Toland (1697); went to Amsterdam; published there the first edition of Milton's Works, Historical, Poetical, and Miscel most distinguished and brilliant character. He was subsequently entrusted with the defence of Nikolaief and Cronstadt. In 1869 he attained the grade of general (of engi-laneous, with a Life (3 vols. fol., 1697-98), in which he made neers). As "adjoint" to the inspector-general of engineers in Russia (the grand duke Nicholas), Gen. Todleben exercised de facto the functions of that office. Aside from his eminent military distinction, he commanded esteem for his high personal character and affable manners. His important work (using the French title), Défense de Sevastopol, Ouvrage rédigé sous la direction de LieutenantGénéral E. de Todleben, etc., etc., in 2 4to vols., with elab-him the favor of the princess Sophia at the court of Hanorate maps, appeared (1863-70) simultaneously in the Russian, French, and German languages; it was drawn up under the sanction of the Russian government, with full access to the archives, and after the French and English special works relating to the siege had appeared, and after a thorough survey of the localities, designed to rectify discrepancies in the various accounts. Among the important conclusions" drawn by Gen. Todleben from the siege is the following: "Many military men have expressed the opinion that the defence of Sebastopol showed conclusively that it is useless in time of peace to expend immense sums in the construction of perinanent fortifications: . . . the defence of Sebastopol has proved directly the reverse conclusion confirmed by Marshal Niel, and illustrated by Gen. Todleben by various arguments drawn from the actual facts. D. July 1, 1884. J. G. BARNARD. Tody. See TODIDE. Tofana. See AQUA TOFANA. -a To'ga [Lat.], the distinctive garment of the Roman citizen, was of probable Etruscan origin. The youth wore it in the form called toga prætexta, and not till they came of age could they put on the toga virilis, or manly gown. It was a loose and ample long cloak, not much worn by rustics and artisans, and was, at least in later times, almost distinctive of the upper classes. Togrul Beg. See SELJOOKS. Tokat', town of Asiatic Turkey, in Asia Minor, 20 miles S. of the Black Sea, is beautifully situated in a valley among vineclad hills on the banks of a small river, but it is meanly built, and although the neighborhood contains rich marblequarries, most of its houses are built of sun-dried brick, or even of mud, and huddled together in dirt and confusion. It was formerly the entrepôt of an important transit-trade, but the route of the traffic has changed of late, going now by Trebizond, and the commercial importance of the city has greatly declined. It has some dyeworks and manufactures of silks and copperware, the copper ore from the mines of Diabekir being brought hither on camels for smelting. P. 45,000, partly Turks and partly Greeks, Armenians, Tartars, and Jews. Tokay', small town of North-eastern Hungary, county of Zemplin, on the right bank of the Theiss, at the influx of the Bodrog, is famous as the entrepôt of the celebrated Tokay wines, produced in the neighborhood. P. 5012. Tokay Wines. See WINE. an indirect attack on the Gospels, which was replied to by Tole'do, one of the oldest cities of Spain, and the capital of a province of the same name, is built on an immense granite rock at an elevation of 2400 feet above the level of the sea, and enclosed on three sides by the Tagus, toward which the rock presents steep and abrupt sides, while on the fourth side, where the ground slopes gently, it is defended by two walls-an inner wall built by the Goths in the seventh century, and an outer built by Alfonso VI. in 1109-both profusely adorned with towers and gates. From 467 to 714 it was the capital of the Goths, from 714 to 1085 that of the Moors, and after 1085 it was the residence and capital of the kings of Castile. Its most remarkable edifice is the cathedral, the metropolitan church of Spain, and one of the most magnificent church buildings in the world, founded in 587, 404 feet long, 204 feet wide, and in its chief nave almost overloaded with sculpture. Besides the cathedral, the city contains 26 other churches, 37 monasteries, a splendid though never completed royal palace, and other architectural monuments; but its general aspect is gloom y, and almost desolate. The splendor has become sepulchral; an air of decay has crept in; the place, which once contained about 200,000 people, is now inhabited by on ly 21,297. Its once flourishing industry has also died out, the only two branches still alive being the manufactures of sword-blades and confectionery; but Toledan blades and Toledan marzipan are still exported to every country in Europe. Toledo, cap. of Cleveland co., Ark. (see map of Arkansas, ref. 5-D, for location of county). P. in 1880, 143. Toledo, on R. R., cap. of Cumberland co., Ill. (see map of Illinois, ref. 8-F, for location of county). P. not in census of 1880. Toledo, cap. of Tama co., Ia. (see map of Iowa, ref. 5-I, for location of county), on Toledo and North-western branch of Chicago and North-western R. R., has elevators, grain-warehouses, etc. P. in 1870, 888; in 1880, 1026; in 1885, 1372. Toledo, city and important R. R. and commercial centre, cap. of Lucas co., O. (see map of Ohio, ref. 1-E, for location of county), on the bank of Maumee River, 9 miles above its junction with Lake Erie, was incorporated in 1836. Besides her intimate connection with the great inland lakenavigation of the North-west, Toledo is the terminus of Wabash and Erie and Miami canals. Her railroad systems include many lines, some of which bring to the city the vast coal-deposits of South-eastern and Central Ohio. The city has a Soldiers' Memorial Hall, a house of refuge and cor To'kio, or Tokei', the new name of Yedo, the eastern capital of Japan, lies in lat. 35° 35' N. and lon. 139° 40′ E., and in magnitude ranks next to Pekin, in China. While it has decreased in numbers, it has increased in commerce. Its gardens and open spaces are numerous, and give it an airf comfort and freedom which is unusual. It is intersected by many canals, and its bridges are numerous. As the present capital and residence of the imperial court, it is the meeting-place of the national legislature, called a Parliament; it also has a well-endowed college, a normal school, a governor, and police force of 3000, is supplied with hospitals and asyluins for infants and paupers, and by means of railroads and telegraph lines is daily facilitating its communication with the entire country. It became an open port in 1869. In 1886 the Japanese government engaged Herr Bockmann, a German architect, to construct Parliament building, government offices, and law courts in Tokio. In 1861 it claimed to have about 1,500,000 inhabitants, but in 1884 the population was 902,837. To'land (JOHN), b. near Redcastle, Londonderry, Ire-rection, a paid fire department, and a fire-alarm telegraph land, Nov. 30, 1669, of Roman Catholic parents; was originally called JANUS JUNIUS, but changed his name while at school at Redcastle, where he also became a zealous Protestant, and under the patronage of some dissenters entered the University of Glasgow 1687; removed to that of Edinburgh, where he graduated M. A. 1690; studied theology two years at Leyden, with a view to becoming a dissenting minister; his first work, Christianity not Mysterious (London, 1696; 2d ed., Amsterdam, 1702), made a great sensation, was censured by convocation, replied to by Stillingfleet and many others, and burnt by the hangman at Dublin by order of the Irish Parliament Sept. 11, 1697; the author being then in that city, proceeded to London, where he published an Apology for Mr. | system. To this is added an extensive system of waterworks on the standpipe plan, the whole having been established at a cost of $1,000,000. The educational interests of Toledo are represented by numerous public and parochial schools, a university of the arts and trades, and a free public library of 10,000 volumes. Many of her leading houses now import goods directly from Europe. The extensive manufacturing interests of the city are headed by the largest wagon-works in the country, and embrace numerous planing-mills, manufactories of sash and blinds, moulding-factories, pump-factories, and other establishments devoted to bridge and boat building, carriage-making, and the manufacture of furniture, cabinet ware, bent TOLEDO WAR, THE-TOLERATION. work, etc.; furnace, foundries, factories for car-wheels, for the casting of ploughs, for boilermaking, for the building of steam-engines, and for the construction of mowers and reapers. The miscellaneous manufacturing interests of the city are numerous and diversified. It has a Produce Exchange. Numerous elevators have been erected, with a capacity of over 5,000,000 bushels, the largest having a storage for 1,500,000 bushels. Natural gas was discovered here in 1885 by opening an old artesian well. P. in 1870, 31,584; in 1880, 50,137. 41 At the same time she received the addition of the territory more. Tolentino, town of Italy, province of Macerata, on an elevated bank of the Chienti, which is here crossed by a solid stone bridge dating from the thirteenth century. Of the several churches, the most venerated by the inhabitants is that of San Nicola, the miracle-working patron of the city, who was buried here in 1310. There is considerable traffic and manufacturing industry in this town, iron-foundries, woollen-mills, tanneries, etc., being in active operation. P. 11,229. Toledo War, The, was a strife which almost reached bloodshed between the State of Ohio and the Territory of Michigan in regard to their dividing-line. In the ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Territory N. W. of the Ohio River, Congress granted certain rights to the inhabitants, and reserved to itself the right to form one or two States "in that part of said Territory lying N. of an E. and W. line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan." In the act of 1802 for the admission of Ohio as a State the same line is described as its northern boundary, but the people specified a more northerly line in their State constitution. The only data then extant as to the position of Lake Michigan was a map published by Mitchell in 1755, on which the "southerly bend or extreme" of that lake is shown at 42° 32′ N. lat. Its true location is 41° 37′ 19′′, or nearly 64 miles S. of what Mitchell represented. Had his map been correct, the boundary-line would have passed due W. from the mouth of Detroit River. In 1805, Michigan Territory was organized, the boundary being defined according to the ordinance of 1787; but when the States of Indiana and Illinois were subsequently organized, this boundary was ig-ligion established by law. The ancient heathen states were nored, and they stretched N. of it. The difference between the acts of Congress and the constitution of Ohio in regard to her northern boundary caused that State to apply for a survey of the same. Congress ordered a survey in 1812, but it was not made until 1817. The line then run was called the "Harris line;" one run according to the words of the act was called the "Fulton line." The former is the present boundary, while the latter intersects Lake Erie E. of the mouth of the Maumee River, and includes within Michigan the important city of Toledo. This city, as the outlet of the Wabash and Erie Canal, was the apple of discord, and gave its name to the "war." While measures were in progress for the admission of Michigan into the Union under the provisions of the ordinance which authorized such a measure when her free population should reach 60,000 (it having been ascertained in 1834 to be 87.273), the legislature of Ohio (Feb. 23, 1835) passed an act to organize the disputed tract of about 650 sq. m. into townships, and provided for a resurvey of the "Harris line." Up to this time, Michigan Territory had held undisputed possession as far S. as the "Fulton line," and all the local officers had been amenable to Michigan. Her authorities being informed of the contemplated encroachment, on Feb. 12, 1835, passed an act to prevent any foreign jurisdiction within the limits of the Territory, in which it was made a penal offence to exercise any official functions within her borders save those derived from the government of the U. S. or of the Territory. It being understood that Michigan would resist both the resurvey of the "Harris line" and the assumption of jurisdiction by Ohio over the disputed tract, Gov. Robert Lucas of Ohio called out the militia to protect his surveyor, and Acting Gov. Stevens T. Mason of Michigan summoned his militia to assist the civil authorities in repelling the expected invasion. Both State an 1 Territory made urgent appeals to Pres. Jackson to support their respective claims. He referred the matter to Attorney-General B. F. Butler, who wrote an opinion favorable to Michigan. The President took no action save to send three commissioners for effecting an amicable settlement, if possible; but as neither party would yield a hair's breadth, this peace commission failed. The attempt by Ohio to exercise jurisdiction over the disputed tract led to several squabbles and the arrest of officers from Ohio and their sympathizers by the authorities of Michigan. The rival governors directed the proceedings in courts of law which followed these disturbances. On Sept. 6, 1835, Acting Gov. Mason assumed command of the militia en route for Tole lo to prevent the organization of Wood county by the Ohio authorities, which was to take place at Toledo Sept. 7. Although the Michigan militia occupied the town, a detachment of Ohio forces, accompanying the proper officers, enterei at 3 o'clock A. M., and, having gone stealthily through the formalities, withdrew. Ohio having gained her point, the militia on both sides were disbanded. Orders to Tolera'tion [Lat. tolerare, to "endure"] denotes the endurance of something which is not wholly liked, especially of religious opinions or worship contrary to the relittle called to the exercise of this quality, because their religions consisted in forms chiefly, while doctrine was vague and unformulated. Yet at Athens asebeia, or want of due veneration to the gods, was a punishable offence in various shapes; it was on accusation of this offence that the most religious Greek, Socrates, suffered death. Greeks and Romans punished novel rites, especially secret ones, until under the emperors of Rome so many new religions rushed into the western parts of the empire that they could not be repressed. In the Jewish system nothing but the worship of Jehovah without images was endured at all. The plan was much the same when Christianity became the religion of the empire; and in the Middle Ages nothing was tolerated that deviated, in faith or form, from the Catholic Apostolic Church. Protestantism, by its free thought and doctrine of the right of private judgment, paved the way for a multitude of minor differences of opinions; and yet where the prince, as representing the people, set up an established Church, all were obliged to conform to it under severe penalties. These penalties contributed to make the Established Church in England so odious that, with the help of political allies, the dissentients from the Church overturned both Church and State, and settled everything on a new basis. After the Restoration everything went back to its old order, but the dissenters were now an important third party in the state, which must not be forced to ally itself with the court and the Roman Catholics in order to secure its own religious liberties. The harsher restrictions on Protestant religious worship other than that of the Established Church were removed by the Toleration act of 1 Wm. and Mary, which, however, was arbitrary, unequal, and unsystematic in its provisions. (See Macaulay's criticisms on it in his History, iii. 86, and onward.) It removed no disabilities and repealed no penalties of the earlier legislation against the nonconformists. An Independent who could accept all but five or six of the articles of the Church of England was still subject to the persecuting laws, but a Quaker who rejected the Eucharist could preach without making any declaration of his faith. (Macaulay, u. s.) This law, however, as an entering wedge, was a great gain for religious liberty. The unpersecuting but indifferent eighteenth century went considerably further. Warburton's work on the alliance between Church and State, or the Necessity and Equity of an Established Religion and a Testlaw Demonstrated, first published in 1736, shows the position that a firm Churchman, who was yet an enemy of persecution, could take on this subject. His doctrine is that the care of civil society extends only to the body and its concerns, and the care of religion to the soul. The civil magistrate, if he will avail himself of the benefits of religion for civil society, must seek some union or alliance with Church, and, if there are several claiming to be such, with that one which is the largest, and so the best fitted to secure the ends of the alliance. "When the Church," he says, "loses its superiority of extent to any considerable degree, the alliance becomes void." After discussing the motives for such alliance-from which he excludes altogether the wish on the part of the Church to engage the State to use force on behalf of the establishment, as being contrary to the natural right of every man to worship God | taneously exudes to collect in small calabashes fixed to the according to his own conscience-he considers the terms of the alliance, which, although a very important part of the treatise, does not concern us here. He then shows that the Christian religion is best fitted for such an alliance with the state, and the English establishment is the most perfect of all. His last argument is spent on the propriety and necessity of a test-law, or of such a law as shall keep out from offices of trust under the State those who do not belong to the Church by law established. The argument of Warburton being based on the principle that the care of the state ends with the body and goods, and that the true end for which religion is established is not to provide for the true faith, but for civil utility, gave a platform for a certain kind of toleration on the most earthly grounds. A defence for the abolition of all laws imposing tests would be that they conflict with personal rights, that there is no possibility in any such way of producing a harmony of opinions in society on the subject of religion, and that there is danger of alienating from the state those who, while otherwise competent, cannot hold office on account of their religious scruples. In modern times toleration has disappeared from most Protestant and some Roman Catholic countries, in order to give place to entire religious equality of all sects and eligibility to office of all persons of every confession. Toleration is the intermediate state between persecution for opinion's sake and separation of State from Church. T. D. WOOLSEY. Toll [Ang.-Sax.], the duty imposed on travellers and goods passing along public roads, rivers, bridges, etc. In the later Middle Ages it formed a considerable item in the revenues of a monarch, but exercised a very bad influence on the free development of trade and traffic. Thus, heavy tolls were levied on the Rhine by the German emperor and other minor German princes; on the Elbe and in the Sound by the Danish kings, etc. This form of toll has now been entirely abolished. Tolland, cap. of Tolland co., Conn. (see map of Connecticut, ref. 4-E, for location of county), on New London Northern R. R. P. in 1870, 1216; in 1880, 1169. Tollens (HENDRIK CORNELISZOON), b. at Rotterdam Sept. 24, 1780; was educated for mercantile business, but devoted himself to poetry; published in 1802 his first volume of poems, and won in 1804 the second ("Lierzang op Hugo de Groot"), and in 1806 the first prize ("Egmond en Hoorne") of the Academy of Amsterdam. Of his dramas, the most remarkable are De Hoekschen en Kabeljaauschen and Andromache; of his epics, De Overwintering der Hollanders op Nova Zembla; of his lyrics, his patriotic songs, Wapenkreet and Vaterlandisch Kriigslied. His Gezamentlijke Dichtwerken (8 vols.) were published 1855-57. D. at Ryswick Oct. 21, 1856. Tol'na, town of Southern Hungary, on the Danube, has manufactures of leather, potash, tiles, and spirits, and in the neighborhood saffron, wine, and tobacco are extensively cultivated. P. 7723. Tolo'sa, town of Spain, province of Guipuzcoa, at the confluence of the Orria and Araxes, has important manufactures of paper and arms. P. 7488. Tol'tecs, an ancient Indian nation of the Mexican table-land, so called from their capital, Tula, situated in the valley of the same name in the present state of Hidalgo, about 50 miles N. of the City of Mexico. According to tradition, they had settled there about the sixth century, and long lists of their emperors and accounts of their wars have been given by several writers, though but little reliance can be placed upon such data. In the period preceding the advent of the Aztecs and other Nahuatl tribes the Toltecs are represented as having exercised supremacy over a vast region, but to have been conquered by the Chichimees, and to have emigrated in great numbers to Guatemala, where they are supposed to have founded the Quiché empire. At the time of the conquest there were no pure Toltecs remaining in Mexico, but the principal monuments of Mexican architecture, as well as their hieroglyphics, their knowledge of astronomy and of mechanics, and their civilization generally, were ascribed to the half-mythical Toltecs. Modern researches do not discover any confirmation of these legends in the vicinity of Tula. (See Hubert Howe Bancroft's Native Races of the Pacific States, vol. v.) tree. The balsam when fresh is a light-brown, thick, resinous substance, but by keeping concretes into a solid, brittle in cold weather, but easily softened by slight warmth. It has a delicate and fragrant odor, most perceptible when the balsam is warmed, and a correspondingly pleasant taste. Its most important constituents are an amorphous resin and cinnamic acid. Balsam of tolu was found in use by the natives when South America was first explored, and was introduced into Europe in the latter part of the sixteenth century. It is now exported from New Granada. This balsam has scarcely any medicinal virtue, but is largely used in pharmaceutical preparations and extemporaneous prescriptions to impart to mixtures its agreeable odor and taste. The officinal preparations of it are a syrup and a tincture, and it is an ingredient of the compound tincture of benzoin. EDWARD CURTIS. Tolu'ca, town of the Mexican confederation, 20 miles S. W. of the City of Mexico, is regularly built, in the centre of a fertile and well-cultivated plain, and has extensive manufactures of soap and candles. Many swine are reared here, and the place is famous for its hams and sausages. P. 12,000. Methyl-Benzene), (CH), was discovered in 1837 by PelleToluene (Toluol, Hydride of Benzyl, Hydride of Tolyl, of resins. It is obtained by the dry distillation of tolu tier and Walter in the oily product of the dry distillation balsam and many resinous bodies, by the action of potash on benzylic alcohol, and by heating toluic acid with lime; but is most readily prepared by collecting the portion of coal-naphtha which distills between 2120 and 248° F., agitating it with sulphuric acid, and redistilling, and collecting the part that goes over between 226° and 230° F. Toluene is the second member of the benzene series of hydrocarbons (see HOMOLOGY), as is shown by its formation from monobrom benzene by the action of methyliodide. It forms a mobile liquid of sp. gr. 0.883 at zero Centigrade, and boils at 230° F. It is soluble to some extent in alcohol, in ether, and in the fixed and volatile oils, and dissolves iodine, sulphur, and many resins. A large number of substitution-products of toluene are known, the most interesting of which are those of chlorine and nitric acid. J. P. BATTERSHALL. Tolu'ic Acid (Toluolic Acid, Toluylic Acid), (C8H802), an aromatic homologue of benzoic acid and an iso mere of methylic benzoate, is produced by the action of nitric acid on cymene or xylene, and by the action of sodium and carbonic acid on bromotoluene. In a pure state it is colorless and tasteless. The fusing-point of the acid is 347° F.; at a higher temperature it sublimes without decomposition, forming fine needles. When heated with lime, toluic acid is decomposed into TOLUENE (which see) and carbonic acid. Toluic acid is monobasic, and forms crystalline salts, which, however, have not been fully investigated. J. P. BATTERSHALL. Tolu'idine (Amido-Toluene), (C7H9N), an isomere of benzyl-amine, is produced by reducing nitro-toluene with ferrous acetate or sulphuretted hydrogen. It dissolves in boiling water, and in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. From a dilute alcoholic solution it crystallizes in large colorless laminæ, which evaporate somewhat at the ordinary temperature of the air, and possess a burning taste. Toluidine fuses at 104° F. to a liquid which boils about 388° F. It imparts a slight blue color to reddened litmus, and forms a series of compounds with many of the acids. J. P. BATTERSHALL. To'mah, city and R. R. junction, Monroe co., Wis. (see map of Wisconsin, ref. 6-C, for location of county), is cipally engaged in agriculture and lumbering. P. in 1870, very near several extensive cranberry-marshes. It is prin837; in 1880, 1245; în 1885, 1819. Euro Tom'ahawk [Algonkin, tomehagen], strictly, was the war-club of the North American Indians, but for a long time the name has been given, probably through misapprehension, to the war-hatchet, originally of stone. peans introduced steel tomahawks, which were sometimes so made as to serve as tobacco-pipes, the handle forming the stem. The natives used this weapon as a battle-axe, and also possessed great skill in throwing it so that its edge would strike first. Toma'to [Mex. tomat!], the Lycopersicum esculentum, a plant of the order Solanaceae whose fruit is extensively is a native of tropical America, but is much grown in kitchen-gardens in nearly all warm and temperate countries. The tomato enters into the composition of a great number of dishes, as well as sauces and pickles. Tolu' Balsam, a balsamic juice obtained from My-employed as an article of food, both raw and cooked. It rospermum toluiferum, a lofty tree of the natural order Leguminosa, growing in Venezuela and New Granada. The tree averages seventy feet in height, with a straight trunk rising forty feet without branching. The balsam is obtained by slashing the bark of the stem through to the wood in many places, and allowing the juice which spon Tom'bac [Malay, tambúga, “copper"], a term applied to different alloys of copper and zine, with about 85 per TOMBIGBEE RIVER-TOMSK. cent. of copper. An English tombac gave, copper 86.38 and zine 13.61. A German tombac gave, copper 84 and zine 15.5. The alloy of copper 84.5 and zine 15.5 is very malleable and ductile. Dutch metal, pinchbeck, imitation bronze, prince's metal, and Mannheim gold are similar alloys. A white tombac, or white copper, has been made, containing copper 75 and arsenic 25. H. B. CORNWALL. Tombig'bee River rises in Tishomingo co., Miss., and after a very indirect S. by E. course of 450 miles in Mississippi and Alabama, joins the Alabama River 45 miles above Mobile, and the united stream is called Mobile River below the junction. It is navigable to Aberdeen, Miss., 410 miles from Mobile Bay. Tombs (Sir HENRY), K. C. B., V. C., b. in Gloucestershire. England, in 1824; educated at Addiscombe and at the Sandhurst Military College; entered the service in 1842. when ordered to join the Bengal Artillery, and soon engaged in the Gwalior campaign and subsequent active operations: appointed to the artillery staff and engaged in the Sutlej campaign. On the outbreak of the Indian mutiny, Tombs was a brevet major in command of a troop of horse artillery; ordered to join the army for besieging Delhi, he led the force which captured the Eed Gate and commanded the horse artillery at the final assault. Under Sir Colin Campbell he was then engaged in the Oude campaign at Lucknow, etc. Made lieutenant-colonel Jan., 1858; colonel the following July, and named commander of the Bath. Besides the many medals of honor heretofore won, the Victoria Cross was now added. Commanded the Bhootan expedition, and named K. C. B.; major-general 1867. D. at Newport, Isle of Wight, Aug. 2, 1874. Tombstone, cap. of Cochise co., Ariz. (see map of Arizona, ref. 8-H, for location of county), in S. E. part of the Territory. P. in 1880, 973. Tom'cod [perhaps corrupted by the Newfoundland fishermen from the French tacaud, applied to the Gadus laeus of Europe], a name applied in the U. S. to small codfishes, forming the genus Microgadus. These, in external characters, do not differ from the large codfishes (Gadas), having, like them, three dorsal and two anal fins, a barbel at the chin, and teeth on the vomer; the anus, however, is under the last rays of the first dorsal fin, instead of being under the first ones of the second, and the skull is essentially different; it is inflated laterally and on each Fide of a sphenoidal groove; the epiotics are obtusely rounded. and their posterior or outwardly descending ridges blunt; the frontal has an anterior low crest, continued forward, dividing into narrow lateral wings, and the anterior frontals are mostly covered by the frontal in front. The species on the eastern coast is the well-known M. fomeodus, that on the western (California, etc.) the M. proximus. The species are not of much economical importance, although the eastern one at least is brought in considerable quantities to the eastern markets. They are often caught from wharves. THEODORE GILL. Tomes (ROBERT), M. D., b. in New York City in 1816; graduated at Washington (since 1845, Trinity) College, Hartford, 1937; studied medicine at Philadelphia, Edinburgh, and Paris; settled as a physician in New York; made several voyages as surgeon to the Pacific Mail Steamship Co.; translated various works from the French; wrote for several magazines, and was for some time assistant editor of the New York Evening Post; wrote the American portion of Appletons' Cyclopædia of Biography (1855); aided Dr. Hawks in preparing for the press the official narrative of Commodore Perry's expedition to Japan, and drew up a popular abridgment of that work (1857); for two years after the civil war resided at Rheims, France, as U. S. consular agent. Author of The Bourbon Prince (1853), biographies of Richard the Lion-Hearted (1854) and Oliver Cromwell (1855), Panamá in 1855 (1855), The Battles of America by Sea and Land (3 vols., 1859–60), The War with the South, a History of the Great American Rebellion (3 vols., 1867), and The Champagne Country (1867). Tomlinson (CHARLES), F. R. S., b. in London, England, in 1808; became lecturer on physical science in King's College School, London; made many valuable scientific experiments, which were communicated to the Phiphical Magazines of London and Edinburgh and to the Transactions of scientific societies; was a member of the editorial staffs of Knight's English Cyclopædia and of the Encyclopedia Britannica (8th ed.); was editor of several of the publications of the Cavendish Society and of the Geological Association; and author, among other works, of The Student's Manual of Natural Philosophy (1838), Rudisarutary Mechanics (1840), Amusements in Chess (1845), The Chess-Player's Annual (1856), The Cyclopædia of Usefal Arts and Manufactures (2 vols., in parts, 1852-53; 4th 43 ed., 3 vols., 1867), of a series of small treatises on physical phenomena (1859-61), Experimental Essays (1863), The Rain-Cloud and the Snow-Storm (1865); and edited, with a memorial of the author, Sir William Snow Harris's Treatise on Frictional Electricity, in Theory and Practice (1867). Tomlinson (GIDEON), LL.D., b. at Stratford, Conn., Dec. 31, 1780; graduated at Yale College 1802; became eminent as a lawyer at Fairfield; was a member of Congress 1818-27. governor of Connecticut 1827-31, and U. S. Senator 1831-37. D. at Fairfield Oct. 8, 1854. Tommase'o (NICOLÒ), b. at Sebenico, in Dalmatia, in 1802; his education was begun in Dalmatia, but he took his legal degree at the University of Padua. Literary criticism, however, especially attracted him, and on the invitation of Vieusseux he went to Florence, where he became one of the principal writers for the well-known periodical, L'Antologia. This journal being suppressed for an article for which Tommaseo, though not the author, generously assumed the responsibility, he was banished and retired to France. Previous to his exile, however, he had published an important work, Il Dizionario dei Sinonimi (Florence, 1832). In France he wrote several works on education, besides two novels, Il Duca d'Atene and Fede e Bellezza. After this he went to Corsica, where he made a collection of popular songs, which were preceded in their publication by a volume of Tuscan songs, and followed by a collection of Greek and Illyrian popular songs. In 1839 he returned to Venice, where he published Memorie Poetiche, and his first Dizionario Estetico, which is a collection of his best critical articles. Having taken part in the national movements of 1847-48, he was imprisoned with Daniel Manin. Being liberated at the same time by the people of Venice, and the provisory government proclaimed, Manin, as president, invited Tommaseo to take part in it. He accepted the portfolio of instruction, and was soon after sent as minister to Paris. On the fall of the Venetian republic Tommaseo retired to Corfu, but in 1854 returned to Piedmont, where he continued to labor incessantly, though nearly blind, until 1859, when he went back to his old friend Vieusseux in Florence. There he prosecuted his literary work with unabated zeal (being engaged on the largest Italian dictionary yet published) until his death, May 1, 1874. Florence honored him with an imposing funeral. Tompkins (DANIEL D.), b. at Scarsdale, Westchester co., N. Y., June 21, 1774; graduated at Columbia College 1795; was admitted to the bar of New York City 1796; was elected to the legislature, and also to the convention for revising the State constitution 1801; was a member of Congress 1804-05; appointed judge of the New York supreme court 1804; was governor of the State 1807-17; was conspicuous as an advocate of "Jeffersonian principles i and an opponent of the banks; commanded the 3d military district during the war of 1812-15, to the success of which he contributed by his energy in calling out troops and equipping them for service, but by his carelessness in keeping accounts was afterward charged with being a defaulter; was chosen Vice-President of the U. S. 1816 on the ticket with Monroe, and re-elected 1820, when he was an aspirant for the Presidential nomination; recommended by a special message of Jan. 28, 1817, the abolition of slavery in New York, which was effected by an act to take effect July 4, 1827; was chancellor of the University of New York; delegate to the State constitutional convention of 1821, and for a time its president. D. on Staten Island June 11, 1825. Tompkinsville, cap. of Monroe co., Ky. (see map of Kentucky, ref. 5-G, for location of county). P. in 1870, 218; in 1880, 248. Tompkinsville, Richmond co., N. Y. (see map of New York, ref. 8-A, for location of county), a village on N. E. shore of Staten Island. A R. R. extends from here to Tottenville in S. W. part of the island, and ferries connect it with New York City. Tomp'son (BENJAMIN), b. at Braintree, Mass., July 14, 1642, son of Rev. William, minister of that parish; graduated at Harvard 1662; was master of the Boston Public School 1667–70, and afterward of that at Cambridge preparatory to the college for about forty years. D. Apr. 9, 1714, and was buried at Roxbury, where his tombstone commemorates him as the "learned schoolmaster and physician and ye renowned poet of New England." Author of a poem entitled New England's Crisis. Tomsk, government of Siberia, bounded W. by Tobolsk, E. by Yeniseisk, and S. by China, between lat. 49° and 61° N., and between lon. 75° and 90° E. The surface is one vast plain sloping from the Altai Mountains, which occupy the southernmost part. The foot of the mountains is covered with extensive forests of oak, cedar, and pitch trees, and on the adjacent steppes live large droves of wild horses and herds of oxen. Where agriculture is pursued, in the central parts of the government, good crops of rye, barley, oats, hemp, and flax are raised, as the climate generally is mild. The northern part is marshy, and partly covered with sombre forests of fir and pine. The inhabitants live as nomads; hunting and fishing form important occupations. In the southern part an extensive mining business is carried on. Gold-washing is in many places very remunerative. The mineral wealth is very considerable, and an important transit-trade between Russia and China is carried on on the large system of lakes and rivers which the government contains. Area, 329,027 sq. m. P. 1,051,551. Tomsk, town of Siberia, capital of the government of Tomsk, at the Tom, an affluent of the Obi, in lat. 56° 29' N. It is well built, has many handsome edifices, important foundries, tanneries, soap-factories, and other manufactories, and carries on, besides its transit-trade, an active trade in furs, grain, and cattle. The Siberian University was opened here in 1886. Snow falls in October, and in December quicksilver freezes, but the summer is beautiful and the climate generally healthy. P. 33,795. Tom's River, cap. of Ocean co., N. J. (see map of New Jersey, ref. 5-D, for location of county), on R. R., 56 miles S. of New York City. Principal business, coastingtrade and cranberry-raising. P. about 3000. Ton. See APPENDIX and WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Tonawan'da, Erie co., New York (see map of New York, ref. 5-C, for location of county), at the mouth of Tonawanda Creek, a tributary of Niagara River, on the Erie Canal and Erie and New York Central R. Rs., has some manufactures. Part of the v. lies in Niagara co. Total pop. in 1870, 2812; in 1880, 3864. Tone [Lat. tonus; Fr. ton; Ger. ton], in music, a word having for its primary meaning a sound, or the impression made on the ear by a vibrating string or other sonorous body. The derivative meanings of the term relate to the qualities, relations, or conditions of such sounds, as (1) their place on the scale, a high tone or a low tone; (2) the interval made by two sounds, as a major or a minor tone; (3) any special quality of a sound, as a fine, clear, rich, sweet, or feeble tone. In a more technical sense a tone (or whole tone) means one of the steps of the scale, as C-D, G-A, etc. WILLIAM STAUNTON. Tone (THEOBALD WOLFE), b. in Dublin, Ireland, June 20, 1763; educated at Trinity College, Dublin; studied law in London; was called to the bar at the Middle Temple 1789; wrote a number of pamphlets to expose English misgovernment in Ireland; was an ardent sympathizer with the doctrines of the French revolution; promoted the combination of the Irish Roman Catholics with the Protestant dissenters in opposition to the British government; founded at Belfast the first society of United Irishmen 1791; became secretary and agent of the Roman Catholic committee 1792; was involved in secret negotiations with France, on account of which he came to the U. S. 1795; resided a few months at Philadelphia and at Princeton, N. J., but sailed for France Jan., 1796; aided the French Directory in fitting out Hoche's projected expedition to Ireland, in which he was appointed brigadier and adjutant general; served in the Bavarian army 1797; was captured in Sept., 1798, on board a French squadron bound for Ireland; was taken to Dublin, tried by court-martial, and sentenced to death, but committed suicide by cutting his throat with a pen-knife Nov. 19, 1798. His Autobiography was published by his son, W. T. W. Tone (Washington, D. C., 1826). Toner (JOSEPH MEREDITH), M. D., b. in Pittsburg, Pa., Apr. 30, 1825; studied at the Western University and at St. Mary's College; graduated at the Vermont Medical College in 1850, and at the Jefferson Medical College in 1853; began the practice of medicine at Summitville, Pa., and in 1855 took up his residence at Washington, D. C. He is a member and officer of many medical societies and other learned associations; in 1872 founded the Toner lecture to encourage the discovery of new truths in medicine, placing a fund in charge of the Smithsonian Institution, the interest of which is paid for two annual essays on medical science; has contributed largely to medical literature and to medical biography, and devised a system of symbols to indicate geographical localities, which has been adopted by the post-office department. Among his numerous publications are-Abortion in its Medical and Moral Aspects (1859), Maternal Instinct, or Lore (1864), and a Dictionary of Deceased American Physicians. Tonga Islands. See FRIENDLY ISLANDS. Tongres [Flem. Tongern], town of Belgium, province of Limburg, on the Jaar, has breweries, tanneries, and manufactures of tiles and chicory. In its neighborhood is a hot mineral spring, which was well known in ancient times, and is mentioned by Pliny. P. 8004. Tongue (and Diseases of), the organ of the special sense of taste, situated on the floor of the mouth. This body consists of muscles by which it can be protruded, retracted, and curved upward, downward, and laterally. The base or root of the tongue is attached below to the hyoid bone, and the tip of the tongue, when inactive, rests forward against the inner surface of the lower incisor teeth. The tongue consists of two symmetrical halves, with a fibrous middle septum; hence, one side may be paralyzed and the other active, as in cases of apoplexy. The muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypocervical motor nerve. The upper surface or dorsum of the tongue is essentially the seat of taste. (See figure of taste-bulbs in HIS FIG. 1. TOLOGY.) It is covered by delicate processes or papilla, which contain the ultimate ramifications of blood-vessels and the terminal fibres of the nerves of sensation and taste. The fore part and sides of the tongue derive their sense of taste from the gustatory branch of the fifth nerve. The base of the tongue and sides and the larger papillæ receive their special sense through the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. The facial nerve also has an influence upon taste, paralysis of this nerve impairing the special sense. The papillæ vary in size and length on different The Tongue. parts of the tonguebroad, "circumvallate" near the base, "fungiform" and "filiform" on the anterior part. Food and viands of decided flavor can be definitely tasted and distinguished by a single papilla, as found when applied through cylindrical glass rods. It is claimed that only the circumvallate and fungiform papillæ contribute to the sense of taste, the filiform to sensation. Sensation (tactile) is more acute in the tongue than elsewhere in the body. Thus, Valentine found that distinct perception of two needlepoints was obtained at the tip of the tongue when the points were separated only .483 of a Paris line, the most sensitive part of the body, the tip of the finger, requiring 723 of a line. The several papillæ are imbedded in the "corium" or body of the mucous membrane, which corresponds to the cutis vera of the skin, and are covered with FIG. 2. scaly epithelial cells. The tongue may be inflamed from various causes, as hot drinks and irritants. It is often the seat of apthæ, ulcers, "cancers," the result of catarrh of the mouth. The "coated tongue" may be in fact due to a relaxed, flaccid, and pale condition of the papillæ, and when noticeably coated has an accumulated stratum of thickened saliva and rapidly exfoliated epithelial cells; the yellow color the result of the fatty metamorphosis which the cast-off cells speedily undergo. When the stomach is inflamed or irritable, the papillæ of the tongue will often appear as distinct points. The tongue is occasionally attacked by epithelial cancer. Ranula is a Papillæ of Tongue: loops of vessels and nerves. cystic tumor beneath the tongue, due to occlusion of some |