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"That part of New York which in the year 1777 was the scene of contest between the two experienc Blair's Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles ed Generals, Burgoyne and Gates, exhibited at that Gibbon's Works. 12 vols. period few marks of cultivation or improvement, ex- De Lolme on the Constitution of England. ventured to invade the solitary wilderness. The 1 vol. GENERAL INTELLIGENCE. Comet of 1823.-Cabinet of Minerals at CamSteam Engine.--Method of Cleaning Gold Trinkets, and of Preserving engraved Copper-Plates.--Height of Mount Rosa.--New Vesuvian Minerals.-Seal and Walrus.-Obituary. CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, BY HILLIARD AND METCALF. THE UNITED STATES LITERARY GAZETTE. Published on the first and fifteenth day of every month, by Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. No. 1 Cornhill, Boston.-Terms, $5 per annum, payable in July. VOL. I. REVIEWS. Reminiscences of Charles Butler, Esq. of Lincoln's Inn. With a Letter to a Lady on Ancient and Modern Music. From the fourth London edition. New York. 1824. 12mo. pp. 351. A MAN, who has spent more than half a century in literary and forensic pursuits in a metropolis, and that the metropolis of the British empire, must be a very dull one, if his reminiscences are not interesting. We took up this work, therefore, with the reasonable expectation of deriving much entertainment; and the rather as we perceived by the title-page that it had passed through four editions in England. We have not been disappointed. It has afforded us an agreeable, and what is important to such gormandizers of new books, as we of the periodical pen are apt to become, a long intellectual repast. The author of this work is known to theologians by his Hora Biblicæ, an account of the New Testament, its various readings and literary history; to lawyers, by his Juridical Essays, but more especially by his valuable continuation of Hargrave's edition of Coke on Littleton; and to politicians, by his exertions and writings in favour of Catholic emancipation. The temper of the man may be learned from the concluding observation of his preface. BOSTON, NOVEMBER 15, 1824. er the sudden transition from the walls of this holy turer, "Vincentem strepitus, et natum rebus agendis." No. 15. nothing but that experience, which they some of our universities resembled more In the mean time there was no danger of any loss of the national feelings of the English boys, since "the salutary and incontrovertible truth that one Englishman can, any day, beat two Frenchmen, was as firmly believed, and as ably demonstrated at Douay and St Omers, as it could be at Eton or Winchester." 'But, what is the end of our being?" asked a priest, to whom, for the sake of obtaining his an swer, the Reminiscent retailed these objections: Is it, what is usually termed, to succeed in life? to deserve the praise of elegance? to obtain redone better than by protracting innocence as long nown? Is it not to save one's soul? Can this be as possible? What can compensate its early loss? -You say that all this purity will shrink at the first touch of the world. Be it so; but the victim will then only be in the situation in which he would, in all probability, have been much sooner, if he had been educated in a dissipated school. Besides,—is it certain that this will be the case? Does experience show that the habits of years are so soon overcome?-Admit however that it unfortunately happens,-who is most likely to experiAmong the Reminiscences of Classical ence salutary compunction? and, when sober years, the retour de l'âge, as the French describe Studies and English Literature we find this period of life, shall come on, who is most like- some interesting materials for the history ly to return to religion and regularity,-he, whose of mind. "It was not till the subtle thief youthful years were strict and pious, or he, to of youth' had stolen all his early years, that whose youth devotion was unknown? You say, the Reminiscent was really sensible of the that this sequestered education and these submissive habits disqualify for active life: but don't they wonders and charms with which the pages The reminiscences of the first chapter re- teach obedience, teach modesty, teach duty of the bard of Avon abound." Again,late to education at the foreign Roman Now, what is the rank, what the pursuit, for which " Age, he believes, makes us fastidious in Catholic universities, in one of which, that these do not eminently qualify? poetry, and feel much more than we do in. of Douay, in France, the author received We confess a great leaning to the opin-youth the truth of the well known observahis own. He is, of course, a Romanist. ions of the good ecclesiastic. We believe tion of Horace, The subject of education is one of such gene- that the error of modern systems is deral interest in our time and country, that we cidedly on the other hand; that youth is venture, at the very threshold of our analy-left, in too many particulars, to the blind sis, on an extract of some length. It is a great satisfaction to him [the Reminiscent] to reflect that none of his writings contain a single line of personal hostility to any one. guidance of its own feeble judgment and Every care was taken [at Douay] to form the in- limited experience, and that the inadequate fant mind to religion and virtue: the boys were mean of persuasion is frequently employed secluded from the world; every thing that could to attract the twig towards the right direcinflame their imagination or passions was kept at a distance; piety, somewhat of the ascetic nature, tion, instead of the force which is able to was inculcated; and the hopes and fears, which bend and confine it there. Youth is about Christianity presents, were incessantly held in their as ready to take the benefit of the experiview. No classic author was put into their hands, ence of others as a child is to take physic, from which every passage, describing scenes of and we should have as little hesitation love or gallantry, or tending, even in the remotest about forcing down the unpalatable dose in degree, to inspire them, had not been obliterated. How this was done may be seen by any person, one instance, as the other. We shall not who will inspect father Juvenci's excellent editions attempt to enlarge upon this subject, though of Horace or Juvenal. Few works of English the temptation be strong within us, but only writers were permitted to be read; none, which mention one argument, which seems to us had not been similarly expurgated. The conse- to have some weight in favour of strict quence was, that a foreign college was the abode of innocence, learning, and piety. precautionary discipline and inspection. It has been questioned, whether this system of By these the young may be prevented from education is perfectly free from objection;-wheth-committing many bad actions, of which Mediocribus esse poetis, Non Di, non homines, non concessêre Columnæ." There never was, all records show it, Of gods and men, a middling poet. We are not yet old enough to decide finally on the justice of the author's opinions, as expressed here and elsewhere, but we believe them to be well-founded. Poetry may derive a short-lived popularity from brilliant imagery or harmonious versification; but its descriptions and images, to be permanent, must be founded on truth and nature. But time, experience, and observation are necessary to enable us to appreciate the fidelity of description and exactness of similitude; and much must be known of the world and of human nature before the exquisite delineations of Shakspeare can be properly understood. It requires years of the lives of common mortals to imbue the mind with a knowledge of those lights and shades which diversify character, which ber of avocats, attornies, and officers of justice, The difficulty of framing legal instru- From the Reminiscences of Jurisprudence we learn that judicial offices in A gentleman, upon whose will the Reminiscent France, before the revolution, were always was consulted, had six estates of unequal value, venal and hereditary. When the king and wished to settle one on each of his sons and erected a new court, he also specified the his male issue, with successive limitations over to sum which should be paid for each office the other sons and their respective male issue, in the ordinary mode of strict settlement; and with a by the successful petitioner, in whose fami- provision, that, in the event of the death and failly it became perpetual, and whose heirs ure of issue male of any of the sons, the estate demight sell it, with the consent of the govern- vised to him, should shift from him and his issue ment, the purchaser paying a certain sum male to the next taker and his issue male, and failinto the royal treasury. The petitioners, ing these, to the persons claiming under the other limitations; with a further proviso, that such next however, were obliged to be in general of taker's estate, should then shift in like manner to respectability, and, in some districts, noble; the taker next after him, and the persons claiming they also possessed fortunes, which placed under the other limitations. It was considered, at them above want; and were further oblig-first, that this might be affected by one proviso; ed to undergo a pretty severe examination. then, by two; and then by six; but upon a full investigation, it was found that it required as many It was customary for the suitors in court, provisos as there can be combinations of the numor their friends, to make regular presents ber 6;-Now, to the judges; as well as to solicit them personally. Mr Butler tells us that the opinions of learned and wise men have been divided on the expediency of the heirship and venality of the judicial offices, and is of opinion that the presents and solicitations were always harmless. The practice, however, will hardly be considered a safe one in these degenerate days, when every theory of government seems to involve the proverbial notion, that no honesty is the worse for being watched. The difference between England and France in the number of their courts of justice is very remarkable. With the exception of a few local jurisdictions, the judicial establishments in England are confined to the chancellor, the vice-chancellor, the master of the rolls, twelve judges, six masters in chancery, and some masters or officers resembling them in the other courts; in France there are at least 600 courts, and 5,600 judges:-in addition, each kingdom has its justices of peace; in France, they amount to 27,000. The following mot of Lord Thurlow on the subject of cross-examination was new to us, and perhaps will be so to many of our readers. When the affair of the necklace of the late queen of France was in agitation, a person observed to Lord Thurlow, that the repeated examinations of the parties in France had cleared up nothing 'True,' said his lordship, but Buller, Garrow, and a Middlesex jury, would, if such a matter had been brought before them, have made it all, in half an hour, as clear as day-light.' If the anecdote here given of the Chancellor d'Aguesseau be correct, the gentlemen of the bar should hold his memory in high respect. The duke de Grammont asked the chancellor d'Aguesseau, on some occasion, whether with his experience of chicanery in legal processes, and of their length, he had never thought of some regulation, which would put an end to them?-I had gone so far,' replied the chancellor, as to commit a plan of such a regulation to writing; but, after made some progress, I reflected on the great num I 1 X 2 X3 X4 X5 X6 = 720. Consequently, to give complete effect to the inten- In another instance, a deed, if it had this deed was declined. An anecdote respecting the Jesuits' college of Clermont is introduced, while the writer is treating of the best method of regulating courses of study. perhaps ever will, though any reasonable darkness" is by this time well nigh extinct. hope of piercing through "the cloak of Mr Butler offers this hypothesis,—that Lord George Sackville was Junius, and Sir Philip Francis his coadjutor and amanuensis; against this, however, we have the assertion of Junius, that "he was the sole depositary of his own secret," but we have no warrant that Junius always spoke the truth. The author thinks that the possessor of the two vellum volumes was not unknown to Mr George Grenville. From the Reminiscences of eminent judicial characters we intended to make an extract, but are unable to select, where all are so interesting. We shall content ourselves with a note of the author, which contains some encouragement for novel readers. It is known that his lordship [Lord Camden], like many other distinguished personages, was a great reader of novels; and surely the hour of relaxation is as well employed in reading Tom Jones, or Clarissa, or any of the novels attributed to Sir Walter Scott, as in the perusal of the productions of party pens. At a house of great distinction, ten gentlemen of taste were desired to frame, each of them, a list of the ten most entertaining works which they had read. One work only found its way into every list.-It may amuse the reader to guess it.-He will not be surprised to find it was-Gil Blas. If the Reminiscent may be allowed to give his opinion, the Conjuration contre Venise of the Abbé de St Réal, is the most interesting of publi cations. Mr Butler next treats of parliamentary eloquence, with descriptions of the manner of several eminent orators, particularly Lord Chatham, and the effect produced by their speeches. Nothing can exemplify better the power of eloquence, than the despotic authority exercised by this personage over the house of Commons; he could silence opposi tion and paralyze debate by the thunders of his voice and "the lightnings of his eye." That an assembly, constituted as that house was, of some of the most eminent of the naThe college, falling into decay, it was re-edified tion, should have submitted to such dominaby Louis the Fourteenth, and received the appella- tion, excites our wonder and admiration. tion of the College de Louis le Grand. Upon this The reality of this astonishing power is occasion, a poetical exercise alluding to it was required from the students.---The city of Nola had proved by a variety of anecdotes; one is of recently given them the Collegio del Arco, and they Mr Wilkes, who was not remarkable either were in possession of the Collège de la Flêche, in for modesty or timidity. He mentioned to France. Alluding to these, a saucy boy wrote the the Reminiscent that on a certain occasion, following verses, and the professor good humour-when "Mr Pitt rose and began to speak in edly assigned him the prize :a solemn and austere manner," : Arcum Nola dedit patribus, dedit alma Sagittam Of which, we offer, as we did above, an im- Nola gave the good fathers a bow, He thought the thunder was to fall upon him ;and he declared, that he never, while he was at Westminster, felt greater terror, when he was called up to be chastised, than he did while the uncertainty lasted; or felt greater jubilation when he was pardoned, than when he found the bolt was destined for another head. Another is still more striking. Mr Pitt had been speaking at Murray, afterwards Lord Mansfield,— After Murray had suffered for some time, Pitt stopped, threw his eyes around, then fixing their whole power on Murray, said, 'I must now address a few words to Mr Solicitor;-they shall be few,but shall be daggers: Murray was agitated;-the look was continued,-the agitation increased :Judge Felix trembles!' exclaimed Pitt, in a tone of thunder,' he shall hear me some other day.'" He sat down; Murray made no reply; and a lan During this whole session Mr Pitt found occasion, in every debate, to confound the ministerial orators. His vehement invectives were awful to Murray; terrible to Hume Campbell; and no malefactor under the stripes of an executioner, was ever more forlorn and helpless than Fox appeared under the lash of Pitt's eloquence, shrewd and able in parliament as Fox confessedly is; Dodington sheltered himself in silence. We cannot refrain from one more extract while on this subject. On another occasion, immediately after he had finished a speech, in the house of commons, he walked out of it; and, as usual, with a very slow step. A silence ensued, till the door was opened to let him into the lobby. A member then started up, saying, I rise to reply to the right honourable member-Lord Chatham turned back, and fixed his eye on the orator,-who instantly sat down dumb his lordship then returned to his seat, repeating, as he hobbled along, the verses of Virgil: 'Ast Danaúm proceres, Agamemnoniæque phalan ges, Ut videre virum, fulgentiaque arma per umbras, Every American has perused the speech of this noble orator on the employment of savages by the British during our revolution. The effect of this, when recited by an ordinary declaimer, is great; what must it have been from the lips of Chatham himself. constitution, his eloquent vituperations of those, It was prettily said by the historian of the Ro- earnest. Mr Fox had a captivating earnestness of tone and manner; Mr Pitt was more dignified than graceful; Mr Pitt's cannot be praised. It was an The action of Mr Fox was easy and observation of the reporters in the gallery, that it required great exertion to follow Mr Fox while he was speaking; none to remember what he had said; that it was easy and delightful to follow Mr Pitt; not so easy to recollect what had delighted them. It may be added, that, in all Mr Fox's speeches, even when he was most violent, there was an unquestionable indication of good humour, which attracted every heart. Where there was such a seeming equipoise of merit, the two last circumstances might be thought to turn the scale: but Mr Pitt's undeviating circumspection,-sometimes tended to obtain for him, from the considerate and concealed, sometimes ostentatiously displayed, the grave, a confidence which they denied to his rival :-Besides, Mr Pitt had no coalition, no India bill to defend. Much, that awes by power or charms by beauty, was heard in the harangues of both: but, while Fox spoke, his argument only was thought of; while Pitt harangued, all his other excellencies had their due measure of attention. Each made better speeches than Lord Chatham; neither of them 227 for one day, and you'll see which has the real superiority.'-Mr Fox never had the king with him, even for an hour. Burke was inferior as a speaker, but greatly superior if judged by his speeches as they are published. whom we have mentioned, equally excelled: but In familiar conversation, the three great men, plained of his too frequent ruminating silence. Mr Pitt talked ;-and his talk was fascinating. A good judge said of him, that he was the only person he had known, who possessed the talent of condescension. Yet his loftiness never forsook him; with him, than with Mr Fox. With each the baton still, one might be sooner seduced to take liberties du général was in sight, but Mr Pitt's animation and playfulness frequently made it unobserved: Burke's conversation was rambling, but splendid, this was not so often the case with Mr Fox. Mr rich, and instructive beyond comparison. even the most intimate friends of Mr Fox com We shall conclude our notice of parliamentary eloquence, by an extract from the account of Lord Thurlow. At times, Lord Thurlow was superlatively to hear his celebrated reply to the Duke of Grafton, great. It was the good fortune of the Reminiscent, during the inquiry into Lord Sandwich's administration of Greenwich hospital. His grace's action and delivery, when he addressed the house, were singularly dignified and graceful; but his matter was not equal to his manner. He reproached Lord Thurlow with his plebeian extraction, and his recent admission into the peerage.-Particular circumstances caused Lord Thurlow's reply to make a deep impression on the Reminiscent. His Lordship had spoken too often, and began to be heard with a civil but visible impatience. Under these circumstances, he was attacked in the manner we advanced slowly to the place, from which the have mentioned. He rose from the woolsack, and chancellor generally addresses the house; then, fixing on the duke the look of Jove, when he has grasped the thunder ;- I am amazed,' he said, in a level tone of voice, at the attack which the noble duke has made on me. Yes, my lords,' considerably raising his voice, I am amazed at his grace's speech. The noble duke cannot look before him, behind him, or on either side of him, without seeing some noble peer, who owes his seat in this house to his successful exertions in the pro Lord North, according to Mr Butler, was a gentleman, in the most extended sense of that comprehensive word. Without possessed even one of those moments of supreme fession to which I belong. Does he not feel that it aspiring to the higher eloquence, he was a very skilful debater; but was most remarkable for a kind of good-natured and inoffensive wit, of which the following is a good specimen. The assault of Mr Adam on Mr Fox, and of Colonel Fullarton on Lord Shelburne, had once put the house into the worst possible humour, and there was more or less of savageness in every thing that was said:-Lord North deprecated the too great readiness to take offence, which then seemed so possess the house. One member,' he said, who spoke of me, called me, "that thing called a minister:"—to be sure,' he said, patting his large form, I am a thing;-the member, therefore, when he called me a thing, said what was true; and I could not be angry with him; but, when he added, that thing called a minister, he called me that thing, which, of all things, he himself wished most to be; and, therefore," said Lord North, I took it as a compliment.' The following parallel between the parliamentary talents of Pitt and Fox will be read with interest. It is difficult to decide on the comparative merit of him and Mr Pitt; the latter had not the vehement reasoning, or argumentative ridicule of Mr Fox: but he had more splendour, more imagery, lofty, and reverential panegyrics of the British His long, and much more method and discretion. dominion, which, (he is sensible how very imper- thought to have brought into the field, something is as honorable to owe it to these, as to being the the language of the noble duke is as applicable and accident of an accident?-To all these noble lords, as insulting as it is to myself. But I don't fear to meet it single and alone. No one venerates the say that the peerage solicited me,-not I the peerpeerage more than I do,-but, my lords, I must age. Nay more, can say and will say, that, as honourable house, as keeper of the great seal,— Alliance, the present state of Europe, and |