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oretical and Practical.

By William Enfield,

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A Greek Grammar, designed for the use of Schools.

A Greek and English Lexicon.

Real Actions. By Asahel Stearns, Professor of A Summary of the Law and Practice of Law in Harvard University.

The Four Gospels of the New Testament in Greek, from the Text of Griesbach, with a Lexicon in English of all the words contained in them; designed for the use of Schools.

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By H. C. Carey & I. Lea-Philadelphia. Narrative of an Expedition to the source of the St Peters, Lake Winnipeck, Lake of the Woods, &c.; performed in the year 1823. By order of the Honourable John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War; under the direction of Major Stephen H. Long. Compiled from the Notes of Major Long, Messrs Say, Keating, Calhoun, and other gentlemen of the party, by William H. Keating, A. M., &c. &c., Professor of Minerology and Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, and Geologist and Historiagrapher to the Expedition. With

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Body and Soul; consisting of a series of Lively and Pathetic Stories. The Inheritance. "Marriage." Digest of American Reports. By Thomas P. Wharton, Esq.

Essays on the Variolous, Vaccine and

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Cornhill Square-Boston, Have for Sale,
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Lives of the Ancient Philosophers; translated from the French of Fenelon, with Notes, and a Life of the Author. By the Rev. John Cormack, M. A. First American edition, revised and corrected. Published 1824.

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THE UNITED STATES LITERARY GAZETTE.

Published on the first and fifteenth day of every month, by Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. No. 1 Cornhill, Boston.Terms, $5 per annum, payable in July.
VOL. 1.
BOSTON, SEPTEMBER 1, 1824.

ment.

REVIEWS.

Correspondence relative to the Emigration to Hayti, of the Free People of Colour in the United States. Together with the Instructions to the Agent sent out by President Boyer. New York, 1824. 8vo. pp. 32. Ir is now more than twenty years since the Haytiens declared themselves a free and independent people. Since that time, they have removed every foreign claimant from their shores, have reconciled the divisions which existed among themselves, and are now peaceably united under one governThus have they done all that depended upon their own exertions to enable them to take their rank among the nations. But there is a debt of courtesy and of justice, due from the nations to them; not one of which has yet officially recognised their independence. It has been repeatedly inquired why our country is so tardy in admitting the national existence of this people, and we cannot but think with them, who consider this delay altogether unnecessary. Our government in its intercourse with other nations, has professed to be regulated by the principle, that it will, in all cases, hold official correspondence with that which shall appear to be the government de facto of any nation, without inquiring whether it is also the government de jure; regarding the latter question as one that belongs to the internal regulations of a state, with which it has no right to intermeddle. On this principle our rulers have regulated their intercourse with Spain, during all the fluctuations to which the government of that unhappy country has been subjected; and, by the same rule, they acknowledged the independence of the states of South America, as soon as they were satisfied that that people had actually taken the sovereignty into their own hands -and not before. We could not expect the same promptitude in the case of the Haytiens as was shown toward the inhabitants of South America; we are prepared to make great allowance for the prejudices existing against the descendants of Africa, and for the reluctance which many must feel at the idea of sanctioning the revolt of slaves from their masters; but, waiving for the present all inquiry into the merits or defects of the Haytien government, we consider their existence as a nation, established beyond the possibility of a doubt; and that for several years past, we could have felt no more hesitation in declaring who was the virtual chief magistrate of that island, than in declaring who was the President of these United States.

No. 10.

That govern

The government will give fertile lands to those who wish to cultivate them, will advance to them nourishment, tools, and other things of indispensa ble necessity, until they shall be sufficiently established to do without this assistance.

The quantity of ground shall be as much as each family can cultivate. There is no price to stipulate for, as respects the land; since the government will give it gratis, in fee simple, to those who will cultivate it. The emigrants will be distributed those who may desire it, shall be placed in the in the most advantageous manner possible, and neighbourhood of each other.

A further extract from the letter, will show, in the President's own language, the reason why he did not come forward at an earlier period with the overtures he has

now made.

Measures for encouraging the emigration | ceive them with open arms. of the free people of colour among us, to ment has done still more. It is willing with some place beyond the territory of the parental kindness to meet them afar off. United States, had been for some time in In March last, a citizen of New York, an contemplation; they were discussed on va- active member of the Colonization Society, rious occasions, and the views of different desirous to obtain more accurate and defiindividuals on the subject compared togeth- nite information of the conditions on which er, till the project became so far matured emigrants from this country would be reas to cause the establishment of the Amer-ceived in that island, addressed a letter diican Colonization Society. This Society rectly to the President of Hayti, and rewas first organized at the city of Washing-quested his answer to several queries thereton, in the year 1816. Its attention was in proposed. From the President's reply, early turned to the settlement of a colony dated 30th of April, we make the followon the coast of Africa; and though there ing extracts. were many at that time who thought that the neighbouring island of Hayti offered stronger inducements to emigration than any place which might be found on the African coast, it seems that the Society inclined to the opposite opinion; and they have been for several years endeavouring to establish a settlement in Africa. Untoward circumstances have prevented them from making much progress in this undertaking, up to the present time; but we mean not to speak unfavourably of these colonies; on the contrary, we wish them all possible success. It is our desire only to open new places of refuge for this unfortunate people; and we have not the slightest feeling of hostility toward those already provided. We rejoice to find by the late re- climate is so mild, and whose government is I have often asked myself, why Hayti, whose ports of that Society, that their prospects analogous to that of the United States, was not are brightening; that the new colony at preferred as their place of refuge. Fearing that Mesurado has been established under much my sentiments would be misinterpreted, if I made more favourable auspices than the former the first overture, I contented myself with having one a Sherbro'; and we hope the day is not explained to those of them who came to Hayti, all far distant that shall behold there a flourish-Republic has established in their favour. I have ing and happy people. But we see no reason for withholding the opinion we have entertained on this subject from the beginning; that the republic of Hayti holds out stronger inducements and brighter prespects to our coloured population who are disposed to emigrate, than any other portion of this habitable globe. Such was our opinion, on the suppposition that a kindred feeling, and But he has done more than we have yet a sense of common interest would procure stated. He has appointed one of the most. for them a welcome reception there. But distinguished citizens of Hayti to visit this this is no longer a matter of supposition. country as his agent, for the promotion of Within a year past a number of families of this object. This agent, Citizen Granville, this description have actually removed to is now in our country; and the instructions that island; several, to our knowledge, given him, which have also been published, have sailed from one port within this com- are in conformity with the extracts from monwealth. They had to encounter the President Boyer's letter already quoted. inconveniences necessarily attendant on an In one article of these instructions he stipintercourse with strangers speaking a diffe-ulates further, that he will pay the expenrent language from their own; but these were soon so far surmounted as to make them satisfied with their new situation, and unwilling to return; for they found a fertile soil, and a salubrious climate; they found a government and a people prepared to re-learn, are such as have been formerly culti

the guarantees and rights that the constitution of the aided in freeing those from debt who could not quite pay for their passage; I have given land to those who wish to cultivate it; and by my circular to the officers of districts, of which I send you a pared for the children of Africa, coming out of the copy, you will convince yourself that I have pre-/ › United States, all that can assure them of an honourable existence in becoming citizens of the Haytien Republic.

ses of their passage, and maintenance during the voyage, and will furnish the means of subsistence for four months after their arrival, to those who shall come out as cultivators of the lands. These lands, we

146

But we hasten to

vated, but now lie neglected. And to put liberty is secured to them, and this, com- its expansion is come. beyond all question the sincerity of the pared with the situation of their brethren view the subject in another light. President's intention in this matter, he has in servitude, is an inestimable blessing; Let us return to Hayti, and contrast the sent to another philanthropic citizen of their lives and property are protected by present state of her people with their situNew York, whose exertions on behalf of the government, and they can drag on a ation twenty years ago, when they first this oppressed race have been known and mere animal existence without molestation; erected the standard of independence. It appreciated, it seems, beyond the limits of but what have they more? The privi- is worthy of our attention, that this was not his own country, fifty thousand weight of leges of citizenship are not extended to merely a dissolution of their political concoffee, the proceeds of which are to be held them; with the exception of that of our nexion with a foreign people, on whose govsubject to the disposal of Citizen Granville, own Commonwealth, and possibly of one or ernment they were dependant, but in whose for the purpose of aiding such part of our two more, the constitutions of the several improvements in science, in literature, and coloured population residing in the interior, states carefully restrict the privilege of an in the useful arts they had liberally paras may be disposed to embrace the condi- elector to the free white man; and in this ticipated. Far different from this was the tions of emigration now offered to them, Commonwealth, though some of them are situation of the Haytiens; they were now and who may not possess the requisite electors, he would be considered a madman for the first time bursting the chains of means for conveying them to a suitable who should think of placing one of their personal bondage, and emerging from a place for embarkation. The necessary in- names on the list of those who may be state of ignorance and abject servitude, to structions have also been given to the com- elected. No man of colour among us, let which some of the West India islands at manders of the different departments of his attainments be what they may, can the present time may furnish a parallel, but Hayti, for ensuring a suitable reception to have the most distant prospect of becoming no superior. And since that time, what the emigrants who may arrive, and for car- a judge or a lawgiver; even a seat on the have they done? They have secured rying all the stipulated conditions into full bench of jurors is denied him; for when that independence; they have expelled effect. Thus is the public attention at the brought to this test, the law does not recog- every hostile foot from their soil; they present time awakened in both countries nise, nor does the white man admit the have reconciled the divisions which had to this subject; and the time seems now to man of colour as his peer. And this feeling sprung up among themselves; they are now be fully come, when those who are disposed is extended into almost every situation in peaceably united under a constitutional to cooperate in these measures, have good which you can place him; very few are the government, and exhibit every appearance reason to believe that their labours will not exceptions where the intercourse between of being a contented, prosperous, and happy be exerted in vain. The American Colo- the two classes extends further than the people. Schools of different grades are esnization Society, believing that all their re- transactions of business absolutely require; tablished; the useful arts meet with liberal sources would be required for the support the white man learns in his infancy to look encouragement, and are flourishing among of their establishment on the coast of Afri- upon his brother of a different skin as one of them, and their ports are opened for comca, have declined acting on the propositions a race with whom he is not to commingle; mercial intercourse with friendly nations.. of the Haytien government; but a Society that brother is conscious that the mark is They have a liberal and intelligent chief for this purpose has been already organized, set upon him; and so deeply rooted is this magistrate, and all the departments of their and is now in active operation in the city prejudice, if prejudice it be, that when he government appear to be well administered. of New York. A meeting of the people looks forward to his children, or to his chil- We may now ask, what people of the earth of colour has also been held in that city, dren's children, he sees no fairer prospect ever emerged from a state of ignorance, in which the propositions of President Boy- to animate him; for ages to come, they and a servitude so galling as theirs, and in er were highly approved, and measures must remain among us like a Hindoo caste, the short space of twenty years made greatwere taken for the formation of an Auxilia-separated and distinct from the rest of the er progress in civilization and improvement, ry Society on their part. Citizen Granville people. From the strength of our habits, than this people has done? And here we too, is actively employed in promoting the and the structure of our institutions, it can- are willing to rest the question, whether, object of his mission, and with the aid and not be otherwise, and we do not know that in almost every situation in which we have encouragement of influential and benevo- we should wish to alter it if we could. But beheld them hitherto, nature or circumlent citizens in all parts of the United we would ask, when so many of the strong- stance has made them a race inferior to States, much might now be done to improve est inducements which are offered to our ours. If the present kings, and princes, and the present condition and brighten the fu- white population for the cultivation of the rulers of the earth, were to pass in review ture prospects of this portion of suffering talents which God has given them, are before us, and no other precedence were and, in too many instances, degraded hu- withheld from these people, if there is not to be assigned to any one, than that to manity. a sufficient cause assigned for their intel- which his intelligence would entitle him, lectual and moral degradation, without how few of the mighty ones of the earth seeking for another in the constitution of would stand before the President of Hayti! their nature, that admits no remedy? And this we ask with renewed confidence, when we remember how many of our own colour there are, who, with all the advantages which we have enumerated, and many more, suffer themselves to sink as low in the scale of being as any of their less favoured brethren. We might strengthen our argument with the observation which has frequently been made, that the children of this people in their infancy often give indications of a bright intellect which too generally disappoint us before they arrive at maturity. The bud of promise is nipt by the untimely frost and chilling dews to which it is exposed before the time of

But there may be some among us, who think we are too sanguine, and estimate too highly the benefit which will be likely to result from the removal of our coloured population to the island of Hayti; some, who, while they acknowledge the degraded situation into which the great body of this class amongst us has fallen, are willing to attribute this inferiority to a natural or constitutional defect in their organization, rather than to that which we consider as

the true cause. We entreat these, before they censure our zeal on this subject as misjudged, carefully and seriously to reflect on the situation of the free people of colour in this land, and determine for themselves whether there is not sufficient cause for all the inferiority which is chargeable on this people, without supposing them destined by nature to occupy a lower rank in the scale of creation. Their personal

*If the business of man-stealing continue to be pursued to the extent it has been in some of the states, this can hardly be admitted without qualifi

cation.

The attention of some of the conductors of our public journals has been turned within a short time past to this subject of emigration to Hayti, and the fertility of her soil has been made the theme of their panegyric. We do not question the correctness of this as a fact, but we do not wish to attach to it an undue importance, while there are so many better and stronger motives to be urged in favour of this measure. We believe it will be found to hold good as a general rule, that wherever nature has been so lavish of her bounties as to seem to relieve some favoured portion of the human race from the primeval doom pronounced upon Adam and his posterity, that "in the sweat of their face they should eat their bread," the balance is restored to them, by fire or earthquake, pestilence or flood, to its full measure; and that every

But the emigrants alone will not reap the fruit of your exertions. The United States will find their commerce with Hayti enlarged by the frequent intercourse which these new Haytiens will

naturally hold with the country they have left.

And we trust our government will not so far forget what is due to its own citizens, as to let the present opportunity pass unimproved.

But of the pure geography

of America they are comparatively ignorant. Indeed, we could not reasonably expect an European geographer to give an accurate map of this country. Not to name the difficulties he must necessarily encounter in collecting the latest and most authentic materials, our settlements are increasing and spreading through the western wilderness,-new regions are explored,— new states and territories founded,-n villages and towns are springing up, on the banks of navigable rivers but lately discovered,-with a rapidity, of which an inhabitant of the old world could form no adequate conception. He would not understand the relative importance of settlements so recent, and could not follow the gigantic march of our geographical discoveries and changes.

-new

soil not absolutely sterile, and every cli-proach them with being born to an inferior | ican geography. They give us, at most, mate not absolutely pestilential, afford inheritance, and designed by nature to oc- but a few very general maps, and these are about their fair proportion of the comforts cupy a station subordinate to ours. often strangely incorrect in topographical and conveniences of this life. But we also There is still another view of this sub-facts long established; and always destitute believe, that the different constitutions of ject, which we have not forgotten, though of more recent alterations and improvethe human family are adapted by nature to we have not alluded to it before. The emi-ments. The statistics of this country are her different climates; and that the air gration of this people from our country will very well understood in Europe,-not only which is fraught with pestilence to one, open facilities for an increasing commer- in England, but on the continent,-particmay waft healing on its wings to another; cial intercourse with Hayti. The encour- ularly by those who take an interest in and on this account we should suppose the agement which we afford them will create questions of political economy. The popclimate of Hayti more congenial to the a friendly disposition towards us in the ularity which this interesting science has descendants of Africa than this in which we minds of those to whom they go. The lo- attained, and the important discussions and live. But it is not the climate or the soil cal situation and natural advantages of that results to which it has led have rendered which we would hold up to the view of our island cannot fail to render the Haytiens all the most important facts, unconnected coloured population, to tempt them to seek ere long a commercial people. The pro- with this department of knowledge, genernew homes under better auspices in another ductions of that climate are different from ally known. land. We should say to them, "You will ours; they can supply us with many artifind there a kindred people, descended from cles that we want; and from the product of the same common country, wrested from our agriculture and our manufactures, we that country by the same violence, subject- can supply their necessities with more. ed to the same bondage, and since being Open but the way, and the enterprise of our rescued from that bondage, so placed by citizens will not fail to improve the advannature and by circumstances in relation to tages offered them by such a commerce. the surrounding nations, as to join you to- That government has not been unmindful of gether in a bond of common feeling and in- these considerations. In the letter of Presiterest almost indissoluble. You will find dent Boyer to Mr Charles Collins of New there a paternal government, which is even York, already referred to, we find the folnow stretching forth its arms to receive lowing passage. you, and assure you of a participation in its manifold blessings. You will find there what this country cannot afford you, an ample field for the expansion of your faculties, for the cultivation of all your powers; where you may fill that station, for which the bounty of Heaven, and your own endeavours shall qualify you, and there will be none to look down upon you." As has been justly observed by Citizen Granville, they ask not for recruits to fight the battles of their independence; that independence has been already acquired by their own exertions, and they are now offering a share in the fruits of their labours to those who will come and partake with them. And we feel that it is become the duty of intelligent and benovolent minds to endeavour to impress these views upon the people of colour who dwell among us. They are a people, who, for reasons which we have already given, will not be likely to weigh future benefits impartially in the balance against present pleasures; and they will need all the counsel and encouragement which such minds may be qualified to give them. There is a portion of the present generation, who, under the favourable auspices which that It is a common fault with American country will afford them, may become hon- maps, that they are engraved in a coarse ourable and useful citizens. There is a much and slovenly manner. This is truly prolarger portion from whom we have little or voking, in a country where there are so nothing to hope; but for their children's many excellent engravers; and it is with sake, if not for their own, let these go like- great satisfaction we have observed the imwise. For all, the prospect is nearly hope-provements made, within a few years, and less while they remain here. There is a barrier more impassable than mountains, interposed between the children of European and of African parents in this country, which will prevent them from ever mingling into one. And after we have removed all the obstacles which we or our fathers have placed in the way of their improvement, if they disappoint our reasonable expectations, and the field for exertion is opened to them in vain, it will then be time enough to re

A

New General Atlas, comprising a com-
plete set of Maps, representing the Grand
Divisions of the Earth, together with the
several Empires, Kingdoms, and States
in the World; compiled from the best
authorities, and corrected by the most re-
cent discoveries. Philadelphia. 1824.
WE have been so much pleased with the
appearance of this Atlas, that we are dis-
posed to recommend it to the notice of the
public. We do this with the more confi-
dence, because we think the want of a cor-
rect and satisfactory Atlas, as this is, has
long been felt. The American and Euro-
pean publications of the kind, with which
we are acquainted, are quite imperfect,
either in execution or in accuracy.

It is on account of such circumstances as these, that we have had no atlas,―neither European nor American,—which, from the style of its execution and its accuracy, was entitled to the character of a standard work. But we think the Atlas of Mr Finley will come nearer meeting the wants and wishes of the public than any we have seen. It contains sixty maps, twenty-eight of which are appropriated to North America; and we have never before seen so many good maps of the different sections of our country. There are also several good maps of all the most important divisions of the old world. Two charts are annexed to the work, showing, at one view, the heights of the principal mountains and the lengths of the most considerable rivers of the world. The maps are neatly engraved, and approach the best English style, the lines and letters are remarkably clear and distinct, and the whole is beautifully coloured. So far, too, as we are able to judge of this matter, it is perfectly correct. It appears to us, however, that there are some errors of omission. We wish to see South America more particularly delineated. A single map seems to be too scanty a proportion of such a work to be devoted to the representation of a country so extensive, and which is now the theatre of events so interesting. On some of the maps, also, many more places might have been inserted, without any injury to that distinctness which should be carefully preserved. They have now an open and blank All the European atlases we have seen, appearance, which adds nothing to their have been very deficient in regard to Amer-beauty. This is particularly the case in

still making, in this branch of their art.
We have several large maps, published by
Melish, and under the patronage of some
of the states, that are models of accuracy
and excellence, and would do honour to
any country. The style of our maps for
schools, also, has been much improved of
late, and we hope to see it advanced still
farther.

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