Sarah Chauncy, granddaughter of Pres. Chauncy, July, 1712, and was a fellow of Yale College from 1732 until his death, at Wallingford Aug. 15, 1752. Four of his Sermons were printed. His eldest son, SAMUEL, b. Nov., 1714, graduated at Yale College 1729; was tutor there 1732-38, and was pastor of Milford, Conn., from 1738 until his death, Oct. 22, 1768.

Whittemore (Amos), b. at Cambridge, Mass., Apr. 19, 1759; was brought up as a farmer; worked some years as a gunsmith; became a manufacturer of cotton and wool cards, and invented a machine for puncturing the leather and setting the wires, patented 1797. This invention was afterward sold for $150,000, though he was unsuccessful in an effort to secure a patent in England. One of its leading features occurred to the inventor in a dream. He was employed during his later years in devising an orrery in which each planet should describe its own orbit, but never completed it. D. at West Cambridge Mar. 27, 1828.

Whittemore (THOMAS), D. D., b. at Boston Jan. 1, 1800; was successively apprenticed to a morocco-dresser, a brass-founder, and a boot-maker; studied theology under Rev. Hosea Ballou; preached to Universalist churches in Milford 1821, and Cambridgeport 1822-31; settled at Cambridge; was joint editor of the Universalist Magazine, sole editor and proprietor for nearly thirty years from 1828 of its successor, The Trumpet; sat repeatedly in the Massachusetts legislature, and was president of the Vermont and Massachusetts R. R. D. at Cambridge Mar. 21, 1861. Author of The Modern History of Universalism (1830; enlarged ed. 1860), Notes and Illustrations of the Parables of the New Testament (1832), Songs of Zion (1836), A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John (1838), A Plain Guide to Universalism (1839), The Gospel Harmonist (1841), Conference Hymns (1842), Sunday-school Choir (1844), Life of Walter Balfour (1853), Life of Rev. Hosea Ballon (4 vols., 1854-55), and an Autobiography (1859); wrote a number of tracts in favor of Universalism, and edited Dr. Southwood Smith's Illustrations of the Divine Government (1831), with an Appendix.

Whit'tier (JoHN GREENLEAF), b. at Haverhill, Mass., Dec. 17, 1807, of Quaker parentage; received a commonschool education; spent his boyhood on a farm, learning also the trade of a shoemaker; began when eighteen years of age to write verses for the Haverhill Gazette: spent two years thereafter at the Haverhill Academy: became in 1829 editor of the American Manufacturer, a newspaper at Boston; succeeded George D. Prentice (who in 1830 went South to write the life of Henry Clay) as editor of the New England Weekly Review, which had been founded by J. G. C. Brainerd, at Hartford, Conn.; returned to Haverhill 1831, and engaged in farming for several years; edited, however, the Gazette 1832 and 1836; was a member of the legislature 1835-36; became secretary of the Anti-Slavery Society at Philadelphia 1836; edited the Pennsylvania Freeman 1838-39, his office being sacked and burned by a mob; settled at Amesbury, Mass., 1840; became corresponding editor of the National Era, an anti-slavery paper published at Washington, D. C., by Dr. Gamaliel Bailey, 1847; contributed to its columns many of his anti-slavery and other favorite lyrics, and has lived in literary retirement of Quaker simplicity for many years, publishing several volumes of poetry, which have procured him a prominent place among American authors and the love and admiration of his countrymen. He was a member of the Massachusetts electoral college in 1860 and 1864. He has never married. Since 1876 he has spent much of his time at Oak Knoll, Danvers, Mass., though still retaining his residence in Amesbury. Several collective editions of his poems have appeared, the best being the "Centennial edition" of 1876. His prose writings are Legends of New England (Hartford, 1831), Justice and Expediency, or Slavery considered with a View to its Abolition (1833), The Stranger in Lowell (1845), Supernaturalism in New England (1847), Leares from Margaret Smith's Journal (1849), Old Portraits and Modern Sketches (1850), and Literary Sketches (1854). He has published no extended poem. Author of Saint Gregory's Guest and Recent Poems (1886). (For the characteristics of his poetry see ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.) PORTER C. BLISS.

Whit'tingham (Sir SAMUEL FORD), b. in England about 1782; entered the army as lieutenant 1803; served in the Peninsular war as deputy assistant quartermaster-general 1809-10; became major Mar., 1810; was aide-de-camp to Gen. Castaños and to the duke of Albuquerque; took part in the battles of Baylen, Talavera, and Barossa; raised and disciplined a large corps of Spanish troops; took command of them with the rank of major-general; was commander of a division under Sir John Murray, and subsequently under Lord William Bentinck; was appointed aide-de-camp to the prince regent 1814; knighted May 3,

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1815; became governor of Dominica 1819; quartermastergeneral in India 1822; took part in the famous siege of Bhurtpoor 1825-26, and was appointed major-general; was commander-in-chief in the Windward and Leeward islands 1835-39, and at Madras as lieutenant-general from 1840 until his death, Jan. 19, 1841. His son. Major-Gen. Ferdinand Whittingham, has published his biography.

Whittingham (WILLIAM), b. at Chester, England, in 1524; educated at Brasenose College, Oxford; subsequently studied divinity at Orleans, France, where he married a sister of John Calvin; settled at Geneva, where he was ordained pastor of the church of English exiles (1556) as the successor of John Knox in the ministry, and took part, with others, in the translation of the Bible called by his name, which was published by C. Badius at Geneva (1557). He also made metrical translations of the Ten Commandments and of some of the Psalms. In 1563 he became dean of Durham, England, where he d. in 1589. His widow and children emigrated to New England, and a son graduated at Harvard College and married a daughter of Rev. William Hubbard, the historian. A granddaughter by this marriage became the wife of Gov. Gurdon Salton

stall of Connecticut.

Whittingham (WILLIAM ROLLINSON), D. D., LL.D., D. C. L., b. of devout English parents in N. Y. City Dec. 2, 1805. His father, while actively engaged in business, found time for the pursuits of a scholar. His mother, a woman of strong mind, with a view to educating her son, made herself, under the instruction of her husband, proficient in the learned languages; such were her attainments that she at one time gave lessons in Hebrew to theological students. Young Whittingham, who at a very early age showed that aptitude for learning and devotion to study which characterized him, had no other instructor until he became a student at the General Theological Seminary. Whatever the benefits of such home-training, it may yet be doubted whether it be the best for one who is to be the guide and ruler of other men. He was graduated a year in advance of the canonical age for ordination. When made deacon by Bishop Hobart, he was sent as a missionary to Orange, N. J., and the adjoining villages, and within the year was advanced to the priesthood. His zeal for parochial work was as intense as had been his application as a student. In 1835 he was nominated to the professorship of ecclesiastical history in the General Theological Seminary by Mr. Stuyvesant, who had lately endowed the chair. While engaged in labors so congenial he was (in 1840) chosen bishop of Maryland. His success as a professor had been so marked, and his influence over the future teachers of the Church so great, that many regretted his abandoning this work even for that to which he was called. He was elected after warm and long-continued party contests. It cannot be pretended that party spirit ceased on his becoming bishop, but yet from his access the diocese rapidly advanced in all that belongs to Church improvement, and his personal influence with both clergy and laity could be rightly described only in terms of seeming exaggeration. This popularity he with pain sacrificed, to a great extent, during the troubles which followed secession, for his sense of duty separated him from the sympathies of the larger number of his people; but by this very cause for regret he was the better enabled, after the close of the war, to prevent obstacles to the return to unity in the Church. By the request of the House of Bishops, and as their representative, he attended the Bonn conference of the Old Catholics in Sept., 1872. While yet a student he, jointly with Dr. Turner, translated and prepared for the press Jahn's Introduction, and from time to time he edited various Church works, but he gave to the world but little of his own. When seeking to influence men for their good, it seems not to have occurred to him that he could best do this by drawing on his own stores; to "esteem others better than himself

belonged to his nature. The esteem in which he was held by others cannot be better shown than by words spoken in convocation of the province of Canterbury during the current year by the bishop of Lichfield (Selwyn): "At the forthcoming meeting of bishops of the Anglican communion, if it be said that the whole of the Anglican bishops of the world could add very little to the learning that is to be found among the English bishops, I quite admit it; but there is one man in the American Church who, I believe, could take his part with credit, and that is Bishop Whittingham of Maryland." (Guardian, Feb., 1876.) D. at Orange, N. J., Oct. 17, 1879. W. F. BRAND.

Whittington (Sir RICHARD), b. at Pauntley, Gloucestershire, England, about 1350, younger son of Sir William de Whityngdon, lord of the manor of Pauntley, who d. 1360; was obliged to seek his living, and, according to a well-known legend, walked to London: was apprenticed there to a merchant, from whom at one time he started to

run away, but while seated at the foot of Highgate Hill seemed to hear in the chime of Bow Bells

"Turn again, Whittington,

Thrice lord mayor of London ;"

obeyed the summons; married Alice Fitzwarren, daughter of his employer; became a wealthy merchant, his first capital having been derived from the consignment of a cat to an Eastern market; was lord mayor of London 1397, 1406, and 1419; carried on the business of a mercer; made loans to Henry IV. and Henry V.; bought on the Continent the wedding trousseaux for the princesses Blanche and Philippa, of which the invoices are still in existence, and d. in 1423. Having no children, he left his large estate to public or charitable objects, among which were the rebuilding of Newgate prison, the founding of a college and of the libraries at Guildhall and of the Grey Friars, the repair of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, etc. He shared with Richard Harweden the expense of rebuilding the nave of Westminster Abbey, and during his magistracy ordered the compilation of a sort of directory of the city of London, containing curious and valuable accounts of its mediæval customs and privileges. This work, called the Liber Albus (or "White Book"), was written in 1419, in Latin and Anglo-Norman, by John Carpenter, common clerk of the city, and was first translated by Henry T. Riley for the rolls commission 1862. Interesting particulars respecting Whittington are given by Mr. Riley in the preface to the above work, and his memory as an historical character has been vindicated by Rev. Samuel Lysons in his entertaining book, The Model Merchant of the Middle Ages, exemplified in the Story of Whittington and his Cat, being an Attempt to rescue that interesting story from the region of Fable, and to place it in its proper position in the Legitimate History of this Country (London, 1860).

PORTER C. BLISS.

Whittington, or Whitynton (ROBERT), b. at Lichfield, England, about 1480; began to teach a grammar school about 1501; was a secular priest; became famous as a Greek and Latin scholar and as a Latin poet; was honored with the last rhetorical degree conferred at Oxford 1512, and was author of very numerous grammatical treatises published by Wynkin de Worde. D. about 1535.

Whit'tlesey (ABIGAIL Goodrich), sister of Samuel G. and Charles A. Goodrich, b. at Ridgefield, Conn., about 1795; founded and conducted the well-known and useful periodicals The Mother's Magazine (1833 seq.) and The Mother's and Daughter's Magazine. (See Mrs. S. J. Hale's Woman's Record.)

Whittlesey (CHARLES), b. at Southington, Conn., Oct. 5, 1808; removed to Ohio in 1813 with his parents; graduated at the U. S. Military Academy July, 1831, when appointed brevet second lieutenant of infantry. After a year's service, he resigned to study law, upon the practice of which profession he entered in 1835 at Cleveland, O., but became editor of the Cleveland Herald in 1836, which paper he conducted for a year; turning his attention now to engineering pursuits, he was employed upon the geological surveys of Ohio and Wisconsin; conducted mineralological surveys in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, and engaged as mining engineer in the Lake Superior region. In the civil war he served as chief engineer of Ohio troops in the West Virginia campaign July-Aug., 1861, when appointed colonel 20th Ohio Vols., but employed as chief engineer of the department of the Ohio until December of that year. In Feb., 1862, he was engaged at Fort Donelson, and at Shiloh in April, on the 19th of which month ill-health compelled his resignation. Among his writings are the Life of John Fitch in Sparks's American Biography, Ancient Mining on Lake Superior, Early History of Cleveland, and, as a Smithsonian contribution, a paper on the Glacial Drift of the North-western States.

Whittlesey (ELISHA), b. at Washington, Conn., Oct. 19, 1783; received an academical education; studied law; settled in the Western Reserve of Ohio 1806; served in the war of 1812-15 as aide-de-camp to Gen. Wadsworth; was for sixteen years prosecuting attorney of his district; sat in the Ohio legislature 1820-21; was a member of Congress 1823-39; was one of the founders of the Whig party; was appointed by Pres. Harrison auditor for the post-office department, and by Pres. Taylor first comptroller of the treasury-n post which he held until 1857, and again under Pres. Lincoln from 1861 until his death, at Washington

Jan. 7, 1863. He was a conspicuous example of ability and integrity in long and arduous public service.

Whittlesey (FREDERICK), b. at Washington, Conn., June 12, 1799: graduated at Yale College 1818; studied law; was admitted to the bar at Utica, N. Y., 1821; settled at Rochester 1822; conducted an anti-Masonic political newspaper in the campaign of 1828; was a member of Congress 1831-35; vice-chancellor of the eighth judicial

district 1839-47; judge of the supreme court of New York 1847-48, and professor of law in Geneva College 1850-51. D. at Rochester Sept. 19, 1851. He published an Address delivered at Rochester July 4, 1842.

Whittlesey (SARAH J. C.), b. at Williamston, Martin co., N. C., about 1832; has written serial tales and verses for several periodicals, and published a volume of miscellaneous poems, Heart-Drops from Memory's Urn (1852), and 2 vols. of novelettes (1860 and 1867).

Whit'tredge (WORTHINGTON), b. in Ohio in 1820; became a painter of portraits and of landscapes at Cincinnati; resided in Europe 1849-59; settled in New York City 1860; became prominent among the artists of that city, and in 1876 was president of the National Academy of Design. Among his most admired productions are Twilight on the Shawangunk Mountains, The Ruins of Tusculum, The Roman Campagna, The Old Kentucky Home, and The Coast of Rhode Island.

Whit'worth (CHARLES), BARON, b. at Aldboston, Staffordshire, England, about 1670; entered the diplomatic service as attaché to Mr. Stepney, whom he attended at several courts; was secretary of legation at Vienna; became resident to the German Diet at Ratisbon 1702, envoy to Russia 1704, and again 1710, plenipotentiary to the Diets of Augsburg and Ratisbon 1714, envoy to Prussia 1716 and 1719, to the States-General of Holland 1717, and plenipotentiary at the Congress of Cambray 1722, having in the preceding year been made Baron Whitworth of Galway. D. in London in 1725. His papers fell into the hands of the Walpole family, and Horace Walpole printed at Strawberry Hill his Account of Russia as it was in 1710 (1758).

Whitworth (CHARLES), EARL Whitworth, b. at Laybourne Grange, Kent, England, in 1754: educated at Tunbridge School; became an officer in the Guards; was British minister to Poland 1786-88, to Russia 1788-1800, to Denmark 1800-02, and to France after the Treaty of Amiens (1802-03), the signal for the renewal of the war having been given by Napoleon in a celebrated interview (Mar. 13, 1803) with the British minister, who comported himself with dignity on the occasion. He had been made an Irish peer in 1800; was made a viscount June 14, 1813, and an earl Nov. 25, 1815, and served as viceroy of Ireland 1813-17. D. at Knowle May 13, 1825.

Whitworth (Sir JOSEPH), BART., F. R. S., b. at Stockport, England, in 1803; was trained to mechanical and manufacturing pursuits at Manchester, where he established an important manufacturing business; invented some improvements in planing-machines and other tools which

attracted attention at the Great Exhibition of 1851; was a commissioner to the Exhibition at New York 1853, and

began in 1854 the manufacture of the breech-loading rifles, cannons, and other firearms by which his name is widely known. (See ARTILLERY.) He founded in 1868 the Whitworth scholarships" in mechanical science, thirty in number, of the annual value of £100; was made a baronet Oct., 1869, and has written several treatises on mechanics.

Whitworth Guns. See ARTILLERY, by GEN. JOHN C. TIDBALL.

Whooping Cough, a disease generally occurring but once in the life of an individual, and usually during infancy or childhood, is characterized by paroxysms of convulsive coughing, followed by a long ringing inspiration, whence the name. It is the chin-cough of early English physicians, the pertussis of Sydenham, and the coqueluche of French authorities, and was formerly confounded with the catarrhal affections, which it much resembles in its symptoms and earlier diagnosis. The simple disease is rarely if ever fatal, but when complicated with pulmonary or cerebral disease it is extremely dangerous.

Whor'tleberry, Hurtleberry, or Huckleberry, a well-known American edible berry, being the fruit of the genera Gaylussacia and l'accinium, constituting a sub-order of the ERICACEE, or heath family (which see).

Whyd'ah, town of Western Africa, in a district of the same name, on the Slave Coast of Guinea, on the Atlantic, in lat. 6° 18' N. It was quite a considerable place, exporting palm oil, ivory, gold-dust, and salt, and the chief seat of the slave-trade. But it was almost entirely destroyed by fire in 1852.

Whydah-Bird. See WIDOW-BIRD.

Whym'per (EDWARD), b. in London, England, Apr. 27, 1840; educated at Clarendon House School; became a draftsman on wood; made a series of journeys on the Continent, in one of which, in 1861, he ascended Mont Pelvoux, reputed the highest mountain in France; discovered from its summit another peak, the Pointe des

Ecrins, 500 feet higher, which was subsequently ascended (1864) was chosen a member of the Alpine Club 1861; made for several years a series of bold ascents of Alpine summits before considered inaccessible, culminating in that of the Matterhorn July 14, 1865, when four of his companions lost their lives; travelled in N. W. Greenland, collecting fossiliferous deposits for the British Museum, and made a second visit to Greenland for a similar purpose in 1872. Author of Swiss Pictures, drawn with Pen and Pencil (1866), and Serambles among the Alps 1860-69 (1869). His relative, FREDERICK WHYMPER, is author of Travel and Adventure in Alaska (1868) and The Heroes of the Arctic and their Adventures (1875).

Whyte (WILLIAM PINCKNEY), b. at Baltimore, Md., in 1824, is grandson of William Pinckney, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; received a classical education; became a merchant; studied law at Cambridge, Mass.; was admitted to the bar at Baltimore 1846; was elected to the Maryland house of deputies 1847, and State comptroller 1853; was appointed U. S. Senator for an unexpired term 1868, and has twice been elected to the same post.

Whytt (ROBERT), M. D., F. R. S., b. at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1714; studied medicine at Edinburgh, London, Paris, and Leyden, besides taking a medical degree at Rheims and at St. Andrew's 1736; became a fellow of the Edinburgh Royal College of Physicians 1738, professor of the institutes of medicine at Edinburgh 1746, first physician to the king in Scotland 1761, and president of the Royal College of Physicians 1764. D. at Edinburgh Apr. 15, 1766. Author of An Essay on the Vital and other Involuntary Motions of Animals (1751), Physiological Essays (1755), Observations on Nervous Disorders (1765), and other professional treatises, which were collectively published as his Works (1768).

Wicelius, or Witzel (GEORG), b. at Vach, in Hesse, 1501, studied theology at Erfurt and was ordained a priest, though in 1520 he had been in Wittenberg and heard Luther and Melanchthon; was appointed vicar of Vach, but preached the Reformation, married, and was expelled in 1525; was appointed pastor of Niemeck on Luther's recommendation, but relapsed into Romanism, attacked Luther with great violence, and was expelled in 1530. After living for some time in Fulda, where he wrote his Querela pacis and took part in the drawing up of the Augsburg Interim, he in 1554 removed to Mayence, where he lived in retirement till his death, 1573.

Wich'ern (JOHANN HEINRICH), b. in Hamburg Apr. 21, 1808; studied theology at Göttingen and Berlin; started, after his return home, a Sunday-school for the poorest and most abandoned children of the city, and ultimately had 500 pupils under his care; opened in 1833 at Hort, near Hamburg, the Rauhes Haus, a reformatory for vagrant children, the miserable, often weak-minded, but often also wicked-minded, children who were received being portioned off into families of twelve and placed under the charge of a young workman who taught them a trade, the beneficent effects of which institution were so great that it was soon imitated not only in various places in Germany, but also in France, Holland, and England. In 1848 the Protestant Ecclesiastical Assembly at Wittenberg combined, for the purpose of united action, all the inner missions under one central committee, at the head of which Wichern was placed, and finally, in 1858. the Prussian government appointed him superintendent of all penal and correctional institutions of the country. From 1844 he issued the monthly Fliegende Blätter des Rauhen Hauses, and in 1849 he published Die Innere Mission der deutschevangelischen Kirche; in 1853, Die Behandlung der Verbrecher und entlasseuen Sträflinge; in 1858, Der Dienst der Frauen in der Kirche (3d ed. 1880). D. in Hamburg Apr. 7, 1881. His Life was written by F. Oldenburg (Hamburg, 1882), and by Dr. Hermann Krummacher (Gotha, 1882). Wichita, city and R. R. junction, cap. of Sedgwick co., Kan. (see map of Kansas, ref. 7-G, for location of county), on Atchison Topeka and Santa Fé R. R., has sash and wagon manufactories, etc. P. of tp. in 1870, 689; in 1880, 935, and 4911 in city of city in 1885, 16,023.

Wichita Falls, Wichita co., Tex. (see map of Texas, ref. 1-G, for location of county), on Wichita River and on Worth and Denver City R. R., 114 miles N. W. of Fort Worth, has stage routes to various points in the surrounding country. P. not in census of 1880.

Wick [Ang.-Sax. wecce], the central porous material which by its capillary attraction affords a passage for the oil of lamps and candles to ascend to the flame.

The

pith of rushes is used by the peasantry in parts of Europe, moss and lichens are employed in Arctic regions, and in most civilized regions cotton, usually plaited or braided, is employed. In candles of the best quality many inVOL. VIII-35

545

genious devices are used to obviate the necessity of snuffing. (See Wicks in STEARIC ACID.)

Wick, town of Scotland, capital of the county of Caithness, at the mouth of the Wick, consists of Wick proper, on the northern bank of the river, and Pulteney, on the southern. Herring fishing, shipbuilding, and trade in wool and cattle are carried on with great energy. P. 9218. Wick'ersham (JAMES PYLE), LL.D., b. in Chester co., Pa., in 1825; educated at Unionville Academy: taught school several years: became principal of an academy at Marietta, O., 1846, and of the Pennsylvania State Normal School at Millersville 1855-66; became State superintendent of public schools 1866; author of Methods of Instruction (1865), Methods of Culture, and a History of Education.

Wick'liffe (CHARLES A.), b. at Bardstown, Ky., June 8, 1788; educated at the Bardstown grammar school; was admitted to the bar 1811; became a prominent lawyer; was aide to Gen. Caldwell at the battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 1813; was a member of the legislature 1812-23, of Congress 1823-33, Speaker of the legislature 1834; was elected lieutenant-governor 1836; became acting governor 1839; was postmaster-general in the administration of Pres. Tyler 1841-45; was sent by Pres. Polk on a secret mission to Texas 1845; was a member of the State constitutional convention 1849, of the Peace Congress of Feb., 1861, of the U. S. Congress 1861-63, and delegate to the Chicago convention of 1864; was blind during his later years, but continued to practise at the bar. D. in Howard co., Md., Oct. 31, 1869.

Wickliffe (JOHN). See WYCLIFFE.

Wick'low, county of Ireland, bordering E. on the Irish Sea, comprises an area of 782 sq. m., with 73,679 inhabitants, of whom over 28,500 are unable to read or write. The surface rises in the middle in a group of mountains 3000 feet high, sometimes well wooded and picturesque, sometimes barren and wild. On the slopes of these mountains are good pastures and tracts of fertile soil. Crops of oats, potatoes, and some wheat are gathered; dairy-farming much attended to, and copper and lead mines worked. Chief town, Wicklow.

Wicomico River rises by several head-streams in Sussex co., Del., and flows south-westward into Maryland, and its waters at least reach Ellis and Monie bays, arms of Chesapeake Bay. It is navigable to Salisbury, Md, and is an important channel of trade.

Wic'opy, the popular name of Direa palustris, a shrub of the mezereum family or Thymelaceæ, found in the eastern forests of the U. S. from Maine to Florida. The name is of Algonkin Indian origin, and the plant is better known under the names of "leatherwood" and "moosewood," being remarkable for the toughness of its bark, which is employed for thongs, and also for baskets.

Wid'din, town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, near the Serbian frontier, on the Danube, is wretchedly built, dirty, and filthy, but strongly fortified, surrounded by morasses, and defended by walls and citadels. At high tide large ships from the Black Sea can ascend to its harbor, and the trade which it carries on in corn, wine, and rock-salt is very important; leather and arms are manufactured. P. about 25,000.

Widg'eon [Fr. vingeon], the vernacular English name for the ducks of the genus Mareca. These are characterized by the bill being shorter than the head (about equal to the claw of the inner toe), rather high, with its sides parallel nearly to its end, the end somewhat obtusely pointed, and the nail at the tip a third as broad as the bill itself; "the upper lateral angle at the base not prominent, nor extending as far back as the lower edge;" the tail is pointed, and less than half the length of the wings. Four species are known, two of which are inhabitants of the northern hemisphere, and two of the southern one. The northern species are closely related, both, according to Baird, agreeing in having "the upper parts finely waved transversely with black and gray or reddish-brown, the under parts, with the usual exceptions, snowy white. The top of the head is uniform white or cream-color, the neck more or less spotted. The middle and greater coverts are white, the latter tipped with black. The speculum is green, encircled by black. The tertials are black on the outer web, edged with hoary white; the entire outer web of one of them hoary." The related species are, on the whole, representatives of each other in their respective colonies, but both wander sometimes beyond their natural limits. The European widgeon (M. penelope) has the head and neck reddish-brown or cinnamon, with the feathers of the former slightly spotted with dusky, and those of the latter nearly uniform; the head is further diversified by cream-color on the top, and by green in a band around the eye and in a few spots behind it. The American widgeon (M. americana) is distin

guished by the head and neck being in the main grayish, with the feathers of the former thickly spotted, and of the latter banded with black; the head is also relieved by white on the top, and by green in a broad and continuous patch around and behind the eye. The species remain farther to the southward than many of their kindred: the American form, for example, breeding "in abundance in Northern Dakota and Montana, and along the banks of the streams and pools," according to Dr. Coues, who found a young widgeon "still unable to fly even as late as the middle of September, at a time when all the other ducks observed were well on the wing." The species are moderately good as food-birds, though variously esteemed in various localiTHEODORE GILL. Widow. See DOWER, by PROF. T. W. DWIGHT, LL.D., and MARRIAGE, by J. N. POMEROY, LL.D.

ties.

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Wid'ow-Bird [a corruption of whidah- or whydahbird, the latter name having reference to its habitat in Whydah, on the western coast of Africa], a name given to species of Vidua and related genera, and placed by most modern ornithologists in a "family," Plocidæ or "wearers" the scientific name is a translation of the vernacular one first given-i. e. widow-bird. The species have the bill conic, but with the culmen more or less arched and advancing on the forehead in a point, while the sides are compressed toward the tip; the lateral margins are sinuate and straight, and the gonys lengthened and ascending; the wings are moderate, with the first quill spurious; the second nearly as long as the third; the third, fourth, and fifth nearly equally long" the tail is variable, but in the males some of the coverts and tail-feathers are usually greatly developed; the tarsi are slender, shorter than the middle toe, and covered in front with large plates; the toes are rather slender, and the hind one especially so, being as long as the inner; the claws are all long and moderately curved, and the hindermost developed. The species are peculiar to Africa. They chiefly feed upon grains. Their nest is generally complex and elaborately woven. The excessive development of the plumage, and especially the tail-feathers, of the males is peculiar to the breeding season. About sixteen or seventeen species are known, the most familiar of which is the Vidua principalis. THEO. GILL. Wie'land (CHRISTOPH MARTIN), b. at Oberholzheim, Würtemberg, Sept. 5, 1733; received a careful education from his father, in the school of Klosterbergen, near Magdeburg, under a private tutor at Erfurt, and finally at the University of Tübingen, where he studied law, modern languages, and belles-lettres. His literary instinct, with its appetites and its talents, awakened very early. devoured all kinds of books, and wrote Latin and German verses when he was only twelve years old, and before he had finished his law-studies he went to Switzerland, where he resided from 1752 to 1760, partly in Zurich, in the house of Bodmer, as his guest and as his literary assistant; partly in Berne, as a private tutor, deeply engaged all the while in various kinds of literary production, though without any remarkable result. From 1760 to 1769 he lived at Biberach, a free imperial city not far from his birthplace, where he held an office in the civil service, and here, or rather at the residence of Count von Stadion in the neighboring Warthausen, he came in contact with the German nobility, whose life, half sentimental and half frivolous, agreed very well with his own nature, and whose education, half English and half French, corresponded exactly with his taste. In this period he produced Don Sylvio de Rosalva (1764), Komische Erzählungen (1766), Agathon (1767), all of a very captivating but rather doubtful character; the didactic poem Musarion (1768), very elegant in its form, and in those days very startling in its ideas; and a prose translation of Shakspeare in 8 vols. (1762–66), which was the first introduction of the English poet to the German public. In 1767 he received a chair of philosophy in Erfurt, and held it to 1772, in which year he published, among other things, Combabus, a disgusting tale, and Der neue Amadis, a comic poem in 18 songs. In 1772 he was called to Weimar as tutor to the young duke, and he remained there till his death, Jan. 20, 1813, residing partly in the city itself, partly at his estate in the neighborhood, Osmannstedt, where he was buried in the garden. With Goethe, Schiller, and Herder he lived very intimately and very friendly, though the enormous literary activity which he developed followed other courses and sometimes occasioned collisions. He edited Deutscher Mereur (1773-95), Attisches Museum (1796–1804), and Neues Attisches Museum (1803-09); translated and annotated the epistles and satires of Horace (1788-89), all the works of Lucian, and Cicero's letters (5 vols., 1808-12); wrote Oberon (1780), his best and most celebrated work, a romantic epic, translated into English by W. Sotheby (London, 1826). Neuen Göttergespräche and Geheime Geschichte des Philosophen Pere

grinus Proteus (1791), imitations after Lucian; Geschichte der Abderiten (1774; translated into English by H. Christmas under the title The Republic of Fools, being the History of the State and People of Abdera in Thrace, 2 vols., London, 1861); Aristipp und einige seiner Zeitgenossen (1800-01, his last romance. The first collected edition of his works was published by himself in 42 vols. (1794-1802), the second by Gruber in 50 vols. (1818-28); subsequently several other more or less complete editions have appeared. Of his letters there exist three collections-Ausgewählte Briefe (4 vols., 1815), Auswahl denkwürdiger Briefe (2 vols., 1815), and Briefe au Sophie La-Roche (1820). His biography was written by Gruber (4 vols., 1827) and Löbell (Brunswick, 1858). Considered by themselves, simply as productions of art, Wieland's works have lost somewhat of their interest. The frivolity of his humor, the sensuality of his imagination, are covered, but not always redeemed, by the sprightliness of his wit and by the quickness and compass of his sensibility. His style and manner of composition have become somewhat old-fashione 1. But considered in their connection with the development of German literature as historical influences they will always be of the highest interest. After Luther, Wieland is the first poet in the German literature to whom verse was a natural form of speech-natural as the song to the lark-and beneath the elegance and refinement of form, which he learned partly from the French and partly from the Greek literature, there moves in all his works a native grace, a genuine spirit of sweetness and cheerfulness, which will never become stale. By these qualities he made German fiction respected and attractive to the upper classes of German society, which had hitherto scorned and neglected it, and became a most important element, the model of naturalness, in the education of Goethe. Many important issues in modern literature in Germany-the worship of Shakspeare, the enthusiasm for the Middle Ages, etc.-can be traced back to him as their source, or found in him one of their most effective supporters. His statue by Gasser was raised in Weimar Sept. 4, 1857. His Life was written by Gruber (Leipzig, 1827, 4 vols.) and by Löbell (Brunswick, 1858). CLEMENS PETERSEN.

Wieliczka, town of Austria, in Galicia, contains the largest and richest salt-mines in the world. They were accidentally discovered in 1233 by a shepherd, Wielicz, and have been worked uninterruptedly since that time. They now extend under the town-9590 feet in one direction, 3600 feet in the other, and 1780 feet in depth. They employ about 1500 men, and yield annually 55,000 tons of salt. They seem to be inexhaustible, and contain many curious features, as, for instance, the lake, the Gothic chapel hewn out in the salt, etc. P. 5973.

Wien. See VIENNA.

Wieniawski (HENRI), b. at Lublin, Poland, July 19, 1835; entered the Conservatory of Paris as a pupil in 1843, and received instruction on the violin by Clavel and Massart, and in harmony by Colet; gave his first concert in 1852; visited most of the great cities of Europe and the U. S. in 1872, and was appointed professor at the Conservatory at Brussels in 1876. D. Mar. 31, 1880.

Wiertz (ANTOINE JOSEPH), b. at Dinant, Belgium, Feb. 22, 1806, in humble circumstances; was admitted as a pupil in the art school of Antwerp in 1820; won the great prize in 1834; studied for some years in Rome, and settled after his return at Brussels, where he d. June 18, 1865. The first period of his artistic career (1834-48) is characterized by colossal representations of mythological or biblical subjects-Contending for the Body of Patroclus (1835), 20 by 30 feet; the Revolt of the Angels, the Flight from Egypt, the Triumph of Christ (1848), 50 by 30 feet-and by very fierce polemics against certain features of modern art-life. He refused to sell any of his pictures; exhibited a Carotte peinte au patientiotype; offered his Patroclus as a prize to him who could show thoroughly the mischievous influence of journalism on art; forged his name on a picture by Rubens, sent it to the committee of the Paris Exhibition, and made the unfortunate judges the laughing-stock of Europe when they rejected it. In 1847 the Belgian government built him a large studio after his own designs, and between 1848 and 1853 he succeeded in perfecting the discovery of a new method of painting, which he called peinture mate, and which combines the qualities of fresco and oil painting. In the later period of his life (1853-65) his polemical temper developed into an exquisite though often somewhat grotesque humor, and his pictures became less pretentious in size and richer both in conception and execution: The Last Cannon, A Second after Death, Napoleon in Hell, Precipitate Inhumation, Visions of a Head cut off, etc. He bequeathed all his pictures to the state, and they are now exhibited in the so-called Wiertz Museum, his former studio. He also wrote Eloge de Rubens (1840) and L'Ecole