in teaching and preaching, he retired to Concord, and spent the remainder of his life in writing and lecturing. As an intellectual force, Emerson was probably second to none in New England in his day. He had the power to set men to thinking, whether it be about town government or about the stars. He came by his patriotism naturally, as his grandfather, the Rev. William Emerson, roused his parishioners to fight at the battle of Concord in 1775.

Edward Everett, 1794-1865. and died in Boston. Few men in American public life have had so varied or so honored a career. After being graduated from Harvard he entered the ministry as so many New Englanders of his generation did — but was soon called to the professorship of Greek at Harvard. Later he entered political life. He was elected to the lower house of Congress, a senator in Congress, governor of Massachusetts, and was appointed Secretary of State at Washington, and later minister of the United States to England. He was nominated for the vice-presidency on the Whig ticket in 1860, but was defeated. Everett's fame as a lecturer and as a speaker on formal occasions was almost unsurpassed in his day. By his lecture on Washington, delivered far and wide, he raised thousands of dollars that helped the women of the land to purchase and preserve Mount Vernon, the estate of Washington.

Born at Dorchester, Massachusetts,

John H. Finley, 1863John Huston Finley was born at Grand Ridge, Illinois. After being graduated from Knox College, he continued his studies at the Johns Hopkins University. He was later called to the presidency of Knox College; then became professor of politics at Princeton, where he was the near neighbor and friend of Mr. Cleveland; was chosen president of the College of the City of New York; and in 1913 became New York State Commissioner of Education. He is a member of many learned societies. Mr. Finley has spoken and written entertainingly on a wide variety of interesting subjects. His alert mind takes delight in tracing the paths of forerunners and founders, but his interest is perhaps even greater in the modern life that flows around him.

John Fiske, 1842-1901. - Historian and philosopher. He was born at Hartford, Connecticut, and died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he spent the greater part of his life. After graduation from Harvard, he studied law, but turned aside to authorship. In his earlier years he wrote and lectured on scientific and philosophical subjects, but later in life he produced a brilliant series of histories dealing with many sides of American life. His clear, easy, animated style made attractive every subject he touched.

Benjamin Franklin, 1706–1790. Born in Boston, of New England stock on both sides of his family. When a boy he ran away to Philadelphia, where he made his permanent home, and where he died. He is often pointed out as a fine example of the self-made American. To inherited vigor of mind and body he added industry and patience. His rise in the world was steady and conspicuous. The printer's devil became an editor and publisher. He saved money and invested wisely. The man who could manage his own affairs well was soon called upon to manage larger affairs. After filling minor offices, he was made deputy pastmaster-general for all the colonies. He was sent to England by the colony of Pennsylvania to oppose the stamp act in 1764. After signing the Declaration of Independence in 1776, he was sent as ambassador to France, where he served brilliantly until the close of the war. With John Jay and John Adams he negotiated the treaty of peace with England in 1783. After his return to America, he was chosen a delegate to the Federal Convention of 1787 which framed the Constitution of the United States. He was now aged and broken in health, but he lived long enough to see Washington inaugurated as first president of the new republic which he had done so much to fashion and build. Franklin tells the story of his life in his Autobiography. No one else could have done it so well. As a human document — as a sort of chart by which men may learn much that will help them to steer their own lives it has an abiding interest and value. It is not a perfect chart. That is only another way of saying that Franklin was not a perfect man. His wisdom was the wisdom of the work-a-day world. It was common sense raised to a high degree of efficiency. He won high place, honor, money, and friends and he deserved them all. Perhaps his chief limitation was that he saw life only as a set of facts; he did not see clearly the spirit behind and underneath those facts. His fame must endure, however, for he gave generously of his time and strength and intelligence to the service of his country.

Zona Gale, 1874Miss Gale was born at Portage, Wisconsin, and is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin. She has written much for the periodical press and is the author of several novels.

James A. Garfield, 1831-1881. - The twentieth President of the United States was born at Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, and died at Elberon, New Jersey. He was graduated from Williams, and later became president of Hiram College, Ohio. He early entered the Civil War, rising to the rank of major-general. At the request of President Lincoln, he resigned his commission in the army to accept an election as a member of the lower house of Congress, in which body he served

continuously until 1880. In that year he was nominated and elected President of the United States. He was fatally shot by Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker, on July 2, 1881. He is one of the many examples in American life of men who have risen by their own talents and own exertions from poverty and obscurity to positions of honor and influence.

James Gibbons, 1834Cardinal Gibbons was born in Baltimore. After receiving his education at St. Charles College, Maryland, and at St. Mary's Seminary, he entered the Catholic priesthood, becoming archbishop of Baltimore in 1877 and cardinal in 1886. In his addresses and in his contributions to the periodical press, he has always shone forth as an American citizen of high public spirit.

Basil L. Gildersleeve, 1831This scholar-soldier was born in Charleston, South Carolina. He was graduated from Princeton, and later studied in Germany. He was professor of Greek in the University of Virginia from 1856 to 1876, when he accepted a like position in the Johns Hopkins University, where he has since remained. He has edited various Greek classics, and for many years has conducted the American Journal of Philology. During the Civil War, while teaching in Virginia, he served in the Confederate army during his vacations. While a volunteer aide on the staff of General John B. Gordon, he received a bullet wound from which he has limped for half a century.

John B. Gordon, 1832-1904. Soldier, orator, and man of affairs. Born in Upson County, Georgia. He was one of the few civilian soldiers who rose to high rank in either army in the Civil War. He was in most of the big battles and commanded a corps of Lee's army at Appomattox. After the war he was connected for a time with railroad affairs, and later was elected governor of Georgia and a Senator in Congress from that state. In his later years, he was a successful writer and lecturer on topics connected with the Civil War.

Henry W. Grady, 1851-1889. Born at Athens, Georgia. He was graduated from the university of his native state and entered journalism. At the time of his death he was one of the owners and editors of the Atlanta Constitution. He was one of the most influential spirits of his day in bringing about a renewal of good feeling between the North and the South.

Edward Everett Hale, 1822–1910. Dr. Hale was born in Boston, Massachusetts. After being graduated from Harvard, he entered the ministry. His life was long and busy. He is the author of many books and wrote industriously for the magazines and newspapers. His interest in all forms of charity organized and unorganized was particularly strong and vital. The Man without a Country is perhaps his best known

story. He was a nephew and the namesake of Edward Everett, an accomplished orator and statesman.

Alexander Hamilton, 1757-1804. Born in the island of Nevis, West Indies, and died in New York City from wounds received in a duel with Aaron Burr. He came to New York when a boy and studied at Columbia. Even while a student he attracted public attention by his speeches and pamphlets on the side of the colonies in their disputes with the mother country. In 1776 Hamilton was appointed a captain of artillery in the Continental army, and his battery did effective work at the battles of Trenton and Princeton. He early attracted the attention of Washington, who appointed him his aide-de-camp. He further distinguished himself as a soldier at Yorktown. In 1787 Hamilton was a delegate to the convention in Philadelphia which framed the Constitution of the United States, and he takes high rank among the fathers of that notable document. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, during Washington's first administration, he organized the financial system of the country. When war with France was threatened in 1798, he was appointed second in command of the army under Washington, and chief in command upon the latter's sudden death. Those who knew Hamilton well assert that his greatest ambition was for military glory. As it is, his fame rests chiefly upon his record as a patriotic, disinterested, and constructive statesman. As the result of a political quarrel, Hamilton fought a duel with Aaron Burr at Weehawken, New Jersey, in 1804, and was fatally shot. He was removed to his home in New York, where he died the next day.

Robert Y. Hayne, 1791-1840. Born in Colleton district, South Carolina, and died at Asheville, North Carolina. He was descended from Colonel Isaac Hayne, a Revolutionary patriot who was hanged by the British. He was elected to the Senate of the United States, and was also governor of his native state. Hayne was a leader in the nullification movement, and it was one of his speeches that drew from Daniel Webster his famous "Reply to Hayne."

Patrick Henry, 1736-1799. — This flaming orator of the Revolution was born in Hanover County, Virginia, where Henry Clay was born some forty years later, and died in Charlotte County, Virginia. Like so many American public men, he passed through the law into public life. On becoming a member of the Virginia legislature he at once took the leadership in the political agitation which led up to the Revolution. His whirlwind oratory moved men's hearts. His impassioned cry, "give me liberty or give me death," rang through the colonies from end to end. He was the first man to speak in the Con

tinental Congress of 1774. When he declared, "I am not a Virginian, but an American," men felt that a new nation had been born and was about to begin its race. Henry served two terms as governor of Virginia and had a hand in shaping the Constitution of the United States. His last years were spent in retirement. He and Washington died in the same year.

Thomas Wentworth Higginson, 1823-1911. Colonel Higginson was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, of old colonial stock. After being graduated from Harvard, he entered the ministry, but went from the pulpit into the Union army. He rose to be colonel of volunteers and continued in the service until wounded in 1864. After the war, Colonel Higginson devoted an active life to public and literary affairs. He wrote much for the magazines and published many volumes on a wide variety of subjects. His sympathies were engaged in many reform movements, in which he displayed the ardor and unselfishness of a knight-errant.

George F. Hoar, 1826-1904. Born at Concord, Massachusetts, and died at Worcester, in the same state. He was graduated from Harvard, admitted to the bar, and later entered upon a political career. Few families have shown such an aptitude for public life as his. His father, brother, and nephew have all been members of the lower house of Congress from Massachusetts. He himself served in Congress continuously, either in the House or in the Senate, from 1869 to the time of his death. His career was marked throughout by a high sense of civic responsibility.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., 1841– - Mr. Holmes was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the only son of Oliver Wendell Holmes, the poet, essayist, and wit. After being graduated from Harvard in 1861, he entered the Union army, rising from the rank of lieutenant to that of lieutenant-colonel of volunteers. He was wounded three times in battle at Ball's Bluff, at Antietam, and at Fredericksburg. After the war he studied law and began practice in Boston. In 1899 he became chief-justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, and in 1902 he was appointed an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by President Roosevelt.

Charles Evans Hughes, 1862- - Born at Glen Falls, New York. He is of Welsh descent. After being graduated from Brown, he studied law and entered into practice in New York City. He rose to national prominence while conducting an investigation into the irregularities of some of the large insurance companies in New York City. In 1907 he became governor of New York, and in 1910 he was appointed an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. This