WETHERELL-WHALEBONE. Good Hope and at the conquest of Java, where he acted as aide-de-camp to his father; was military secretary to the commander-in-chief at Madras 1822-25; became deputy judge-advocate-general in India 1826; served as lieutenant colonel of the 1st Foot in India, and afterward in Canada, where he aided in suppressing the rebellion of 1837-38; was deputy adjutant-general in Canada 1843-50, and in England 1850-54; was appointed adjutant-general in the latter year; filled that post through the Crimean war and the Indian mutiny, rendering services for which he was knighted 1856; resigned in 1860, when he was appointed to the command of the northern district; attained the rank of full general and colonel of the 84th Foot Oct. 23, 1863, and was appointed in Aug., 1866, governor of the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, where he d. Apr. 8, 1868. Weth'erell (Sir CHARLES), D. C. L., b. in England in 1770; graduated in 1790 at University College, Oxford (of which his father was master for more than half a century); was called to the bar at the Inner Temple 1794; practised for many years with eminent success at the common-law bar; entered Parliament for Shaftesbury 1818; sat for Oxford 1820-26; was knighted and made solicitorgeneral Jan., 1824; was attorney-general 1826-27, and again under the duke of Wellington from Jan., 1828, to May, 1829, distinguishing himself by inveterate hostility to Roman Catholic emancipation and to parliamentary reform; was recorder of Bristol, and there assaulted by a mob at Michaelmas session 1831, being rescued with difficulty by the authorities, and sat in Parliament for Boroughbridge 1830-32, until that village was disfranchised by the Reform act (June, 1832), when, "amidst a torrent of eloquence, learning, drollery, and enthusiasm, he closed his senatorial life, exclaiming, This is the last dying speech and confession of the member for Boroughbridge.' D. at Preston Hall, Kent, Aug. 17, 1846. Wetmore (JAMES), b. in Connecticut about 1690; graduated at Yale College 1714; studied divinity; was ordained the first Congregational minister of North Haven Nov., 1718; became converted to Episcopalian sentiments Sept., 1722: went to England to obtain orders in the Church of England 1723; returned the following year as a missionary of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and was rector of a church at Rye, N. Y., from 1726 until his death, May 14, 1760. Author of A Vindication of the Professors of the Church of England in Connecticut (1747). Wetmore (PROSPER MONTGOMERY), b. at Stratford, Conn., Feb. 14, 1798; removed in childhood to New York City, where he entered a counting-room; became a merchant; began to write for the magazines 1816; published a volume of poems 1830; was associated with the literary and dramatic circles of the city; also with the cause of education and several philanthropic enterprises, having been chosen a regent of the University of New York 1833; was a member of the legislature and chairman of the committee on colleges and academies 1834-35; was president and a prominent supporter of the American Art-Union, a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce, a director of the institution for the deaf and dumb, an active member of the New York Historical Society, and many years paymaster-general of the State militia. In 1838 he edited the poems of James Nack, with biographical notice, and in 1847 published Observations on the Origin and Conduct of the War with Mexico. D. at Great Neck, L. I., Mar. 16, 1876. Wet'stein (JOHANN JACOB), b. at Bâle Mar. 5, 1693; studied theology; was appointed field-preacher to a Swiss regiment in the Dutch service, and in 1717 dean in the Reformed church of his native city. From this office he was dismissed in 1730 on account of deviations from the accepted Reformed creed, and went in 1733, as professor of church history, to Amsterdam, where he d. Mar. 23, 1754. His principal works are Prolegomena ad Novi Testamenti Græci Editionem accuratissimam (1730) and a critical edition of the New Testament (2 vols., Leyden, 1751-52). Wette, de (WILHELM MARTIN LEBERECHT). See DE WETTE. Wet'ter, the second largest lake of Sweden, is 80 miles long. 13 miles broad, and covers an area of 850 sq. m. It is 275 feet above the sea, and sends its surplus water to the Baltic through the Motala. It is connected with Lake Wener by canal, and is of great commercial consequence, as it forms the inland communication between the Baltic and the Cattegat. Wet'teren, town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, has oil and powder mills, breweries, and manufactures of lace and different kinds of linen fabrics. P. 9463. Wetump'ka, city, cap. of Elmore co., Ala. (see map of Alabama, ref. 5-D, for location of county), on Coosa River, 14 miles from Montgomery, contains the State 519 prison, etc. It has fine facilities for manufacturing. P. in 1870, 1137; in 1880, 816. Wetz'lar, town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Lahn, has breweries, distilleries, and linen-weaving factories. P. 7428. Wex'ford, county of Ireland, province of Leinster, bordering E. on St. George's Channel and S. on the Atlantic, comprises an area of 900 sq. m., with 123,587 inhabitants, of whom over one-third are unable to read and write. In the northern part the surface is elevated, and rises in Mount Leinster and Blackstairs, but from this ridge it gradually slopes down into a level plain, which along the coast is fringed with swamps and marshes. The soil is fertile, and better cultivated than in most parts of Ireland. Good crops of wheat, barley, oats, and potatoes are gathered, and cattle-breeding, dairy-farming, and fishing are carried on with success. Wexford, town of Ireland, capital of the county of Wexford, on the right bank of the Slaney, which here is lined with a handsome quay, 85 miles S. of Dublin. Its harbor is shallow, and accessible only for small craft; still its export-trade in agricultural and dairy produce is important, and so are its shipbuilding and fishing. P. 12,077. It was an early and important Danish settlement, and was also one of the earliest landing-places of the Anglo-Norman invaders. Weyauwe'ga, Waupaca co., Wis. (see map of Wisconsin, ref. 5-E, for location of county), on Wisconsin Central R. R. and on Wolf River, 40 miles N. W. of Oshkosh, is surrounded by an excellent grain and fruit-growing country, and contains a large school-house, public library, fine water-power, several charitable institutions, a tannery, flouring, lumber, and shingle mills, foundry and machineshop, plough-factory, paper-mill, pottery, breweries, etc. An extensive lumbering-business is carried on. 1880, 722; in 1885, 753. F. W. SACKETT, ED. "TIMES." P. in Weyer's Cave, a stalactitic cavern in the north-eastern part of Augusta co., Va., in a low spur of the Blue Ridge Mountains, contains several beautiful apartments, of which the so-called Washington Hall is the largest and most remarkable-about 250 feet long, and 90 feet high. it received its name. It was discovered in 1804 by Bernard Weyer, from whom Wey'mouth, p.-v., Digby co., N. S., on St. Mary's Bay, at the mouth of Sissiboo River, 20 miles S. of Digby. This place and Weymouth Bridge, near by, do a large business in shipbuilding and exporting to the U. S. and West Indies. P. of sub-district, 1879. Weymouth, Norfolk co., Mass. (see map of Massachusetts, ref. 5-I, for location of county), on Old Colony R. R., 11 miles S. of Boston, is the second oldest settlement in the State (1626), and contains a hygienic institute, several printing establishments, ironworks, drug, box, and saw mills, boot and shoe manufactory, etc. P. of tp. in 1870, 9010; in 1880, 10,570; in 1885, 10,740. Whale [Ang.-Sax. hwäl], a name given to large Cetaceans, representing several different families, and even different sub-orders. The only character shared in common by them, independent of those characteristic of the order, is the large size. The families to which the forms thus distinguished belong are, of the whalebone whales or Mysticete, the families Balaenopterida and Balænidæ; and of the toothed-whales, the families Physeterida and Ziphiida. The large species of Delphinidæ are also known as whales-e. g. Delphinapterus beluga, called the white whale, and the species of Globicephalus, generally designated as blackfish, etc. (See also WHALEBONE WHALES.) THEODORE GILL. Whale'bone [baleen; Fr. baleine; Ger. Fischbein], the horny, elastic laminæ obtained from the whale, especially the Balana mysticetus. It is placed along the sides of the mouth, thus forming a sort of filter through which the water passes as it is expelled from the jaws, the small fish, etc., which comprise the food of the animal being thus retained. Its fibres have very little lateral cohesion, and can easily be removed in the form of long filaments; the blades, 300 of which are sometimes present on each side of the mouth, are arranged in parallel series, resembling somewhat the roof of a house in shape; they are usually about 12 feet in length, 10 to 12 inches in breadth, and inch in thickness. In the manufacture of useful articles from whalebone the blade is first cut in parallel prismatic slips, which are then dried and levelled by planing, the shavings being sometimes utilized as a stuffing for mattresses. When heated by steam, it softens, and can then be bent or moulded in forms which it retains if allowed to become cool under pressure. The essential constituent of whalebone appears to be albumen, its hardness being probably increased by the small proportion of phosphate of lime. According to Frémy, the composition of the organic part is-C. 50.8, H. 7.4, N. 16.5, S., O., etc., 25.3. Whalebone has been employed for the ribs of umbrellas and parasols, stiffening of stays, framework of hats, and in the manufacture of whips, canes, ramrods, archery bows, fans, screens, etc.; but steel rods have been substituted for it for several of these purposes of late years, with improved results. The family of Balaenopteridæ is much richer in forms J. P. BATTERSHALL. and decided contrasts than the Balanidæ. There are three Whalebone Whales, whales distinguished by the primary types. In the Balaenopterinæ the throat is lonpossession of whalebone. This substance is a peculiar epi-gitudinally plicated; a high, erect, and more or less falcate dermal development arising from each side of the median dorsal fin exists; the frontal bones have orbital processes line of the roof of the mouth, and may be looked upon as nearly as broad at the outer extremity as the base, and modified hair. Teeth are existent in a rudimentary condi- somewhat narrowed; the manus is moderate, and has four tion in the foetus, but are not functionally developed, and digits, none of which have more than six phalanges. are absorbed and disappear before birth; the supramaxil- These are mostly very large whales, which have been lary bones are not extended backward over the frontal grouped under the generic names Balaenoptera, Physalus, bones, but are produced outward in front of the orbits; the Sibbaldius, and Rudolphius. The Megapterinæ have also olfactory organ is distinctly developed, and the nasal bones the throat longitudinally plicated, but the dorsal fin develproject forward, and are not overlapped at their distal ends; oped as a mere hump; the manus is very long, and the the lower jaw has its rami bowed out, and connected at their digits are segmented into many phalanges; these are the simphyses by fibrous tissue, and not by suture. In exter- humpback whales, which have been grouped under the gennal appearance the animals are pisciform, and are distin- era Megaptera, Poescopia, and Eschrichtius. Finally, the guished from the toothed whales chiefly in that the head is Agaphelinæ are characterized by the plications of the throat more depressed above toward the margin of the jaw, the being obsolete, and not more than two in number, and by. eyes situated nearly above the angle of the mouth, and the the dorsal fin being entirely undeveloped. To this group lower jaw and throat more bag-like. The forms thus com- belong the genera Agaphelus of the Atlantic Ocean and bined exhibit two primary modifications of structure, which Rhachianectes of the Pacific. The most gigantic of known by some are considered as of family value, but by others as cetaceans belong to this family and to the genera Physalus indicative of only sub-family rank: and Sibbaldins. The Sibbaldius sulfureus of the western coast of America has been reported to reach an equally great length. The body in these animals is relatively slender, and they are capable of very great speed. Fourteen species are found on the American coasts. On the eastern coast are eight-viz. of the family Balanidæ, (1) Eubalaena cisarctica, the right whale, and (2) Balɛna my*ticetus, the bowhead whale; of the family Balaenopterida, (3) Balanoptera rostrata, the grampus, (4) Sibbaldius borealis, the sulphur-bottom whale, (5) S. tuberosus, the finback whale, (6) Eschrichtius robustus, the Gräsö whale, (7) Megaptera osphyia, the humpback whale, and (8) Agaphelus gibbosus, the scragg whale. On the western coast are six-viz. of the family Balanidæ, (1) Eubalɛna cullamach, the right whale; of the family Balanopteridæ, (2) Balanoptera Davidsonii, the sharp-headed finner whale, (3) B. velifera, finback whale, or Oregon finner, (4) Sibbaldias sulfureus, the sulphur-bottom whale, (5) Megaptera versabilis, the humpback whale, and (6) Rhachianectes glanens, the gray whale. THEODORE GILL. (1) The typical whalebone whales (Balænida) have the skull greatly arched at the maxillary region, and the rostrum narrow and compressed at the base; the frontals have the orbital processes prolonged, and extremely narrow and rounded on the upper surface; the supramaxillary bones are entire at their posterior margins; the tympanic bones large and ovoid; the lower jaw has the coronoid processes almost obsolete; the cervical vertebræ are coalesced together; and the manus is comparatively broad, and has five fully-developed fingers. (2) The finback, humpback, and scrogg whales (Balanopteridae) have the skull but slightly arched at the maxillary region; and the rostrum broad at the base, depressed, and gradually tapering; the frontals have the orbital processes moderately prolonged, broad, and flat on the upper surface; the supramaxillary bones are deeply excavated at their posterior margins; the tympanic bones elongated and ovoid; the lower jaw has the coronoid processes more or less developed; the cervical vertebræ in whole or in part separated; and the manus is narrow, and only four digits are developed, the first being wanting. To the family Balanidæ belongs the bowhead or Greenland whale, and several distantly-related species inhabiting warmer and Antarctic waters, which have been differentiated, but probably on insufficient grounds, into as many as six genera. The bowhead is the most valuable of all the whales in a commercial point of view, and is the species especially hunted by the whalemen fitted out for the Arctic seas. Although not the longest, it is the stoutest of known species; its head is proportionately larger and more ungainly than any other of the sub-order, and forms about one-third of the animal's entire length. Individuals occasionally reach a length of sixty or seventy feet, although not often found much exceeding fifty. In proportion to its size, it is the richest in oil-giving characters; individuals have been known to yield nearly 300 barrels. Its whalebone, which is of a black color, and developed in strips gradually attenuated toward the end, is also the most esteemed of any, and 3500 pounds or more have been obtained from a single individual. It is a timid animal, and rarely turns upon its pursuers, as do some of the species of Balaenopterida. "Sometimes, when engaged in feeding, it remains down for twenty-five minutes or more. The depth to which the animal descends when pursued is not accurately known, for, as a general rule, it has been captured on soundings' in the Arctic Ocean and Behring Sea, as well as in the Sea of Okhotsk, where the depths in places do not exceed 100 fathoms, and from that to less than 50. Sometimes it has been taken in very shallow water; yet this animal when in deep water has been known to sound out' a line, in its descent and return, equal to a mile in length." (Scammon.) The species is now sought for chiefly in Behring Sea, and in the Arctic Ocean N. of it. According to Scammon, "the bowheads of the Arctic may be classed as follows: 1st class the largest whales, of a brown color; average yield of oil, 200 barrels; 2d class-smaller, color black; yield of oil, 100 barrels; 3d class the smallest, color black; yield of oil, 75 barrels. Those belonging to the last-named class are generally found among the broken floes, the first of the season, and they have been known to break through ice three inches in thickness that had been formed over water between the floes. They do this by coming up under and striking it Whale Fishery, an old and, at one time, a flourishing industry. The increasing scarcity of the animal, however, and the extensive use of gas and mineral oils, have now made it less remunerative, and caused it to be abandoned by nations which formerly pursue it as one of the principal branches of their trade; the U. S. is the only nation which still carries it on with vigor. As early as the twelfth century there existed a whale fishery in the Biscayan Sea, and in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries it became of considerable importance; but it was a smaller species of whale which was caught here, and in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries this animal became extinct or left the grounds, and the industry died out. By the Dutch explorations of the northern seas in the latter part of the sixteenth century extensive whaling-grounds were discovered near Spitzbergen. The Dutch founded a village called Smeerenberg on the island, whither the blubber was brought for boiling, and a considerable trade sprang up. Soon, however, the whales were driven off, and betook themselves to the coasts of Greenland. The Dutch followed; the blubber was brought to Holland for boiling, and the Dutch oil-trade flourished for more than a century. In 1680, 260 Dutch ships and about 14,000 sailors were engaged in the whale fishery, but from that period the industry began to decline in Holland, and in the present century it has been given up altogether. The English followed in the track of the Dutch, but they never developed this trade to any high degree of prosperity, and they are now about abandoning it. In 1815 they had 164 ships; in 1833 only 129 engaged in the fishery; in 1842 the number sank to 75, and at present it is hardly 20. The industry was taken up early by the New England colonies, and at first the fishery was prosecuted by boats from the shore. In the first part of the eighteenth century, however, the whales had been driven off, and vessels were now fitted out for their pursuit from Nantucket, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, New Bedford, etc. In 1854 the traffic reached its culmination. In 1830 there were 102,000 tons of shipping engaged in the trade, and this amount increased in 1940 to 137,000 tons, in 1850 to 171,484, and in 1854 to 208,399. But then began the decline. The amount of shipping decreased in 1860 to 176,842 tons, in 1865 to 79,690, in 1870 to 73,137, and in 1876 to 38,883, and has since still further diminished. New Bedford is the principal place from WHALE-LOUSE-WHAT CHEER. which the fishery is carried on. U. S. census of 1880 reports total products $2,323,943. Whale-Louse, a popular name for the sessile-eyed crustaceans of the genus Cyamus, parasitic organisms which infest the whales, the mackerels, etc. They are placed in a family, Cyamide, which is by some considered to form a separate order, Læmodipoda. Whale Oil [Ger. Wallfischthran], the liquid portion of the fat of the common whale, differing from that obtained from the Physeter macrocephalus (sperm oil) in possessing a darker color and more disagreeable odor. It possesses a sp. gr. of 0.927, contains small quantities of spermaceti, and does not become solid above 32° F., while sperm oil has a sp. gr. of 0.868, and remains semi-solid at 44.6° F. Whale oil can be deodorized by agitation with chloride of lime (bleaching-powder) (see HYPOCHLOROUS ANHYDRIDE), about 112 pounds of the oil requiring 1 pound of the salt, mixed with 12 pounds of water. J. P. BATTERSHALL. Whale's Back, The, a small island or ledge on the N. E. side of the entrance to Portsmouth harbor, N. H. It has a lighthouse of stone rising 69 feet, and another stone tower with a fog-bell. Lat. 43° 3' 30" N., lon. 70° 41′ 28" W. Whalley (GEORGE HAMMOND), b. at Gloucester, England, in 1813; was called to the bar 1836; settled in Wales; was high sheriff of Carnarvonshire 1852; was a magistrate for Montgomeryshire and Denbighshire, and deputy lieutenant for the latter county; was elected to Parliament for Peterborough as a Liberal 1852, and in 1876 still represented that borough, being noted in Parliament for his hostility to Roman Catholicism. He published some legal treatises, Commutation Act, with Notes (London, 1838), Extracts from Justice of Peace (1842), Tithe Act and Tithe Amendment (1848), etc. D. Oct., 1878. Whang-Hai. See YELLOW SEA. Wharf and Wharfing. See APPENDIX. Wharfingers. See WHARF AND WHARFING. Wharn'cliffe (JAMES ARCHIBALD Stuart-Wortley Mackenzie), BARON, b. in England Oct. 6, 1776; served in the army 1791-1801; entered Parliament 1797; was created Baron Wharncliffe, July 12, 1826; was lord privy seal Dec. 15, 1834, to Apr., 1835, and became president of the council 1841. D. in London Dec. 19, 1845. He was a great-grandson of the celebrated Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, whose Letters and Works (5 vols., 1837) he edited. He was the originator of that standing order of the House of Lords still known as "the Wharncliffe order." A similar order has been adopted by the House of Commons, and the meetings held in conformity with this order have since their introduction been popularly known as "Wharncliffe meetings."-His son, JOHN STUART WORTLEY, second baron, b. in 1801, published several pamphlets on political and agricultural topics, and translated and edited Guizot's Memoirs of George Monk, Duke of Albemarle (1838). D. Oct. 22, 1855. Wharton, cap. of Wharton co., Tex. (see map of Texas, ref. 6-I, for location of county), on Victoria division of Southern Pacific Co. R. R. and on Colorado River. P. in 1880, 312. Wharton (CHARLES HENRY), D. D., b. in St. Mary's co., Md., June 5, 1748; educated at the Jesuit colleges at St. Omer and Bruges; became a tutor at Liege; was ordained priest 1772; officiated several years as chaplain at Worcester, England; returned to Maryland 1783; professed himself a Protestant, and printed a Letter to the Roman Catholics of the City of Worcester (1784), explaining his change of creed; was pastor of Episcopal churches at Newcastle and Wilmington, Del., and became in 1798 rector of St. Mary's at Burlington, N. J., retaining that post until his death, July 22, 1833. He was chosen president of Columbia College, New York, in 1800, but declined that office. Author of An Inquiry into the Proofs of the Divinity of Jesus Christ (1796), A Concise View of the Principal Points of Controversy between the Protestant and Roman Churches (1817), and other miscellaneous theological writings, chiefly in a Quarterly Theological Magazine, which he edited at Burlington and Philadelphia (3 vols., 1813-14). His Remains (2 vols., 1834) were edited, with a Memoir, by Rev. Dr. G. W. Doane. Wharton (FRANCIS), D. D., LL.D., son of Thomas I., b. at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1820; graduated at Yale College 1839; practised law many years in Philadelphia; was professor of logic and rhetoric in Kenyon College, O., 1856-63; was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal Church as rector of St. Paul's, Brookline, Mass., 1863, and became professor in the Cambridge (Episcopal) Divinity School 1866. Author of A Treatise on the Criminal Law of the 521 U. S. (Philadelphia, 1846; 6th ed., 3 vols., 1868), State Trials of the U. S. during the Administrations of Washington and Adams (1849), Precedents of Indictments and Pleas, etc. (1849), A Treatise on the Law of Homicide in the U. S. (1855), A Treatise on Theism and Modern Skeptical Theories (1859), The Silence of Scripture, a Series of Lectures (1867), A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws (1872), and The Law of Agency and Agents (1876); was joint author with Dr. Moreton Stillé of A Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence (1855; revised ed. 1860); was for a time coeditor of the Episcopal Recorder; wrote for many magazines and periodicals, and edited several volumes of law reports. Wharton (GRACE and PHILIP). See THOMSON (KATHARINE BYERLEY). Wharton (HENRY). See APPENDIX. Wharton (PHILIP), DUKE OF Wharton, son of Thomas, the first marquis, b. in Dec., 1698; made a secret marriage at the age of sixteen; succeeded to the marquisate Apr., 1715; studied under a strict Calvinistic tutor at Geneva 1716, but ran away to Avignon, where he recognized the Pretender and received the title of duke of Northumberland; proceeded to Paris; borrowed £2000 from the queen-dowager, widow of James II.; took a seat in the Irish House of Peers 1716; distinguished himself in debate; was made duke of Wharton in the English peerage Jan. 28, 1718; entered the British House of Lords 1720; distinguished himself against the ministry; soon impoverished himself by his extravagance; edited a semi-weekly paper, The True Briton, 1724; went to Vienna, and thence to Madrid, 1726; took service under the Pretender; was aide-de-camp to the count of Torres at the siege of Gibraltar; was made colonel of an Irish regiment in the Spanish service; was attainted of treason in England, and his property confiscated; visited Rome, Paris, and other parts of Europe, and d. in poverty at Tarragona, Spain, May 31, 1731. His Life and Writings appeared in the following year (2 vols., 1732). His Poems had been published in 1727. Wharton (THOMAS), D. C. L., MARQUIS OF Wharton, b. in England about 1640, eldest son of Philip, fourth Baron Wharton; entered Parliament soon after the Restoration; took a prominent part in the opposition to Charles II.; was sent to the Tower for joining in the complaint against the long prorogation of Parliament Feb. 17, 1677; was one of the first to join the prince of Orange 1688; was appointed comptroller of the royal household and privy councillor Feb., 1689; succeeded to the family title 1696; was made chief-justice in eyre 1697; fought a duel with Viscount Cheyney 1697; was commissioner to negotiate the union with Scotland, for which service he was rewarded with the titles of Viscount Winchendon and Earl Wharton Dec. 23, 1706; was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1708-10, with the Irish titles of Earl Rathfarnum and Marquis Catherlogh, and had Addison for his secretary, and became privy seal on the accession of George I.. Sept., 1714, and marquis of Wharton and Malmesbury Feb. 15, 1715, having been a zealous Whig and supporter of the Hanoverian succession, and a skilful party manager, though notorious for immorality. D. in London Apr. 12, 1715. He was the reputed author of the famous Irish ballad "Lillibulero." Wharton (THOMAS, JR.), b. in Philadelphia in 1735; became a merchant; was president of Pennsylvania 177778. D. at Lancaster, Pa., May 23, 1778. Wharton (THOMAS I.), b. at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1791; was many years a distinguished member of the Philadelphia bar and reporter of the Pennsylvania supreme court. D. at Philadelphia Apr. 9, 1856. Author of A Digest of Cases in the Circuit Court of the U. S., Third District, etc. (1822: 6th ed., 2 vols., 1853), A Digested Index to the Reported Decisions of the Several Courts of Law in the Western and Southern States (1824), Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, Eastern District (6 vols., 1836-41), of several historical or anniversary discourses, and a Memoir of William Rawle, LL.D. (1840); was associated with Thomas Sergeant and others in the editorship of the Law Library (1833), and with Henry Wheaton in editing the 5th American ed. of Selwyn's Abridgment of the Law of Nisi Prius (1839); edited with copious notes the reissue of A. J. Dallas's Reports, and wrote a number of biographical sketches, which were republished in the volume of Eminent Philadelphians (1859). What Cheer, city, Keokuk co., Ia. (see map of Iowa, ref. 6-I, for location of county), on Burlington Cedar Rapids and Northern and Chicago and North-western R. Rs., and on Coal Creek, a tributary of North Skunk River, 45 miles S. W. of Iowa City, is a coal-mart for the neighboring country, over 200,000 bushels having been mined in one year. P. in 1880, 719; in 1885, 3524. Whatcom, city, cap. of Whatcom co., Wash. Ter. (see map of Washington Territory, ref. 2-B, for location of county), on N. E. shore of Bellingham Bay, about 150 miles N. by E. of Olympia. Coal is mined here. P. not in census of 1880. Whately (RICHARD), D. D., b. in London, England, Feb. 1, 1787; graduated at Oriel College, Oxford, 1808; became a fellow there 1811; took orders in the Church of England; was intimately associated at Oriel with Keble, Arnold, Pusey, John Henry Newman, and others destined to become innovators in British theology; was noted for his wit, his freedom of thought and action, and fondness for debate; was Bampton lecturer 1822; rector of Halesworth, Sussex, 1822-25; principal of St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, 1825-30; professor of political economy in the University of Oxford 1830-31, and was appointed by Earl Grey archbishop of Dublin 1831, in which capacity he was charged with the difficult task of carrying out, in the details of social, political, and religious life, the principles as one of the founders of the "Broad Church " He embodied in the recent Roman Catholic Relief act. was for twenty years the leading member of the Irish national board of education, for which he wrote several educational books; endowed the professorship of political economy in the University of Dublin; promoted the extension of the "national system" of unsectarian education in Ireland; won the confidence and co-operation of the Roman Catholic archbishop Murray, but resigned his seat at the board in 1853 from inability to work in harmony with the new archbishop (now cardinal), Cullen, and from the covert opposition of illiberal clergymen of the Church of England. He filled the posts of bishop of Kildare, visitor of Trinity College, president of the Royal Irish Academy, and chancellor of the order of St. Patrick. His family, which had been educated by the celebrated Joseph Blanco White 1832-35, took an active part in the promotion of Irish church missions, ragged schools, refuges, and other charitable institutions. Archbishop Whately was regarded party, and was distinguished for "large munificence, genial hospitality, ever-ready wit, and solid common sense." D. at Dublin Oct. 8, 1863. Among his numerous works are-Historic Doubts relative to Napoleon Bonaparte (1819), The Use and Abuse of Party Feeling in Matters of Religion (Oxford, 1822), being the Bampton lectures for that year, Essays on some of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion (1825), Elements of Logic (1826), Elements of Rhetoric (1828), Essays on some of the Difficulties in the Writings of the Apostle Paul, and in other Parts of the New Testament (1828), View of the Scripture Revelations concerning a Future State (1829), The Errors of Romanism traced to their Origin in Human Nature (1830), Introductory Lectures on Political Economy (1831), Essay on the Omission of Creeds, Liturgies, and Codes of Ecclesiastical Canons in the New Testament (1831), Essays on some of the Dangers to Christian Faith which may arise from the Teaching or Conduct of its Professors (1839), The Kingdom of Christ delineated (1841), Introductory Lessons on Christian Evidences (1841), Introductory Lessons on the Study of St. Paul's Epistles (1849), Scripture Revelations concerning Good and Evil Angels (1851), English Synonyms (1851), Cautions for the Times (1853), Bacon's Essays, with Annotations (1856), Introductory Lessons on Morals (new ed. 1860), Introductory Lessons on Mind (1859), Introductory Lessons on the British Constitution (1859), Lectures on some of the Parables (1859), Lectures on Prayer (1860), Thoughts on the Proposed Revision of the Liturgy (1860), A General View of the Rise, Progress, and Corruptions of Christianity (1860), and Miscellaneous Lectures and Reviews (1861). Since his death have appeared Miscellaneous Remains (1864) and Earlier Remains (1864), both edited by his daughter, Miss E. Jane Whately, who has also published her father's Life and Correspondence (2 vols., 1866). Two volumes of Memoirs (1864) were published by William J. Fitzpatrick. PORTER C. BLISS. Wheare (DEGORY), b. at Jacobstow, Cornwall, England, in 1573; educated at Broadgate Hall, Oxford; took orders in the Church of England; became fellow of Exeter College 1602, and Camden professor of ancient history at Oxford 1622, and was principal of Gloucester Hall (afterward Worcester College) from Apr., 1626, until his death, Aug. 1, 1647. Author of Lectiones Hiemales, de Ratione et Methodo Legendi Historias Civiles et Ecclesiasticas (1623; 5th ed. 1684; translated into English by Edward Bohun, 1685; 3d ed. 1698), and other works. Wheat [Ang.-Sax. hete], the most valuable and, next to maize, the most productive of all the cereal grasses, belongs to the genus Triticum, and is distinguished by a spike with many-flowered spikelets seated on opposite sides of a hollow and jointed stem, which rises zigzag and forms notches at each joint; by awned or awnless palets; and by grains with a longitudinal furrow on one side, turgid on the other, and hairy at the top. It is not known in a wild state, but most botanists are inclined to believe that it had its home in the central parts of Asia. It was very early cultivated, and has formed the principal breadstuff of all civilized nations since long before the historical era. The Bible and the Egyptian and the Chinese records testify to the antiquity of its cultivation. In proportionate altitude it may be cultivated very near the equator, but the proper limit for its cultivation is between lat. 20° and 45°. The lowest mean temperature in which it will ripen is 57.2°. The principal wheat-exporting countries are the U. S., Russia, Hungary, Denmark, Turkey, and Chili: 459,483,137 bushels were produced in the U.S. in 1880 from 35,430,333 acres, averaging 12.97 bushels to the acre. bushels; in Denmark, 27. This difference, however, does In England the average yield of an acre is 334 not refer to any difference in climate and soil-which, generally speaking, are much more favorable to the cultivation of wheat in the U. S. than in any of the two above-mentioned countries-but to a difference in the agricultural systems which are pursued. In the State of New York land which fifty years ago yielded from 20 to 30 bushels to an acre yields now only from 5 to 7; and the same fact has been observed in Ohio. The explanation is, that in such places the soil has become exhausted, no fertilizers having been applied to it; and generally the farmer has moved farther West in order to occupy fresh and hitherto uncultivated soil. The production of the chief wheat-growing States was in 1880-Illinois, 51,110,502; Indiana, 47,284,853; Minnesota, 34,601,030; Iowa, 31,154,205; California, 29,017,707; MisOhio, 46,014,869; Michigan, 35,532,543; souri, 24,966,627; Wisconsin, 24,884,689; Pennsylvania, 19,462,405; Kansas, 17,324,141; Nebraska, 13,847,007; New York, 11,587,766; Kentucky, 11,356,113; Maryland, 8,004,864; Virginia, 7,826,174: Oregon, 7,480,010; Tenlina, 3,397,393; Georgia, 3,159,771; and New Jersey, nessee, 7,331,353; West Virginia, 4,001,711; North Caro1,901,739. (See STATISTICS OF CORN, Oats, Wheat, etc.) Wheat, Chemistry of. Sce FLOUR, by PROF. E. N. HoRSFORD, M. D., and BREAD, by PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PH. D., M. D., LL.D. Wheat'ear, or Fallowchat, the Saxicola ananthe, a European bird of the family Turdidæ, allied to the CHAT (which see), ranges from Africa in winter to the N. of Europe in summer, is six and a half inches in length, generally colored ash-brown and buff, marked with white and black, and is easily trapped as a delicacy for the table. It feeds on worms and insects, and the male sings well in confinement. Wheatland, Clinton co., Ia. (see map of Iowa, ref. 5-K, for location of county), at the junction of Chicago and North-western and Chicago Milwaukee and St. Paul R. Rs. P. in 1870, 788; in 1880, 616; in 1885, 603. Wheatland (HENRY), M. D., b. at Salem, Mass., Jan. 11, 1812; graduated at Harvard 1832; studied medicine, but never practised; was an original member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; one of the founders of the Essex Natural History Society and of the Essex Institute; became president of the latter body. vice-president of the Peabody Academy of Science, and director of the Salem Public Library, which owes much of its prosperity to his efforts. Wheat'ley (HENRY B.), b. in England about 1835; is honorary secretary of the Early English Text Society, for which he has edited, from the original MS., Alexander Hume's quaint treatise, Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue (1865), Merlin, or The Early History of King Arthur, a Prose Romance (part i., 1866), and Peter Levins's Manipulus Vocabulorum, a Rhyming Dictionary (1868); has compiled a General Index to the Works of Thomas de Quincey (1863); is author of a curious essay entitled Of Anagrams, a Monograph treating of their History from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time, etc. (Hertford, 1862), and of Round About Piccadilly and Pall Mall, or a Ramble from the Haymarket to Hyde Park, a Retrospect of the Various Changes that have occurred in the Court End of London (1870). Wheatley (PHILLIS), a negro poetess, b. in Africa about 1750; was brought as a slave to Boston 1761: was taught to read by the family of her master, Mr. John Wheatley; made rapid progress in letters; soon displayed so much poetical talent, stimulated by the reading of Pope's Homer, that a volume of her verses was printed in London 1773, with a copper-plate portrait and a dedication to the countess of Huntingdon. She visited England in that year; wrote some notable verses to Gen. Washington. whom she visited at his head-quarters at Cambridge; was treated by him with great politeness, writing her a letter dated Feb. 2, 1776, and her poem was printed by his |