sneers at the Americans,
iv. 105.

Grafton, duke of, head of northern de-
partment, iii. 131; chief in the min-
istry, 215, 216, 255; visits Chatham,
255; prime minister, 260, 237; re-
signз, 337; begs Lord North to try
to conciliate the Americans, iv. 281;
interview with the king, 281; resigas
the privy seal, 281; again asks for
conciliatory measures, 329.
Grand Bank, fisheries on, importance
of, i. 68.

Grant, Major James, rashness of, ii.

493, 401; in South Carolina, 550,
551; abuses and insults the Ameri-
cans, iv. 117, 113.

Grant, General, with Howe on Long
Island, New York, v. 29, 31; in New
Jersey, 89, 93.

Grantha n, Lord, in the foreign office, v,

546, 519; letter of, to Franklin, 569.
Granville, earl of, opposes Pitt, ii. 514.
Graves, Admiral, iv. 26; succeeds Ar-
buthnot, v. 516; beaten by De Grasse.

517.

Great Britain, how America was CS-

trangel by (1763-1774), iii. 3, et seqq.
See England.

Green, Roger, leads colony to Carolina,
i. 410.

Green, Timothy, publisher of the "New
London Gazette," iii. 160.
Greene, Colonel Christopher, of Rhode
Islan 1, v. 195.

Greene, Nathanael, character, education,
habits, iv. 175; starts for camp as
captain, 176; general of the Rhode

Island troops, 176; elected brigadier-
general by congress, 235; admires
Washington, 262; in favor of decla-
ration of independence, 315; letter
to John Adams, v. 7; in charge on
Long Island, New York, 26, 27; falls
sick, 27; on the retreat from Long
Island, 38; at Fort Lee, 66; too con-
fident, 63, 72; tries to hold Fort
Washington, sends troops to Magaw,
74, 75; loss of fort due to rashness,
80; disingenuous about it, 80; neg-
lects guard near Fort Lee, and result,
81; service at Trenton, 99; explains
to congress the needs of the army,
148; in command of left wing at
Germantown, 193; cause of failure
at Germantown, 194, 195; takes the
quartermaster's department, 219;
conduct in this department, 219,
220; at the battle of Monmouth, 274,
277; sent to Rhode Island, 285;
good service there, 286; resigns as
quartermaster, 446; supersedes Gates
in the South, 477; sharp retort to
Cornwallis, 478; cautious but spirited,
479, 430; joined by Morgan's corps
at Guilford Court House, 487; cager
for action against Cornwallis, 459;
retreats before Cornwallis, 489, 490;
watchful and prudent, 491; rein-
forced, 491; mistakes at the battle
of Guilford Court House, 492-495;
pursues Cornwallis, 495; carries war
into South Carolina, 497, 498; battle
at Hobkirk's Hill, 498, 499; at Nine-
ty-Six, 501; withdraws to the north,
among the hills of the Santee, 501;
attacks the British at Eutaw Springs,
503; result, 503, 501; returns to
heights of the Santee, 504; rewards
of service, 504; opinion as to consti-
tution for the United States, vi. 12.
Greene, Thomas, in Maryland, i. 167.
Grenville, George, in parliament, ii.
409; retires from office, 442; in the
house of commons, 534; in charge of
northern department, 556; enforces
navigation acts, iii. 34, 35; prime
minister, 36, 37; activity, 39; pro-
tection policy, 39; originator of
stamp-tax plan, 55, 56, 58; urges
navigation acts, 59-62; plan as to
boundaries of new provinces, 62, 63;
meets parliament, and success, 64,
65; refuses civil list for America,
68; meets opposition to stamp-tax,
70, 71; puts it off for a year, 71;
offers to the colonies, 71, 72; first
budget of, 72; interview with colo-
nial agents, 73; advises submission,