apoplexy, or what other epsy or exy, the doctors have not decided, or whether it was spasmodic, or nervous, &c.; but it was very unpleasant, and nearly carried me off, and all that. On Monday, they put leeches on my temples, no difficult matter, but the blood could not be stopped till eleven at night, (they had gone too near the temporal artery for my temporal safety) and neither styptic nor caustic would cauterise the orifice, till after an hundred attempts.

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on shore. On Wednesday, great prepara-ined and Refuted by Argument and by the Confess. Individuals. By Charles Brooks, Minister of the tions being made to attack her, though pro-ion of Scholars. By "Rumford.” tected by her consorts, the Turks burned her, and retired to Patras. On Thursday, a quarrel ensued between the Suliotes and the Frank guard at the arsenal; a Swedish officer was killed, and a Suliote severely wounded, and a general fight expected, and with some difficulty prevented. On Friday, the officer was buried, and Captain Parry's English artificers mutinied, under pretence that their lives were in danger, and are for quitting the country,-they may. On Saturday, we had the smartest shock of an earthquake which I remember, (and I have felt thirty, slight or smart, at different periods; they are common in the Mediterranean), and the whole army discharged their arms, upon the same principle that savages beat drums, or howl, during an eclipse of the moon: it was a rare scene altogether. If you had but seen the English Johnnies, who had never been out of a cockney workshop before, nor will again, if they can help it! And on Sunday, we heard that the vizier is come down to Larissa, with one hundred and odd thousand men.

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VOL. I.

REVIEWS.

BOSTON, FEBRUARY 1, 1825.

-Terms, $5 per annum, payable in July.
No. 20.

return of the Expedition, compiled, from two millions of dollars, ($1,995,000), which has atthe notes taken by himself and the gentle- tended its construction, can be accounted for but by men with him, the work now under notice. a reference to the difficulty of making a road across The district of country which it was in-sufficiently explored, to ascertain the lowest levels high and steep ridges, which perhaps had not been tended that the Expedition should investi- and the most accessible points; and, as we think, gate, is of a triangular, form, including to the injudicious manner in which the original about three hundred miles of longitude and contracts were given out. We were credibly inthe Missouri, the Mississippi, and the north- tracts to a second set of contractors, and in some seven hundred of latitude, and lies between formed, that in most cases the original undertakers did nothing themselves, but portion out their conern boundary of the United States. The cases it happened that the third or fourth set alone following extract will show the instructions performed the work, the other contractors sweeping which Major Long received from the gov- away immense sums without any labour. Had the route been properly divided into small lots, and these only given to such as were really qualified to execute the work, no doubt can exist that a considerable saving would have been obtained. The letting it out into large sections had the disadvantage of making it an object of speculation, and of alarming many who would otherwise have offered themselves as contractors.

ernment.

Accordingly, it was determined in the spring of
1823, by the executive, that an expedition be im-
Philadel-mediately fitted out for exploring the river St Peter's
and the country situated on the northern boundary
Hudson's Bay and Lake Superior.'
of the United States between the Red River of

Narrative of an Expedition to the Source
of St Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake
of the Woods, &c. &c. Performed in the
year 1823, by order of the Hon. J. C.
Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the
command of Stephen H. Long, Major U.
S. T. E. Compiled from the Notes of
Major Long, Messrs Say, Keating, and
Colhoun, by William H. Keating, A. M.
&c. Professor of Mineralogy and Chemis
try as applied to the Arts, in the Universi-
ty of Pennsylvania; Geologist and Histo-
riographer to the Expedition.
phia. 1824. 2 vols. 8vo.
THERE are many, both of the representa-
tives and the represented in Congress, who
think that a little of our national money
would be as economically laid out in pur-
chasing useful information respecting our
own country, as in paying members of the
legislature for making long speeches to get
themselves reelected, to say nothing of
many more unreasonable ways and means by
which our happy land is preserved from the
"embarras des richesses." But it happens
not to be the fashion to think so generally;
-and therefore our authors must continue
for a season to quote European books as the
best authorities respecting America, and
our members of Congress must again and
again defer the discussion of the expedien-
cy of taking possession of our Oregon, be-
cause most credible Englishmen or Span-
iards state conflicting or incredible facts,
touching this debateable land and water;
and the collected wisdom of the nation can

The command of the expedition was intrusted to
Major S. H. Long, and he received orders from the
War Department, dated April 25, 1823, of which
the following is an extract:

The route of the expedition will be as follows:
commencing at Philadelphia, thence proceeding to
Wheeling in Virginia, thence to Chicago via Fort
Wayne, thence to Fort Armstrong or Dubuque's
Lead Mines, thence up the Mississippi to Fort St
Anthony, thence to the source of the St Peter's
river, thence to the point of intersection between
Red River and the forty-ninth degree of north lati-
tude, thence along the northern boundary of the
United States to Lake Superior, and thence home-
ward by the Lakes.

The object of the expedition is to make a general survey of the country on the route pointed out, same, to ascertain the latitude and longitude of all together with a topographical description of the the remarkable points, to examine and describe its productions, animal, vegetable, and mineral; and to inquire into the character, customs, &c. of the Indian tribes inhabiting the same.'

From Philadelphia to Fort Wayne, the Expedition passed through a country, almost the whole of which is well known; and although all of Mr. Keating's work is interesting, our limifs will not permit us to stop long with him at his different stages. We would remark, in passing, that his observations upon the great Cumberland road tend to illustrate the nature of our public econ

At Fort Wayne the Expedition arrived on the 20th of May, and remained at this post three days. This village is maintained by the fur trade, and will probably flourish, or rather continue to exist, as long as Indians remain in the vicinity. It is one of many similar trading, establishments in our northern and northwestern territory, and, judging from Mr Keating's account, may be fairly taken as a sample.

To a person visiting the Indian country for the first time, this place offered many characteristic and singular features. The town or village is small; it has grown under the shelter of the fort, and conlation. The inhabitants are chiefly of Canada oritains a mixed and apparently very worthless popugin, all more or less imbued with Indian blood. Not being previously aware of the diversity in the character of the inhabitants, the sudden change from an American to a French population, has a surprising, and, to say the least, an unpleasant effect; for the first twenty-four hours, the traveller fancies himself in a real Babel. The confusion of languages, owing to the diversity of Indian tribes which generally collect near a fort, is not removed by an intercourse with their half-savage interpreters.

The business of a town of this kind differs so

materially from that carried on in our cities, that it is almost impossible to fancy ourselves still within the same territorial limits; but the disgust which

devise no better way of learning something more about this immense river, than to sit still, until some Leather-stocking or other comes home from his beaver-hunt, and condescends to enlighten their ignorance. The fact that the few expeditions which our government has sent into the interior, have been eminently successful and useful, inwe entertain at the degraded condition in which the stead of making our rulers think, that omy. white man, the descendant of the European, appears, enough is done, should, and, if they had Art has done little to add to the charms of the is perhaps the strongest sensation which we expelearned that true economy is the same natural scenery, except in the construction of a rience; it absorbs all others. To see a being in thing with wise expenditure, would teach road. The question of the propriety of opening, whom, from his complexion and features, we should them the propriety of sending more. at the national expense, a communication between expect to find the same feelings which swell in the the Ohio and Potomac, had been so much the sub-bosom of every refined man, throwing off his civilthe period for this degree of illumination ject of discussion, as to make us desirous of observ-ized habits to assume the garb of a savage, has may be yet far off;-and in the mean time ing the mode in which it had been executed, and we must tell our readers something of Ma- the too favourable idea, which we are, perhaps, aljor Long's Second Expedition. ways led to form, of what carries with it a national character, together with an account of the immense The party consisted of Major S. H. Long of expenditure incurred in the making of this road, the U.S. corps of Topographical Engineers, had prepared us for a magnificent work. We were who commanded the Expedition; Thomas therefore somewhat disappointed at the state in Say, zoologist and antiquary; Samuel Sey-which we found it as it is very inferior in execumour, landscape painter and designer; and tion to the Maryland road, which connects with it. William H. Keating, mineralogist and geologist. This last gentleman has, since the

But

There is in the whole of the national road but little

to justify the high eulogiums which have been passed
upon it. The immense expense, amounting to nearly

something which partakes of the ridiculous, as well as the disgusting. The awkward and constrained appearance of those Frenchmen who had exchanged their usual dress for the breech-cloth and blanket, was as risible as that of the Indian who assumes the tight bodied coat of white men. The feelings which we experienced while beholding a little Canadian stooping down to pack up and

*One of these is said to have accumulated in this

manner a fortune of one hundred and twenty thou sand dollars.

weigh the hides which an Indian had brought for sale, while the latter stood in an erect and commanding posture, were of a mixed and certainly tion of the white man's, his dress, which he had not properly secured, was disturbed; and while engaged in restoring it to its proper place, he was the butt of the jokes and gibes of a number of squaws and Indian boys, who seemed already to be aware of the vast difference which exists between them and the Canadian fur-dealer.

not of a favourable nature. At each unusual mo

The principal tribe of Indians in this region is that of the Pottawotamies, of whom our author gives rather a minute account. Perhaps no part of it is so interesting as that which relates to their notions and practices with respect to education.

They appear to be very attentive to the proper education to be given to children, in order to impart to them those qualities both of the mind and body; which shall enable them to endure fatigue and privation, and to obtain an influence, either in the counsels of the nation, or during their military operations. When questioned on this subject, Metea replied, that while he was yet very young, his father began to instruct him, and incessantly, day after day, and night after night, taught him the traditions, the laws, and ceremonies of his nation. This he did,' said Metea, that I might one day benefit my country with my counsel.' The education of boys generally commences at ten or twelve years of age; they accustom them early to the endurance of cold, by making them bathe every morning in winter. They likewise encourage them to habituate themselves to the privation of food. In this manner, children are observed to acquire, more readily, the qualifications which it is desirable for an Indian to possess. Parents use no compulsory means to reduce their children to obedience, but they generally succeed in obtaining a powerful influence over them, by acting upon their fears; they tell them that if they do not behave themselves as they are bid, that they will irritate the Great Spirit, who will deprive them of all luck as hunters, and as warriors. This, together with the constant and never ceasing importance, which the children observe, that their parents attribute to luck in all their pursuits, is found to have the desired effect upon the minds of young persons, fired with the ambition of becoming distinguished, at some future day, by their skill and success. Their fasts are marked by the ceremony of smearing their faces, hands, &c. with charcoal. To effect this, they take a piece of wood of the length of the finger, and suspend it to their necks, they char one end of it, and rub themselves with the coal every morning, keeping it on until after sunset. No person, whose face is blackened, dares eat or drink any thing during that time; whatever may be the cravings of his appetite, he must restrict them until the evening arrives, when he may wash off his black paint, and indulge, moderately, in the use of food. The next morning he repeats the ceremony of blackening his face, and continues it from day to day, until the whole of his piece of wood be consumed, which generally takes place in the course of from ten to twelve days.

name was Winona, which signifies "the first born."

fact, that it was impossible for a garrison (deep gloom over its brightest features. Cold aud
of seventy to ninety men to raise grain callous must be the heart of the voyager who can
enough for their own consumption, although cliffs that enclose this lake, for 'wild as the accents
contemplate unmoved and uninterested the huge
much of their time and labour was devoted of lovers' farewell are the hearts which they bear,
to agricultural pursuits. The little grain and the tales which they tell.
they could raise, was so fiercely attacked 'There was a time,' our guide said, as we passed
by the birds, that a party of soldiers was near the base of the rock, when this spot, which
kept constantly engaged in shooting at you now admire for its untenanted beauties, was
the scene of one of the most melancholy transac-
crows and blackbirds! From Chicago, on tions, that has ever occurred among the Indians.
Lake Michigan, Major Long wished to go There was, in the village of Keoxa, in the tribe of
directly to Prairie du Chien, being per- Wapasha, during the time that his father lived and
suaded that the route was practicable, al- ruled over them, a young Indian female, whose
though no one had been known to pass She had conceived an attachment for a young hun-
through it; but an old Frenchman thought ter, who reciprocated it; they had frequently met,
he could find his way across, and under his and agreed to an union in which all their hopes
direction they set forward, and reached centred; but on applying to her family, the hunter
their destination—which is on the Missis- was surprised to find himself denied; and his
sippi, in latitude 43°3'-in safety, and with-claims superseded by those of a warrior of distinc-
out encountering especial inconvenience. tion, who had sued for her. The warrior was a
general favourite with the nation; he had acquired
Here the Expedition was reinforced by an
a name, by the services which he had rendered to
escort of ten men under command of Lieut. his village when attacked by the Chippewas; yet
Scott of the 5th Reg. U. S. Army. The notwithstanding all the ardour with which he pressed
party then divided, some going up the river his suit, and the countenance which he received from
to the Falls of St Anthony, and the rest ferring the hunter. To the usual commendations
her parents and brothers, Winona persisted in pre-
pursuing the land route. It is difficult for of her friends in favour of the warrior, she replied,
us to do full justice to Mr Keating's inter- that she had made choice of a man who, being a
esting description of the scenery through professed hunter, would spend his life with her, and
which he passed. Our readers may take secure to her comfort and subsistence, while the
the following extract as a specimen of the warrior would be constantly absent, intent upon
martial exploits. Winona's expostulations were,
literary character of these volumes. The however, of no avail; and her parents, having suc
lake which is spoken of is something more ceeded in driving away her lover, began to use
than half way from the Falls of St Antho- harsh measures in order to compel her to unite
ny to the head waters of the streams which with the man of their choice. To all her entreaties,
flow into Winnepeek Lake.
that she should not be forced into an union so re-
pugnant to her feelings, but rather be allowed to
Lake Pepin, in most places, fills nearly the whole live a single life, they turned a deaf ear. Winona
of the valley between the contiguous bluffs. In two had at all times enjoyed a greater share in the affec
spots, however, a handsome piece of meadow landtions of her family, and she had been indulged more,
is observed, which will offer great inducements for than is usual with females among Indians. Being
the establishment of farms. The general direction a favourite with her brothers, they expressed a wish

of the lake is from west-north-west to east-south-that her consent to this union should be obtained east. The scenery along its shores contrasts strongly by persuasive means, rather than that she should with that of the river. Instead of the rapid current of be compelled to it against her inclination. With the Mississippi winding around numberless islands, a view to remove some of her objections, they took some of which present well-wooded surfaces, while means to provide for her future maintenance, and and slugglish expanse of water, uncheckered by a mode of living an Indian might covet. About that others are mere sandbars, the lake presents a smooth presented to the warrior all that in their simple single island, and whose surface at the time we first time a party was formed to ascend from the village observed it, towards the close of the day, was un- to Lake Pepin, in order to lay in a store of the blue ruffled; nothing limited the view but the extent of clay which is found upon its banks, and which is the lake itself; the majestic bluffs, which enclose used by the Indians as a pigment. Winona and her it, extend in a more regular manner, and with a friends were of the company. It was on the very more uniform elevation than those along the river. day that they visited the lake that her brothers of the country is found very different from that in the these he again addressed her, but with the same ill When seen from the top of one of these eminences, fered their presents to the warrior. Encouraged by vicinity of the mountain island, passed on the 28th success. Vexed at what they deemed an unjustiof June, for it is rather rolling than hilly; and the fiable obstinacy on her part, her parents remon quantity of timber upon it is comparatively small, strated in strong language, and even used threats to especially to the west, where it assumes the general compel her to obedience. Well," said Winona, characters of an elevated prairie land. About half you will drive me to despair; I said I loved him way up the lake, its eastern bank rises to a height not, I could not live with him; I wished to remain of near four hundred and fifty feet, of which the first a maiden; but you would not. You say you love one hundred and fifty are formed by a perpendicu-me; that you are my father, my brothers, my rela From Fort Wayne the Expedition de- lar bluff, and the lower three hundred constitute a tions, yet you have driven from me the only man parted to penetrate the wilderness of about very abrupt and precipitous slope, which extends with whom I wished to be united; you have comtwo hundred miles, which separated them from the base of the bluff to the edge of the water. pelled him to withdraw from the village; alone, he from Chicago;-and so completely was it bounded by two small basins, each of which is the him, none to spread his blanket, none to build his This forms a point, projecting into the lake, and now ranges through the forest, with no one to assist a wilderness, that their horses could scarce- estuary of a brook that falls into the lake at this lodge, none to wait on him; yet was he the man of ly get through the swamps, or find food place. The wildness of the scenery is such, that my choice. Is this your love? But even it appears enough to keep them alive. But get even the voyager, who has gazed with delight upon that this is not enough; you would have me do through they did, and in eight days reach-common interest on beholding this spot. There is you wish me to unite with another man, with one the high bluffs of the Mississippi, is struck with un- more; you would have me rejoice in his absence; ed Fort Dearborn in Chicago. This place in it what we meet with on no other point of the far-whom I do not love, with whom I never can be is in the state of Illinois, and at the south-stretching valley of the Mississippi, a high project-happy. Since this is your love, let it be so; but west corner of Lake Michigan. The soil ing point, a precipitous crag resting upon a steep soon you will have neither daughter, nor sister, nor and climate of this region, and the many bank whose base is washed by a wide expanse of relation, to torment with your false professions of facilities it offers for cultivation have been water, the calmness of which contrasts with the affection." As she uttered these words, she withpraised rather extravagantly, if we may ceives an additional interest from the melancholy decreed, that that very day Winona should be savage features of the landscape; but this spot re-drew, and her parents, heedless of her complaints, believe, upon Mr Keating's authority, the tale which is connected with it, and which casts a united to the warrior. While all were engaged in