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on the same site, the corner-stone laid by George Washington Sept. 18, 1793, seven years before the removal of Congress to Washington. Before its completion the whole was destroyed by the British at the invasion of Washington, Aug., 1814. The present central structure dates from 1818 (completed 1827), and the extension or wings from 1851. The corner-stone of the Capitol extension was laid July 4, 1851, and the new Hall of Representatives, in S. wing, was occupied in 1857, and the Senate Chamber in 1859. The

work was continuously prosecuted during the civil war, until the statue of Liberty crowned the summit on Dec. 12,

1863.

The rotunda is the central attraction of the Capitol, and is 96 feet in diameter by 180 feet in height to the canopy above, on the concave interior of which is a mammoth fresco by Brumidi representing allegorical and historical subjects. The eight panels surrounding the rotunda are adorned by historical paintings. The best embodiment of

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The Capitol contains, besides these, the historical paintings in the rotunda, and the frescoes, a considerable number of works of art of various merit. At the head of the grand staircase W. of the House is Leutze's large painting representing an emigrant train crossing the Rocky Mountains. Powell's picture of Perry's Victory on Lake Erie is at the head of the eastern staircase in the Senate wing. Two paintings of American scenery on the Colorado and Yellowstone by Thomas Moran are in the corridor to the E. of the Senate gallery. Statues of Franklin and Jefferson by Powers, and of Hancock, Hamilton, and Baker by Horatio Stone, are among the decorations of the Capitol. The Treasury Department, at Fifteenth street and Pennsylvania avenue, is an imposing edifice in Ionic style, 468 feet by 264, and cost $6,000,000.

The great building of the State, War, and Navy Departments is a massive piece of granite architecture in Italian Renaissance style, 567 by 471 feet, and with 4 façades, looking to the E., W., N., and S. respectively. The total cost of the building will approach $11,000,000.

The Department of the Interior, best known as the PatentOffice building, occupies the entire square between F and G streets, from Seventh to Ninth. This splendid building is of severely simple though massive proportions, the architecture being pure Doric, modelled after the Parthenon, 453 by 331 feet, with an elevation of 75 feet. In it are located, besides the Patent-Office, which occupies the larger portion of its 191 rooms, the Indian office and the office of

the public lands, together with the offices of the secretary of the interior. Cost, $2,700,000.

The building of the Post-Office Department is immediately opposite the Patent-Office. It is of Maryland marble, 300 feet long by 204 wide, in pure Corinthian architecture. Cost, $1,700,000.

The Department of Agriculture occupies a large brick building with brownstone trimmings, in Renaissance style, 170 by 61 feet, adjoining the Smithsonian Institute.

The U. S. Naval Observatory is on the Potomac, but is to be removed to Georgetown Heights. The great equatorial telescope, with an object glass of 26 inches, cost $47,000, and is one of the largest refractors in the world.

The Army Medical Museum, on Tenth street, contains the hospital records of the U. S. army in over 10,000 MS. volumes, and a vast assemblage of curious and instructive specimens representing the effects upon the human body of wounds, morbid conditions, surgical operations, etc. The library of the surgeon-general's office, here deposited, about 40,000 volumes, is by far the most complete medical collection in the U. S.

The Government Printing-Office and Bookbindery occupy a plain brick building 300 by 175 feet.

The Washington Navy- Yard, established 1804, occupies 27 acres on the Anacostia River at foot of Eighth street, about 1 mile S. E. of the Capitol. This yard, though practically disused for the construction of naval vessels, is an important dépôt for the manufacture of naval supplies.

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City-Hall and The President's House-known also as the Executive Mansion, and popularly called the White House-is on Pennsylvania avenue, occupying a reservation of about 20 acres, midway between the Treasury and the Departments of State, War, and Navy. It is a plain edifice of freestone painted white, 170 by 86 feet, with a colonnade of eight Ionic columns in front and a semicircular portico in the rear. The grounds are adorned with fountains, flowers, and shrubbery, and form a pleasing retreat in the midst of buildings devoted to commercial and public business. The building is adorned by excellent portraits of the exPresidents of the U. S. The largest apartment, known as the East Room, is 80 by 40 feet in dimensions, and 22 feet high. The adjoining Blue Room, a beautiful apartment finished in blue and gold, is devoted to receptions, diplomatic and social. The Green Room and Red Room (so called from their furnishings) are each 30 by 20 feet. The rooms of the second floor are occupied by the executive office and the President's secretaries, together with apartments for the Presidential family. The first President's house, commenced in 1792, was occupied by Pres. Adams in 1800, and was burned by the British army in 1814. The present edifice was constructed 1818-29.

The Fine Arts.-H. K. Brown's fine equestrian statue of Gen. Winfield Scott in bronze, erected in 1874, occupies the circle at the intersection of Massachusetts and Rhode Island avenues on Sixteenth street. Ball's bronze statue emblematic of Emancipation represents Abraham Lincoln freeing a slave in chains. Greenough's marble statue of Washington, classical in style and colossal in size, is im

Court-house.

mediately before E. front of the Capitol. The only public institution devoted exclusively to the fine arts is the Corcoran Gallery of Art, on Pennsylvania avenue and Seventeenth street, opened with a collection of paintings, statuary, bronzes, and casts from the antique in 1873. It was founded by the liberality of W. W. Corcoran of Washington, and is open to the public free during three days of the week.

The Washington National Monument was commenced in 1848 by an association incorporated by Congress. Its corner-stone was laid July 4, 1848. After an expenditure of $230,000, raised by voluntary subscription, the monument came to a standstill for twenty years. It was finished in 1885 in accordance with act of Congress passed in 1876, under the direction of Col. Thomas L. Casey, U. S. Engineers. It is built of great blocks of crystal Maryland marble lined with blue gneiss, and rests on a foundation 104 feet square and 37 feet deep. The walls at the base are 15 feet thick; at the height of 152 feet, where the new work was begun, they are 12 feet thick; 10 feet higher, they are reduced to 8 feet, and at the top to 14 feet in thickness. The base of the shaft is 55 feet 5 inches square; the top of the shaft, at base of the pyramid, is 34 feet 5 inches square; diameter of wall at the bottom is 25 feet 1 inches and at the top 31 feet 1 inch. The monument is the loftiest structure in the world. Height, 555 feet 5 inches: the cap-stone was set Dec. 6, 1884; weight, including foundation, 81,117 tons of 2240 pounds: cost, $1,187,710. It was dedicated Saturday Feb. 21, 1885. A polished cap made of aluminium, a metal that does not cor

WASHINGTON.

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The Soldiers' Home, a national institution for invalid soldiers of the regular army, was established in 1851. The buildings are handsome and costly, and the grounds (500 acres), laid out in meadows, groves, and lakes, afford 7 miles of beautiful drives, serving as a free public park for the city of Washington.

Minor Government Buildings.-Among these are the Columbia Institute for Deaf and Dumb, with its picturesque semi-Gothic buildings, occupying 100 acres; the new pension office, a large structure of brick erected in 1883 on Judiciary Square, costing $400,000; and the government hospital for the insane, a commodious structure on the erest of hills opposite Washington, with 419 acres.

Charitable institutions abound in Washington, and many of them have received continuous or occasional aid from

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The markets of Washington are profusely supplied with all the products of the soil and of the waters, the best qualities of meats, and the finest game at low rates. The two principal markets are the Central, erected in 1870, an ornate structure of brick on Pennsylvania Avenue between Seventh and Ninth streets, and the Northern Liberty Market, running from K to L streets on Fifth, erected in 1874.

The water-supply of Washington is brought by a capacious aqueduct from the Great Falls of the Potomac, 16 miles above. It affords 80,000,000 gallons daily, and cost $3,500,000.

Newspapers.-Five daily newspapers and 23 weekly periodicals, with 15 monthlies, are issued.

Education. The public schools of the District have an enrolment of 27,299 pupils, out of a population of 43,558 children of the school-age (six to seventeen years), with average attendance 20,730. Amount expended for free schools, 1881, $527,312, of which $295,668 was for teachers' salaries. Private schools for both sexes are numerous and well attended. There are 5 seminaries and colleges, with 52 instructors and 581 students. Value of college grounds, buildings, and equipment, $900,000. Georgetown College, founded 1789 (Roman Catholic), Columbian University (1814), and Howard University (colored) have each law, medical, and collegiate departments. The SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE (see in Crc.) and the National Museum, which occupies a large edifice erected in 1880 specially for exhibition purposes, are free public institutions, amply endowed, and afford the means of scientific culture through their extensive collections in zoology, antiquities, geology, ethnology, and natural history generally. Sixty-five acres of land adjoining the property of the Soldiers' Home has been purchased for the site of a Catholic university.

Churches. Of these there are 172 in the District, the Methodists having 54 churches, 12,182 members; Baptists, 40 churches, 10,042 members; Presbyterians, 18 churches, 3618 members; Lutherans, 10 churches, 2100 members; Episcopal, 22 churches; Roman Catholics, 13 churches; Congregationalists, 4; Jewish, 2; and Christian Disciples, Unitarians, German Reformed, Friends, Swedenborgians, and Universalists, 1 each.

Washington is connected with the Virginia shore by three bridges across the Potomac. The Long Bridge, which has a track for the Washington and Alexandria R. R. and a carriage-way for vehicles and pedestrians, is laid on piers. The Aqueduct Bridge at Georgetown is the only toll-bridge in the District. The Chain Bridge at Little Falls, 4 miles above, has given place to an iron truss bridge erected in 1874. Across the Eastern Branch or Anacostia runs the Navy-yard Bridge, an iron structure erected in 1875, and Benning's Bridge, of wood, lies about a mile above the navy-yard.

As the political capital of the U. S., Washington enjoys a distinction to which no other metropolis can lay claim. The vast and varied interests connected with the legislation for a people of 55,000,000, now embracing 38 States and 10 Territories, draw to Washington an annually-increasing number of citizens, while its mild and salubrious climate in the winter renders it an attractive resort. The number of officers and clerks in government employ is nearly 5000. During the civil war of 1861-65, Washington was the centre of prodigious military operations. The city was fortified soon after the outbreak of hostilities by a cordon of strong earthworks or forts, 68 in number, having an aggregate perimeter of about 14 miles, and it constituted a great dépôt for military supplies. The environs of Washington abound in natural beauties. The question of the removal of the seat of government westward, or nearer to the present or prospective centre of the country, is no longer agitated. The present capital, with its storied memories, founded by the first President, whose name it bears, is felt to be a worthy centre of the political union of a great people, symbolized by the inscription engraved on the dome of the Capitol-" E pluribus unum." A. R. SPOFFORD.

Washington, cap. of Hempstead co., Ark. (see map of Arkansas, ref. 5-B, for location of county), on Arkansas and Louisiana R. R. P. in 1880, 730.

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1880, 2199.

the treasury by act of Congress. The principal are Prov- Georgia, ref. 3-1, for location of county), in the N. E. part Washington, cap. of Wilkes co., Ga. (see map of idence Hospital, a large edifice on Capitol Hill, accommodating 200 patients; the Louise Home, a fine building of State, on Washington branch of Georgia R. R., 18 miles on Massachusetts Avenue, erected and endowed by W. N. of Barnett, has 2 seminaries, mineral springs, and manW. Corcoran in 1871 for indigent gentlewomen: the Colum-ufactures of furniture, carriages, etc. P. in 1870, 1506; in bia Hospital for Women: the National Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home; the Washington Orphan Asylum; St. Joseph's and St. Vincent's orphan asylums: St. John's Hospital for Children: the Freedmen's Hospital and the Home for the Aged, under the care of the Little Sisters of the Poor.

Washington, R. R. junction, Tazewell co., Ill. (see map of Illinois, ref. 5-D, for location of county), 12 miles E. of Peoria, contains a library association, large elevators, numerous wagon, carriage, and furniture establishments, etc. P. in 1870, 1607; in 1880, 1397.

4323.

Washington, city and cap. of Daviess co., Ind. (see map of Indiana, ref. 10-C, for location of county), on Ohio and Mississippi R. R., equidistant from Cincinnati and St. Louis. There are 7 extensive coal-mines worked here, and large quantities of cannel and bituminous coal, flour, and small grains, besides numbers of cattle, horses, and hogs, are shipped from this point. P. in 1870, 2901; in 1880, S. F. HORRALL, ED. "GAZETTE." Washington, city and R. R. centre, cap. of Washing ton co., Ia. (see map of Iowa, ref. 6-J, for location of county), was settled in 1835, and contains an academy and high schools, steam-elevators and flouring-mills, woollenmills, foundries, machine-shops, carriage-establishments, etc. Business, chiefly agriculture. P. in 1870, 2575; in 1880, 2949; in 1885, 3004.

H. A. BURRELL, PROP. "WASHINGTON COUNTY PRESS." Washington, city, on R. R., cap. of Washington co., Kan. (see map of Kansas, ref. 4-G, for location of county).

P. in 1880, 675; in 1885, 1822.

Washington, St. Landry parish, La. (see map of Louisiana, ref. 10-D, for location of parish), is situated on Morgan's Louisiana and Texas R. R., and on Courtableau Bayou, at the head of steamboat navigation, 6 miles N. of Opelousas. It has manufactures of lumber, and ships great quantities of cotton. P. in 1870, 907; in 1880, 1194. Washington, Franklin co., Mo. (sec map of Missouri, ref. 5-L. for location of county), on the S. bank of Missouri River, 54 miles W. of St. Louis by Missouri Pacific R. R., which passes directly through the town, has a fine public school building, the Jeffries High School; a convent, with a school for young ladies within the building and under the charge of the sisters; a Roman Catholic parochial school; a free Lutheran school; steam merchant flouring-mills, steam planing and saw mill, with door, sash, and blind factory attached, tannery, packing-houses (beef and pork), etc. A steam-ferry plies across the Missouri River daily. Adjoining the town there are two inexhaustible banks of fire and potter's clay, large quantities of which are shipped to St. Louis. The site of the town proper is on a high ridge running parallel with the river, and is the healthiest locality in the State. In 1873 part of the tp. was annexed to St. John's tp. The trade of the town is large, and great quantities of wheat, corn, pork, etc. are shipped. P. in 1870, 5614; in 1880, 2421.

Washington, R. R. centre, Warren co., N. J. (see map of New Jersey, ref. 2-C, for location of county), on the Morris Canal, has a manufactory of pianos and organs. P. in 1870, 1880; in 1880, 2142.

Washington, seaport, cap. of Beaufort co., N. C. (see map of North Carolina, ref. 3-J, for location of county), on R. R., at the head of Pamlico River, about 80 miles from the ocean, contains carriage-manufactory, shipyards, block and pump factory, saw and grist mills, and several fisheries. The town was nearly destroyed by fire during the late war. P. in 1870, 2094; in 1880, 2462.

RICHARD GRANGER, ED. "Echo."

Washington C. H., city and R. R. centre, cap. of Fayette co., O. (see map of Ohio, ref. 6-E, for location of county), on several R. Rs. and Sugar Creek, 39 miles S. W. of Columbus, has woollen-factory, planing-mills, etc. in 1870, 2117; in 1880, 3798.

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Washington, Guernsey co., O. (see map of Ohio, ref. 5-H, for location of county), is situated in Wills township, on the National road, about 8 miles E. by N. of Cambridge, the county-seat, and has manufactures of flour, lumber, etc. P. in 1870, 554; in 1880, 600.

Washington, R. R. centre, cap. of Washington co., Pa. (see map of Pennsylvania, ref. 5-A, for location of county), on Chartiers Creek, has iron-foundries, woollen, coach, and other factories, a female seminary, several schools, is the seat of Washington and Jefferson College, and contains the Lemoyne crematory. P. in 1870, 3571; in 1880, 4292.

Washington, cap. of Rhea co., Tenn. (see map of Tennessee, ref. 7-H, for location of county), is situated on the W, bank of the Tennessee River, near the Cincinnati New Orleans and Texas Pacific R. R., about 50 miles N. N. E. of Chattanooga. P. in 1870, 223: in 1880, 126.

Washington, cap. of Rappahannock co., Va. (see map of Virginia, ref. 4-G, for location of county), is situated at the S. E. base of the Blue Ridge, 18 miles S. of Front Royal. P. in 1880, 254.

Washington (BrSHROD), LL.D., nephew of Gen. George, b. in Westmoreland co., Va., June 5, 1762; graduated at William and Mary College 1778; studied law with James Wilson at Philadelphia; commenced practice in his native county 1780; served as a private soldier at Yorktown 1781; was a member of the Virginia house of delegates 1757, of

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the Virginia convention to ratify the U. S. Constitution 1788; afterward practised law at Alexandria and at Richmond; was appointed by Pres. Adams an associate justice of the U. S. Supreme Court Dec. 20, 1798; inherited from his uncle the Mount Vernon estate 1799, and was the first president of the American Colonization Society. D. at Philadelphia Nov. 26, 1829. He published Reports of the Virginia Court of Appeals 1790-96 (2 vols., 1798-99) and Reports of the U. S. Circuit Court, Third Circuit, 1898-27 (4 vols., 1826-29), the latter being edited by R. Peters.

Washington (GEORGE), first President of the U. S., b. in Washington parish, Westmoreland co., Va., near the junction of Pope's Creek with the Potomac River, Feb. 22 (O. S. 11), 1732, being the son of Augustine Washington by his second wife, Mary Ball, daughter of Col. Ball of Lancaster co., Va. Of Washington's English ancestry, though much has been written, nothing is known with certainty, genealogies which were formerly thought to trace his lineal since recent researches have proved the defectiveness of the descent from the ancient family of the name at Washington Manor, Durham, or that at Sulgrave, Northampton. The first American ancestor, John Washington, came to Virginia about 1657, and became a prosperous planter in the "Northern Neck," or district between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers. He served as a colonel in expeditions against the Indians, and married Ann Pope of the family which gave name to Pope's Creek, by whom he had two sons, Lawrence and John. Lawrence married Mildred Warner of Gloucester co., and had three children, John, Augustine, and Mildred. Augustine first married Jane Butler, who bore him four children, of whom two sons, Lawrence and Augustine, reached maturity. Of six children by the second marriage, George was the eldest, the others being Betty, Samuel, John Augustine, Charles, and Mildred, of whom the youngest died in infancy. Little is known of the early years of Washington, beyond the fact that the house in which he was born was burned during his early childhood, and that his father thereupon removed to another farm, inherited from his paternal ancestors, situated in Stafford co., on the N. bank of the Rappahannock, nearly opposite Fredericksburg, where he acted as agent of the Principio Ironworks in the immediate vicinity, and died there in 1743. The well-known anecdotes of Washington's boyhood in connection with his father's teachings cannot be accepted with any confidence, as they rest exclusively upon the statements of one biographer, the eccentric Mason L. Weems. Left an orphan at the age of twelve years, he inherited the paternal residence, while his elder half-brother, Lawrence, inherited the large estate on Hunting Creek, afterward known as Mount Vernon. The early education of George was somewhat defective, being confined to the elementary branches taught him by his mother and at a neighboring school. He developed, however, a fondness for mathematics, and enjoyed in that branch the insided for some months at Mount Vernon with his brother structions of a private teacher. On leaving school he reLawrence, who acted as his guardian, and who had married a daughter of his neighbor at Belvoir on the Potomac, the wealthy William Fairfax, for some time president of the executive council of the colony. Both Fairfax and his sonin-law, Lawrence Washington, had served with distinction in 1740 as officers of an American battalion at the siege of Carthagena, and were friends and correspondents of Admiral Vernon, for whom the latter's residence on the Potomac had been named. George's inclinations were for a similar career, and a midshipman's warrant was procured for him, probably through the influence of the admiral, but, through the opposition of his mother, the project was abandoned. The family connection with the Fairfaxes, however, opened another career for the young man, who at the age of sixteen was appointed surveyor to the immense estates of the excentric Lord Fairfax, the head of the family, who was then on a visit at Belvoir, and who shortly afterward established his baronial residence at Greenway Court, in the Shenandoah Valley. Three years were passed by young Washington in a rough frontier life, gaining experience which afterward proved very essential to him. In 1751. when the Virginia militia were put under training with a view to active service against France, Washington, though only nineteen years of age, was appointed adjutant with the rank of major. In September of that year the failing health of Lawrence Washington rendered it necessary for him to seek a milder climate, and George accompanied him in a voyage to Barbadoes. They returned early in 1722, and Lawrence shortly afterward died, leaving his large property to an infant daughter. George was named in his will as one of the executors and as eventual heir to Mount Vernon, and by the death of the infant niece soon succee le-d to that estate. On the arrival of Robert Dinwiddie as Eeutenant-governor of Virginia in 1752, the militia was reo”ganized, and the province divided into four military dis

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