80,000 horse, 20,000 men employed with the war-chariots and camels, the naval force, the European reinforcement, and a proportionate number of women, children, slaves, and other attendants, the whole army led by Xerxes against Greece must have comprised about 5,000,000 persons. The figure is appalling, and has been rejected as fabulous. The only reason, however, which has been given for thus impeaching the trustworthiness of Herodotus is that it would have been a stupidity to attack Greece with such an army. For the very same reason Herodotus's report of the Mount Athos canal has been denied. Juvenal considered the canal a good specimen of Greek lies, and Niebuhr positively rejected the story as incredible. Nevertheless, recent researches have discovered undeniable traces of the canal. It must be remembered that Xerxes knew much less of the resources of the Greek nation than we do. had heard from the Carthaginians that they inhabited the northern shores of a sea which it took as long a time to cross on a vessel as it took to traverse his own realm on a camel; and what other means than the number had he of asserting his power over this unknown nation? The account of Herodotus is somewhat loose, and the figures which result from it may be somewhat exaggerated, but the more we learn of the actual state of affairs at that He time, the less incredible do they appear. Like an avalanche this host rolled down over Greece. There was some impediment at Thermopyla, Artemisium, etc., but Xerxes barely heard of it. Athens was burnt, and on Sept. 23, 480 B. C., he sat on his throne of gold, raised on a promontory of Mount Egaleos, to witness the battle of Salamis, looking at the spectacle as the day-dreamer looks at his own dreams. But the battle was lost, and the great king fled, panic-stricken, first to Sardis, and thence to Susa, where he buried himself in dissipations, sensualities, voluptuousness, and court intrigues. În 465 he was assassinated by Artabanus. CLEMENS PETERSEN. Xime'nes de Cisne'ros (FRANCISCO), b. at Torre Laguna, New Castile, Spain, in 1436 or 1437; educated at the universities of Alcalá de Henares and Salamanca, where he graduated in both civil and canon law 1456; became a priest; went to Rome, where he practised as an advocate in the consistorial courts 1459-65, acquiring a great reputation for political ability; obtained from the pope a bull nominating him to the first benefice of a specified value which should become vacant in the archbishopric of Toledo; took possession in 1473 of the living of Uzeda, near his native village, against the will of the archbishop of Toledo, who regarded the papal bull as a violation of his rights, and on declining to surrender the living was imprisoned six years in the tower of Santorcaz; was released and given possession of his benefice 1480; exchanged it for a chaplainship near Siguenza, where he studied Hebrew and Chaldee, and acted as vicar to the bishop of the diocese: resigned his preferments in the Church and entered the Franciscan convent of San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo 1482; distinguished himself by his austerity in self-mortification; acquired a great reputation for sanctity, and was in great request at the confessional; retired to the secluded mountain-convent of Our Lady of Castañar, where he built with his own hands a cell in which he passed his time in prayer and meditation; was appointed superior of the convent of Salzeda; was appointed confessor to Queen Isabella 1492, retaining his monastic habits and residence, and soon acquired a national reputation for sanctity; was appointed provincial of his order in Castile 1494, and made his visits of inspection on foot, subsisting on alms; was nominated high chancellor of Castile, archbishop of Toledo, and primate of Spain 1495; refused for six months to accept that dignity, yielding only to the express commands of the pope; retained the austere simplicity of his former mode of life, dispensing the vast revenues of his see chiefly in charities; effected a vigorous reform among the Spanish clergy; founded the University of Alcalá 1498; insisted upon the conquered Moors of Granada receiving Christian baptism during the residence of the court at Granada 1499, thus giving rise to the rebellion in the Alpujarras 1500; is said to have ordered the destruction of many thousands of Arabic MSS. commenced in 1502 the printing at his own expense, at Alcalá de Henares, of the famous Complutensian Polyglot Bible (from Complutum, the Latin name of Alcalá); displayed an enlightened zeal and munificence in providing for all the details of his new university; was the director of most of the public acts of Isabella up to her death in 1504; was mediator between Ferdinand and the archduke Philip in their rival claims upon the regency of Castile: became president of the Castilian council of regency on the death of Philip 1506; was appointed by Pope Julius cardinal and inquisitor-general of Castile 1507; led an expedition against the pirates of Oran on the Barbary coast 1509, securing thereby to Spain an important territorial acquisition; lived in comparative retirement several years on account of the jealousy of Ferdinand, but became again regent of the kingdom on the latter's death, 1516; effected the proclamation of Charles V. against the rival pretensions of the partisans of the insane queen Joanna; enlisted a national guard; quelled domestic disturbances: reduced the little kingdom of Navarre to quietude by dismantling its forces; made preparation against the Barbary corsairs; extended the Inquisition throughout the Spanish dominions; took measures for the protection of the rights of the American Indians and to check the growth of African slavery; introduced reforms into the revenue system; surrendered the regency on the arrival of the young king in Spain in September, and was allowed to retire to his diocese. D. at Roa, on the Douro, Nov. 18, 1517. (See his biographies by Gomez de Castro, and by Hefele, Der Cardinal Ximenes (Tübingen, 1844).) PORTER C. BLISS. Xime'nes de Quesa'da (GONZALO), b. in Granada, Spain, about 1500; went to Santa Marta in a judicial capacity 1535; took command of an expedition against the Chibcha Indians; penetrated with 800 men into the heart of New Granada, experiencing great sufferings; conquered the rich cities of Tunja and Iraca; gained great victories over the Chibchas, and accumulated vast quantities of gold; founded the city of Bogota Aug. 6, 1538; had disputes about boundaries with Frederman, who came thither from Venezuela, and Benalcazar, who arrived from Quito; went to Spain 1539; returned with the title of marshal 1551; led an expedition in search of El Dorado, and founded the city of Santa Agueda 1572. D. of leprosy at Mariquita Feb. 16, 1579. Xisuthrus. See XYSYTHRUS. Xy'lene, or Xy'lol [Gr. §úλov, "wood"], one of the series of coal-tar hydrocarbons, a homologue of benzole or benzene; composition C8H10. It has been called dimethylbenzene, from the notion that it was formed by the substitution of H2 in benzene, C6H6, by two of methyl, CH3, making it C6H4(CH3)2. The view of the present writer is that it is C6.10H2C, being formed by the further association of 4HC with benzene, which is C6.6H,C. This latter view is founded on the fact (set forth already under VOLUMES, MOLECULAR) that the difference in equivalent volume, between the dominant form of benzene and xylene, is closely four times the cube of 26, the latter being regarded as the molecular diameter of the radical molecule homologen, HC, in this case. Xylene is a colorless liquid of little odor, boiling, according to Warren, at 139.8°. Longuinine gives its density, at melting ice, as .877; the computed density, according to the new view of its constitution, is .8712 at 2° C. HENRY WURTZ. Xylographic Books. See BLOCK-BOOKS, in PRINTING, by W. S. PATERSON. Xylography. See ENGRAVING. Xyloid'ine [Gr. §uλov, "wood"], an explosive substance discovered by Braconnet in 1832, prepared by dissolving starch in nitric acid; by the addition of water a white explosive compound is precipitated. (See ExPLOSIVES.) Xylol. See XYLENE. Xyris. See Yellow-eyed Grass. Xysythrus, king of Babylon at the time when the Deluge occurred. The Chaldæan historian Berosus, of whose work some fragments have been preserved by Eusebius, tells how in the plain of Shinar many people of rarious descent dwelt together without laws, after the fashion of animals; how Oannes, a monster-god with the head of a man, the body of a fish, and the legs of a woman, arose from the Persian Gulf, sat down among the men of Shinar, and taught them all the arts of civilization-how to erect temples and build cities, how to make laws and maintain order, how to cultivate the soil and establish industry, etc. Thus Babylon was built, and Alorus became the first king of the new empire. He was followed by nine others, which together reigned for 100 sares, or 432,000 years. The last was Xysythrus. Warned of the coming of the Flood, he built a ship and was saved from the Deluge. When the waters subsided, the ship landed on the mountains of Koordistan. Xysythrus went out of the ship, built an altar, offered up a great sacrifice, and then disappeared among the clouds. But those who had been with him in the ship returned to Babylon, rebuilt the city, unearthed the sacred books, which had been deposited at Sippara when the Flood came, and formed a new empire, which stood for 33,000 years, ruled over by 86 kings, until it was conquered by the Medes. There is a striking resemblance in all the principal traits between this narrative of the Deluge and that contained in the Bible, and also between these two and that lately published by George Smith from the cuneiform inscriptions. Y, as an English vowel, represents our i, and has both its sounds, as seen in by, lovely. As a consonant in English it has a sound analogous to the vowel-sound of long e (English), but almost suppressed by the closure of the palatal passage by the tongue. Its consonantal power is that of the Latin, Polish, and German J. Properly, as derived from the Greek Y or Y, it should have its power in Danish and Anglo-Saxon (Ger. ü; Fr. u). In pure English words it was intended for the long vowel of machine, and was formed from ii, written i-a combination still used (but with the perverted power of y in by) in Dutch, where ijs is the word spelled eis in German and ice in English. In chemistry, Y is the symbol of yttrium. Yacht, a name of Dutch origin which became common in the English language in the latter part of the seventeenth century. In 1661 the Dutch East India Company presented Charles II. with a yacht, and the speed and buoyancy of this kind of vessel soon brought all other pleasure-vessels into disuse, even those gorgeous ones which were built "frigate-like." In 1720 the first yachting club was formed at Cork in Ireland, under the name of the Cork Harbor Water Club, now the Royal Cork Yacht Club. In 1815 the Yacht Club was founded, which took up its head-quarters at Cowes in the Isle of Wight, and used the Solent as its chief arena. It afterward changed its name to the Royal Yacht Club in 1817, and in 1833 to the Royal Yacht Squadron. According to its rules of organization, each member must be the owner of a vessel not smaller than ten tons, and it was said that William IV. wished to give its commodore the title of admiral, but dared not, lest he should thereby arouse the jealousy of the navy. In 1824 the Thames Yacht Club was founded; in 1844, the Royal Mersey Yacht Club; in 1845, the Royal Victoria Yacht Club, etc. out the race, and won by 16 minutes 19 seconds, corrected time. The second race took place in New York harbor Sept. 16, 1885. The course was from the Scotland lightship 20 miles to leeward, which was E. S. E., and return. Wind and wave were favorable to the English yacht, but the Puritan won, beating the Genesta 1 minute 38 seconds, corrected time, and about mile in dis tance. By acts of Congress Aug. 7, 1848, and June 29, 1870, yachts have the privilege of going from port to port of the U. S., and by sea to foreign ports, without entering or clearing at the custom-house, and this privilege also extends to yachts belonging to a regularly-organized yacht club of any foreign nation which grants like privileges to the yachts of the U. S. A regulation with respect to the lights to be carried by yachts is given by a circular of Dec. 5, 1874, and an elaborate Sailing Regulation for yachts has been issued by the Royal Alfred Yacht Club of England. (See The America's Cup, by Capt. Roland F. Coffin, New York, 1885.) Yadkin River rises in Caldwell co., N. C., near the Blue Ridge. After passing into South Carolina it is called the GREAT PEDEE (which see). In North Carolina it is a swift, turbulent, and unnavigable stream. Its valley is fertile and abounds in mineral wealth. The length of the Yadkin River from its source to the boundary of South Carolina is about 300 miles. Yadkinville, cap. of Yadkin co., N. C. (see map of North Carolina, ref. 2-E, for location of county). P. in 1870, 133; in 1880, 129. Thibet, widely known chiefly because of the beauty of its Yak. The yak (Bos grunniens) is a bovine animal of tail and the extensive use to which it is everywhere put in the East. It is a large animal, as tall as a large ox, very hairy, and like a bison in appearance. However, the long sweeping tail marks it out as a distinct type. It is generally black or white, or black and white, the latter most commonly. Its hair is not coarse, though long and thick; and though the creature, when wild and disturbed and wounded in its native haunts, can prove ter The first yachting club in the U. S. was formed at New York in 1844, comprising 9 members and as many yachts. Yachts of various sizes and models, both steamers and sailing vessels, are now very numerous in England and America. Among the yacht clubs of the U. S. are the New York, the American, the Seawanhaka, and the Atlantic. Some of the most prominent events in the rapid develop-ribly fierce, yet it can be easily tamed and domesticated. ment of this kind of sport were-the first regular regatta, which took place in New York harbor July 17, 1845, from Robbin's Reef around the S. W. Spit buoy to the lightship and return, and in which 7 schooners and 3 sloops took part, the Cygnet being the winner; the first race-match between yachts, which took place on Oct. 10, 1846, between the sloop Maria, 154 tons, and the schooner Coquette, 74 tons, the course being 25 miles to the windward and return, from the lightship off Sandy Hook. The most exciting match-race took place in 1866, between the Henrietta, Fleetwing, and Vesta, from Sandy Hook to Cowes, for a sweepstakes of $90,000; the Henrietta made the run in 13 days 21 hours 55 minutes, and won. The first yacht which crossed the Atlantic was the America in 1851. Her arrival in the Thames made an immense sensation, and produced a revolution in English yacht-building. The oldest English yachts were built after the "cod's-head and mackerel-tail" model. Then followed the so-called "wave-line" type, which was a much-improved development of the forBut the America had, against all good rules, the mackerel tail in front and the cod's head in rear; and still more astonishing was the manner in which the sails mer. Its hair protects it from the cold of the great mountain- Yakima, cap. of Yakima co., Wash. Ter. (see map of were set, presenting flat surfaces to the wind, and practically reducing in absurdum the old conviction that sails should be able to "hold the wind." The America won the queen's cup (by over a mile) from the Royal Yacht Squadron Aug. 22, 1851, in a race off the Isle of Wight, English Channel. On Aug. 8, 1870, the American sloop Magic won the first race for the queen's cup in New York harbor, making a run of about 43 miles, from an anchorage off Stapleton, Staten Island, around the S. W. Spit to Sandy Hook lightship and return, in 4 hours 7 minutes 54 seconds. Sept. 14 and 16, 1885, two yacht-races for the America's cup were sailed by the English cutter Genesta and Yakutsk', or Jakutsk', province of Siberia, bounded the American sloop Puritan, both of which were won by E. by the province of Irkutsk, W. by Okotsk, S. by the the Puritan. The first race was from Owl's Head, Bay Jablonvoy Mountains, and N. by the Arctic Ocean. Most Ridge, through the Narrows, across the New York Lower of this province is a low, level plain whose northern part Bay, to and around buoys 10 and 84, and out by the Sandy is frozen 100 feet deep, but which presents good pasturage Hook lightship, and return over the same course, finishing in the southern part. Its inhabitants, numbering 243,443, just below Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island. The length consist mostly of tribes of Yakuts and Buriats, the former of the course was 38 statute miles. The Puritan led through- | of which live as nomads with large herds of cattle, the latter as hunters and fishers, the country abounding in sables, martens, squirrels, foxes, and bears, and the rivers in fish, especially salmon. Yakutsk, or Jakutsk, town of Siberia, capital of the province of Yakutsk, on the Lena, in lat. 62° 1' N. It has hardly 4000 inhabitants, and is poorly built. The houses of the native Yakuts have doors of hides and windows of ice. But it is the seat of the provincial government, and in June it has a large fair, where butter, furs, tallow, fish, and mammoth-tusks to the value of $300,000 are exchanged for European merchandise. Yal, the Indian lute, of a varying number of strings. It is esteemed as equalling the flute, and excelling all other instruments of music in sweetness. Wandering minstrels in India to the present day patronize this instrument in a marked degree. Tiruvalluvar, the greatest of Tamil poets, says, "The flute is sweet, the lute is sweet." R. C. CALDWELL. Yalabu'sha River, one of the principal eastern affluents of the Yazoo River, entirely in the State of Mississippi, is navigable 90 miles to Grenada by steamboats. Yale (ELIHU), F. R. S., b. at New Haven, Conn., Apr. 5, 1648; went to England with his parents when ten years of age, and never returned to Connecticut; went to the East Indies 1678; was governor of Fort St. George, Madras, 1687-92; gained a large fortune, and was afterward in England a governor of the East India Company. He made various gifts in books and money to the newly-established college at his birthplace, amounting between 1714 and 1721 to some £500, in consequence of which his name was in 1718 given to the collegiate building, and applied in the charter of 1745 to the whole institution. D. in London July 22, 1721, and was buried at Wrexham, North Wales, the ancient seat of his family. Yale College, "the collegiate school of Connecticut." was chartered by the general assembly of the colony of Connecticut in Oct., 1701. From the first settlement of New Haven (1638) it had been intended to set up a college there, and it was in execution of this design that the minister of New Haven, James Pierpont, in concert with other Congregational ministers of the Connecticut seaboard, effected in 1701 the foundation of the collegiate school. The ten ministers made trustees by the charter were empowered to set up and carry on the school where they should see fit, and to perpetuate their own body. By an additional act (1723) the rector or head-master of the school was made a trustee er officio. The school was formally established at Saybrook in Nov., 1701, though the classes until 1707 were taught at Killingworth (now Clinton), an adjoining town, where Abraham Pierson, the first rector, was pastor. After long dissatisfaction and amid much opposition the school was permanently settled in New Haven in 1716, and in 1718 its name was changed to Yale College, in recognition of a gift (in goods valued at £200) from Elihu Yale of London, a native of New Haven, who had amassed a fortune ín India, where he had been (1687-92) governor of Fort St. George, one of the settlements of the East India Company. In 1745 the present charter was granted by the general assembly, confirming the trustees in all their powers under the title of "the president and fellows of Yale College in New Haven." Down to the period of the Revolution the college received from the colonial government stated or occasional grants of funds, without which it could hardly have survived. In 1792 the governor, lieutenant-governor, and six senior senators of the State were made, er officiis, members of the corporation, the State making at the same time a grant valued at $30,000 to the college funds. 1871 the assembly, with the assent of the corporation, substituted for the six senators six graduates of the college, who were chosen, as their successors (one vacancy occurring annually) are also chosen, by the votes of a plurality of graduates of the first degree of five years' standing. For the first 100 years instruction was chiefly given by the rector or president, assisted by two or three tutors chosen from among the recent graduates and serving for brief periods. A professor of divinity (or college pastor) was appointed in 1755, and in 1770 a professor of mathematics, though the chair was not permanently occupied till 1794. It was not until the present century that the system of permanent professors, assisted still by temporary instructors, was fully established. There are about 90 instructors, four-fifths of whom are permanent officers. The presidents for the last century have been-Ezra Stiles (1777-95), Timothy Dwight (1795-1817), Jeremiah Day (1817-46), Theodore D. Woolsey (1846-71), Noah Porter (1871–86), Timothy Dwight, elected in 1886. The president is the presiding officer of the board of trustees and of every board of instruction; he also teaches, mainly in the academical department. There are four departments of instruc In tion grouped under the name of Yale College-viz. the departments of philosophy and the arts, of theology, of law, and of medicine, the first of these including the academical department (the original Yale College, around which all the others have been developed), the Sheffield Scientific School, the School of the Fine Arts, and the school of graduate (or advanced non-professional) instruction. The degrees given in the department of philosophy and the arts are-bachelor of arts, bachelor of philosophy, master of arts, doctor of philosophy, civil engineer, and dynamic engineer. The degrees given in the other departments are-bachelor of divinity, bachelor of laws, master of laws, doctor of civil law, and doctor of medicine. Degrees in arts were first given in 1702, in medicine in 1814, in law in 1843, in phiTosophy in 1852, in theology in 1867. The whole number of graduates is over 11,000, of whom more than half are deceased. The annual commencement is held on the Thursday after the last Wednesday in June, and the college year begins twelve weeks later. The number of students enrolled on the annual catalogue for 1882-83 was 1096, of whom 817 were undergraduates, or candidates for the first degree in arts or philosophy (611 in the academical department and 206 in the Sheffield Scientific School), and of these 193 received their degrees in 1883. The average age at graduation in the academical department is 224 years. The course of study in the academical department extends through four years. The requirements for admission are mainly in Greek, Latin, and mathematics, and the first two years of the course are given largely to further drill in these branches; while the studies of the last two years take a wider range, and about one-fourth of the time in these two years is given to advanced courses in subjects in which the student has already made some progress, and which he chooses from among a larger number offered to his option. The annual charge for tuition and incidental expenses is $140. Beneficiary funds help to meet this charge for those who need such relief, to the extent of over $15,000 yearly. About $6000 is also disbursed yearly to graduate and undergraduate students in premiums for the encouragement of scholarship. The permanent funds of the department (exclusive of real estate, buildings, and apparatus devoted to academical uses) are about $850,000. The college buildings occupy a square (about 850 feet by 400) in the centre of the city, adjoining the public green. There are six dormitories, built from 1752 to 1871, and accommodating over 400 persons. There are also on this square a chapel, a library, an art-school, and seven other buildings used as halls, recitation-rooms, and offices. The more recent buildings are placed with the intention of forming ultimately a quadrangle enclosing an open space. The rent of lodgingrooms varies, according to location, from $25 to $140 a year, the annual rent of a half-room averaging about $35. The buildings of the other departments are all in the neighborhood of the college square. The Sheffield Scientific School, begun in 1847 as a school of applied chemistry, was gradually expanded until in 1860 it received its first considerable endowment from Mr. Joseph E. Sheffield of New Haven, who has since largely added to his original gift. The school provides for advanced and special students in the mathematical, physical, and natural sciences, and also for undergraduates who wish a training leading chiefly in this direction. The State legislature appropriated to the school in 1863 the national grant of 1862 for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts, the income from which amounts to $7300 annually. The course of instruction leading to the degree of bachelor of philosophy occupies three years. The degrees of civil and dynamic engineer are given to bachelors of philosophy after a higher course of two years, and the degree of doctor of philosophy after a three years' course. The charge for tuition is $150 a year. The degree of Ph. D. is also given to bachelors of arts who have pursued advanced studies at the college for two years, and the degree of M. A. is given for one year's similar study. The School of the Fine Arts was founded in 1864 by Mr. Augustus R. Street of New Haven, who erected a building for its use and otherwise endowed it. At present instruction is provided in drawing and painting only. The theological department was founded in 1822 in connection with the Congregational denomination, and provides a four years' course of study. There is no charge for instruction or for room-rent in the buildings belonging to the school. The law department, begun as a private school soon after 1800, was not recognized as part of the college until 1824. It now offers a three-years' course for the degree of LL.B., and also advanced courses with appropriate degrees at the end of one and two years. The annual tuition fees are $90. The medical department was organized in 1813, and in 1814 received a grant of $30,000 from the State. The YAM-YAMAGATA ARITOMO. requirements for a degree include attendance on three yearly courses of lectures. The annual lecture-fee is $125. The college library, which is open to students in all departments, contains upward of 110,000 volumes. In the same building is a separate library of about 25,000 volumes, supported by the undergraduates and devoted to general literature. There are also special libraries belonging to the theological, law, medical, and scientific schools. The Peabody Museum of Natural History, devoted chiefly to zoology, geology, and mineralogy, was established by a gift of $150,000 from the late Mr. George Peabody of London in 1866. At present only one wing of the proposed museum has been erected. FRANKLIN B. DEXTER. Yam, the tuberous root of Dioscorea sativa, a climbing woody vine of the order Dioscoreaceae. Many other species of yam are described, but they may be only very stronglymarked varieties, since the yam-vine has a tendency to assume various forms. Yams are extensively grown in all warm countries as food. The great tubers are cooked after the manner of potatoes, and most kinds are very palatable. Some of the wild sorts are nauseous, and even poisonous. Yams are successfully grown in the Southern States, and the Chinese yam (D. batatas) thrives in our Northern States, but its great roots, though often of excellent quality, have a tendency to bury themselves so deeply in the earth that they can only be reached at considerable trouble. 653 a paraphrase in the Atharva- Veda (xviii. 3. 13), which Yam'a, a god of the Hindu Pantheon. In the case of this deity, as in the case of many others worshipped from the earliest times by the inhabitants of Hindustan, we are obliged to separate between the idea of him primarily entertained and expressed and the latter-day idea, which has quite rehabilitated the divinity. The Yama of the Vedic hymns is quite a different being from the Yama of the Puranas. To the mind of the modern Hindu, Yama is an Oriental Pluto, the judge of the dead, the luminous lord of the manes, and the monarch of hell. Yama, as he applied to Yama, and innumerable legends are current conpeared to the imagination of the primitive Aryans who first crossed the Indus, was simply an aerial phenomenon, a vague potency, worshipped vaguely. In the Rig-Veda, for instance, Yama is represented as being the son of Vivasvat and Saranya, and the twin-brother of the lustful Yami. Yami tries to entice Yama to become her husband, but he resists resolutely. Whatever the emblematic significance of this may be-and this must be carefully inquired into hereafter the episode is a strange one, yet quite in keeping with the early legends of the patriarchal times of the first Aryans in India. It recalls the lines from Milton's I Penseroso: "Thee, bright-haired Vesta, long of yore His daughter she; in Saturn's reign As a parallel in Hindu mythology to the legend of Yama cerning him. We need not even refer to these, but confine The reader, to have a clear conception of Yama as he was regarded in the Vedic period, should consult RigVeda, x. 17, 1. Dr. Muir thus translates a portion of the text: "Tvashtri makes a marriage for his daughter. Hearing this, the whole world assembles. The mother of Yama, becoming wedded, the wife of the great Vivasvat disappeared. They concealed the immortal bride from mortals. Making another of similar form, they gave her to Vivasvat. She bore the Asvins when that happened. Saranyû abandoned the two pairs of twins." Dr. Muir also gives a translation of the dialogue between Yami and Yama (Rig-Veda, x. 10. 1), in which she entices her twinbrother to take her to him as wife. Prof. Roth considers that Yami urges the union between herself and her twinbrother, as Yama and Yami are intended to represent the earliest pair of the human species, which she desires to propagate. Scholars have justly regarded Yama as intimately connected in the Hindu mind with belief in a future state of existence. In the Rig- Veda this is made abun- Yamagata Aritomo, b. in the province of Chosiu, dantly plain. (See Muir's Sanskrit Texts, vol. v. p. 292.) Japan, and is about forty-five years of age; was educated In that veda he is thus apostrophized: "Worship with an for the military profession; at the commencement of the oblation King Yama, son of Vivasvat, the assembler of late revolution was appointed an aide-de-camp to the genmen, who departed to the mighty streams and spied out eral of the imperial army; in 1871 went to Europe with the road for many." The meaning of this passage as re- Gen. Saigo to obtain military information for the governferring to a future life for mortals is plainly exemplified innrent; on his return to Japan was appointed vice-minister of war, and in 1874 was called to hold the three high positions of sangi or privy councillor, minister of war, and lieutenant-general of the imperial army. F. A. P. BARNARD. Yamachiche, p.-v., St. Maurice co., Quebec, Canada, on Yamachiche River, near the St. Lawrence, 75 miles N. W. of Montreal. It has an academy, a convent, trade in grain and lumber, and some manufactures. P. 2740. Yamas'ka River, province of Quebec, Dominion of Canada, rises in Lake Brome, Brome county, and flows westerly as far as West Farnham, Missisquoi county, from which point its course is northerly until it empties into Lake St. Peter, an expansion of the St. Lawrence. The length of the Yamaska River is about 100 miles, and it flows through a fertile country. Yam'bu, or Yembo, town of Arabia, in a hot and arid plain between a chain of barren and steep mountains and an inlet of the Red Sea. It is well built, has a good harbor, and is of great importance as the port of Medina and one of the principal stations for the pilgrims who visit the holy cities of Arabia. P. between 6000 and 7000. Yam'pah, or Bear River, Colorado, has its source in the Rocky Mountains, and flows westerly through Routt co., Col., into Green River, near the W. boundary of the State. Length about 200 miles. Ya'na River, Siberia, rises in the government of Yakutsk, on the N. side of the Tukalan Mountains, near lat. 65° N., and after a northerly course of over 500 miles empties into the Arctic Ocean by several mouths in lat. 72° N., lon. 137° E. The Adiga, Dulgalak, Shemanova, and Bootaktai are its most important tributaries. Yancey (WILLIAM LOWNDES), b. at Ogeechee Shoals, Ga., Aug. 10, 1814; his father, Hon. Benjamin C. Yancey, was a distinguished lawyer of Abbeville, S. C.; the son was well educated at the North, and admitted to the bar in Abbeville, S. C.; moved to Alabama in 1836; edited the Cahawba Democrat and the Wetumpka Argus; served in both branches of the legislature; was a member of Congress 1844-47 and of the national Democratic convention of 1848; an ardent opponent of the Compromise measures of 1850, and a leader of the secession party of the South; advocated in 1858 the formation of committees of safety in the cotton States "to fire the Southern heart;" seceded from the national Democratic convention at Charleston on the nomination of Douglas; advocated the election of Breckenridge; was the reporter of the ordinance of secession in the Alabama convention Jan., 1861; went to Europe as a Confederate agent, and was subsequently a member of the Confederate Congress. D. near Montgomery July 28, 1863. Yan'ceyville, cap. of Caswell co., N. C. (see map of North Carolina, ref. 2-G, for location of county). P. in 1880, 337. Yan'dell (DAVID WENDEL), M. D., b. at Murfreesboro', Tenn., Sept. 4, 1826; graduated M. D. at Louisville University 1846; was in Europe 1846-47; practised and taught medicine at Louisville, Ky., 1848; was professor of various departments of medicine in the Louisville University from 1859; medical director in the Confederate army 1861-66; president of the American Medical Association 1871; professor of surgery in the Indiana Medical College 1874; has contributed valuable articles to the profession, and established the American Practitioner 1870. PAUL F. EVE. Yandell (LUNSFORD P.), M. D., b. in Tennessee July 4, 1805; graduated in medicine at Maryland University; professor of chemistry in Lexington Medical School 1831, and afterward a professor in a Louisville college; edited medical journals in both the latter cities, and wrote several medical works and addresses. D. at Louisville, Ky., Feb. 4, 1878. PAUL F. EVE. Yang-tse-Kiang' (the "son of the great water"), the principal river of China, rises in Eastern Thibet from two streams which unite in lat. 26° 30' N., lon. 102° E.; flows with a very winding and tortuous course, first S. E., then N., and at last N. E., and enters the Yellow Sea in lat. 32° N., lon. 121° E., through a vast estuary several miles broad. Its entire length is probably more than 3000 miles, and it receives from both sides numerous and powerful affluents. The largest vessels can ascend it as far as Hang-Kow, 700 miles from its mouth, and it is navigable to within a few miles of its sources. As it runs through one of the most fertile and most densely-peopled regions on the globe, and is possessed of a tremendous draining and carrying power, it is, or will be, one of the most important rivers on earth. But as it was opened to foreign commerce only a few years ago, and only as far up as Hang-Kow, it has as yet seen only the beginning of its history. By the Imperial Canal it communicates with the Hoang Ho. Yanina. See JANINA. Yan'kee, a word the etymology of which is uncertain. It is generally considered a corruption by American Indians of the word English." It began to be used as a cant-word meaning "first-rate" at Cambridge, Mass., in 1713. At the time of the American Revolution it was applied to the insurgents, afterward especially to New Englanders, and during the civil war (1861-65) was the usual nickname of Union soldiers in the Confederate States. In Europe, especially in England, it is generally synonymous with Anglo-American, and is meant to be slightly disR. D. HITCHCOCK. paraging. Yankee Doodle, a popular air, considered, especially in parts of the Northern States, as one of the national airs. It is reported to have been a popular tune in England during the Commonwealth, at which time its doggerel words originated, Oliver Cromwell being designated as Nankee Doodle. Others say that it was the tune originally set to the well-known old English song, "Lydia Locket lost her pocket," and that the present words were composed in 1775 by a British sergeant in Boston. Still other accounts of its origin are given. Yankton, city, cap. of Yankton co. and formerly of Dakota (see map of Dakota, ref. 8-F, for location of county), on Missouri River, and on Sioux City and Dakota division of Chicago Milwaukee and St. Paul R. R., is connected by steamboats with the principal ports on the Missouri; is the seat of two colleges and the Dakota insane asylum, costing $100,000 has a large packing-house, 5 artesian wells, etc. P. in 1880, 3431. ED. "YANKTON PRESS AND DAKOTAIAN." Yankton Indians. See DAKOTA INDIANS. : Yan'tic, New London co., Conn. (see map of Connecticut, ref. 6-F, for location of county), is situated on the New London Northern R. R. and the Yantic River, and has manufactures of flannel, etc. P. in 1880, 376. Yan'tic River, a stream which unites at Norwich, Conn., with the Shetucket River, about 3 miles below the junction of that stream with the Quinebaug River. These three rivers form the Thames River. The Yantic affords large and well-utilized water-power. Yapock. See CHEIRONECTES. Ya'quis, or Hiaquis, a tribe of Indians in Sonora, Mexico, on the river of the same name, allied to the Pimas and Cahitas, number some 20,000, are semi-civilized, having had Roman Catholic missions among them since 1590, and are usually peaceful, but have maintained several wars with the white settlers, the latest having been in 1825, 1832, and 1841. They practise agriculture and possess numerous domestic animals. Yard [geard, "hedge," or gyrdan, “to gird,” Old Saxon], the statutory unit of length in England, declared by the act of 5 Geo. IV. 1824, to be "to the pendulum beating seconds in a vacuum at the level of the sea in the latitude of London in the proportion of 36 to 39.1393." The same act declared the standard measure then in custody of the clerk of the House of Commons, bearing the engrayed legend, "Standard Yard, 1760," to be "the original and genuine standard." This standard was constructed by Bird by direction of a parliamentary committee appointed in 1758, and was a copy of one prepared in 1742 by the eminent horologist and mechanician George Graham, after a careful comparison of the various yards and ells of Henry VII. and Elizabeth, kept in the Exchequer. In the earlier periods of British history the standards of weight and measure were very inexact. Before the Conquest, according to Prof. Wackerbarth of the University of Upsala, Sweden (Tidskrift for Matematik och Fysik, Stockholm, 1870), the length of this measure was about 39.6 inches. It was, as its name imports, the assumed length of the justed to the length of the arm of Henry I., and it still girdle of a man of ordinary size; but in 1101 it was admeasures the average length of the human arm with the fingers extended. As a cloth-measure, the yard is divided into 4 quarters = 16 nails. For other purposes it is divided into 3 feet 36 inches, the foot being in general made practically the unit. The yard is also the unit-base of the measures of length in the U. S., though not made so by any direct act of Federal legislation. The standards authorized by Congress to be constructed at the bureau of weights and measures in Washington, and presented to the executive authorities of the several State governments, were for many years adjusted from a scale of eighty-two inches length divided on brass by Troughton of London for Mr. Hassler, the first chief of the U. S. Coast Survey, the length being taken between the twenty-seventh and sixty-third divisions of the scale; but in 1856 an officially-certified copy of the imperial standard yard was obtained, and the recently-constructed American standards have been copies of this. (See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.) F. A. P. BARNARD. |