expectedly fell to his lot. Optimism, he said, made him complaining because he received so little; pessimism allowed him to be grateful for small favors and patient under heavy trials. His ardor in the cause of human rights made him cheerfully consent to write the grand march for the American Centennial celebration of 1876. D. Feb. 13, 1883. O. B. FROTHINGHAM.

1849 his revolutionary enthusiasm forced him to take refuge in Zurich. There he became director of the musical society and of the orchestra of the theatre; composed Lohengrin, and began the composition of the Nibelungen; in 1858 left Zurich, and resided for short periods in Italy, Paris, Vienna, Carlsruhe; attracted the attention of Ludwig, king of Bavaria; established himself in Munich, and entered on his fame. Tristan und Isolde appeared in 1865, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg in 1868, and Reingold, the prelude to the Nibelungen, in 1869. At Munich was laid the plan, so brilliantly carried out at Baireuth in the summer of 1876, where, in a theatre of his own design, with an orchestra composed of the best material Germany could furnish, and singers he had himself selected, was produced, under royal patronage and imperial countenance, with the moral support of a large and distinguished public, the threefold opera of the Nibelungen Ring, in which his musical theories first found full expression. Wagner's musical reform is not technical; it embraces the whole field of conception and expression. Disgusted with the Italian and French school of opera, while persuaded more and more that opera was the highest form of musical expression, loathing the silly libretti and disdaining the practice of making music subservient to the convenience of pet singers, he contended that the theme of opera should be poetic in the purest, deepest sense; that the poetry should be married to fitting music, vocal and instrumental; and that the whole should be associated with the convictions and sympathies of humanity. Hence he took his themes from romance, legend, and popular myths, arranged his libretti himself, and in his musical adaptations consulted the intellectual demands of his theme, neglecting and even scorning the popular arts of song and melody which delight the ears of the opera-loving public. The phrase "music of the future," which is applied to his work, was bestowed in derision, though it was warranted by the title of one of his own essays. The Flying Dutchman, Tanhäuser, and Lohengrin were written, composed, and the two first performed, before the composition of his theoretical pieces, the first characteristic example whereof, the Tristan und Isolde, did not long precede the Nibelungen. In this opera he fully expressed himself, and by it was willing to be judged. Here, he said, "I moved with entire freedom and disregard of all theoretic scruples." Wagner resented the charge that his music is destitute of melody. "The one true form of music," he said, "is melody. Music that has no melody has no inspiration, no power over the feelings, no originality. But melody is something more than the fixed and narrow form that belongs to the childish stage of musical art-the dance form." "The wanderer in the wood becomes every moment more distinctly aware of endlessly-varied voices that are audible in the forest. They grow louder and louder, and the voices, the separate tunes, he hears are so many that the whole music seems to him one grand forest melody. Yet he cannot hum it over to himself; and to hear it again he must again go to the woods." Wagner was a copious writer; his collected works, critical, expository, controversial, fill nine octavo volumes, and abound in vigorous, ingenious, original ideas. His musical compositions are numerous. Besides the operas and overtures mentioned, there are overtures, songs, marches, poems with pianoforte accompaniment, a polonaise, a sonata, a mourning symphony for the funeral of C. M. von Weber, and smaller pieces that have not been catalogued. A complete list of his works, so far as known, may be found in Art Life and Theories, by E. L. Burlingame (New York, 1875). The same volume, which is devoted entirely to Wagner, contains a good sketch of his musical system, taken from his own writings. In Germany, where his works are known, Wagner has numerous and devoted disciples, in spite of bitter opposition. Out of Germany he is comparatively unknown and unappreciated. In America he is to the general public scarcely more than a name. Lohengrin has been handsomely presented in New York; Tanhäuser has been tolerably well produced. His characteristic pieces are brought out in fragments at concerts. Still, his admirers are neither few nor uninfluential. Some of the ablest erities are on his side. The most popular leader of orchestra is his adherent. Those that are best acquainted with him give him most praise. His home was in Baireuth, where he lived in a house of his own designing. His wife is a daughter of Franz Liszt, who is a believer in the genius and the mission of his son-in-law. Wagner called himself a pessimist, but derived from that belief the privilege of enjoying the more heartily the good things that un

Wagons. See CARRIAGES, by L. P. BROCKETT, A. M. Wa'gram, village of Lower Austria, 12 miles N. E. of Vienna, and on the opposite or northern side of the Danube, famous for the victory which Napoleon gained here over the Austrians July 6, 1809.

Wag'tail, the name conferred in England on the species of passerine birds constituting the genera Motacilla and Budytes; these have the bill slender and conical, with the upper mandible slightly notched at the tip, and the culmen somewhat concave above the front of the nostrils; the wings are long and pointed, and have each nine primaries; the tail is longer than, or equal to, the wings, and the two central feathers are rather longer than the lateral; the feathers are mostly broadest at the middle, and thence taper to the tips; the tarsi are rather long, and scutellate in front only; of the toes, the inner is free almost to the base, and the outer adherent by the basal joint only; the hind claw is more or less curved. The name is given in allusion

The Gray Wagtail.

to their habit of "wagging" their tail in a fan-like manner. They are active birds, at home equally in the air and on land; they fly by short undulating courses, and frequently emit, while on the wing, chirping notes; on the ground they run by a rapid succession of steps. The species are quite numerous; according to Gray, there are 16 species of Motacilla, 14 of Budytes, 2 of Calobates, and 1 of Limonidromus. These are all naturally peculiar to the Old World and Australia, but the Motacilla alba and Budytes flava have been known to wander into North America. THEODORE GILL.

Wah. See AILURUS FULGENS.

Waha'bees, or Wahabites, the name of a modern Mohammedan sect prevailing in Central and Eastern Arabia, but hardly known outside of the peninsula. It was founded in the middle of the eighteenth century by Abdel-Wahab, who converted Saoud, the sultan of Nedjed, and from Deraijeh, the capital of Nedjed, in which Abd-elWahab lived and preached, his ideas spread so rapidly that before his death, in 1787, they predominated in the larger part of the peninsula. It was a moral reformation rather than a religious revival which Abd-el-Wahab preached, and with politics he did not interfere. The differences between the doctrines of the Wahabees and those of the orthodox Mohammedans are comparatively very small, though the Wahabees deny the inspiration of the Koran and the justness of worshipping Mohammed's tomb. A strict observance of all the precepts of the Koran, which had fallen into neglect throughout the whole Mohammedan world, and become very much mixed up with pagan practices among the Bedouins; a return to the old Arab frugality and chastity; a total abstinence from wine, opium, and tobacco; a strict administration of justice; and the renewal of the war against all other religions, were the points most characteristic of the new sect. The immediate result of these ideas was a revival of the old Mohammedan fanaticism, and Saoud used this circumstance to subdue his neighbors and extend his empire. His son, Abd-ul

Aziz, took Mecca in 1803, and his grandson, Saoud II., Medina in 1804. The Wahabite cultus was introduced in the holy cities, and pilgrimages were stopped, partly because the pilgrims belonged to the Persian or Turkish rites, and consequently were considered heretics, partly because of the gross vices and crimes which these pilgrimnges occasioned. The prevention of the pilgrimages to the holy cities caused a great commotion in the Mohammedan world, and in 1804 the sultan of Constantinople ordered Mehemet Ali to punish the Wahabees. After seven years' preparation, Mehemet Ali was ready to execute the order, and in 1811, Mecca and Medina were reconquered. In 1818, Ibrahim Pasha took and destroyed Deraijeh, and the power of the Wahabees seemed completely broken. Soon, however, other and more important affairs occupied the attention of the Egyptian rulers. The Egyptian governors were repeatedly expelled from Nedjed, the Wahabite kingdom was reorganized, and after the death of Mehemet Ali in 1849, Egypt retired altogether from the contest, and the Wahabees spread undisturbed. In 1863 they held 316 towns and villages and numbered 1,219,000. (See Corancez, Histoire des Wahabites dépuis leur Origine jusqu'à l'an 1809 (Paris, 1810); W. G. Palgrave, Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia (London, 1865); Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and the Wahabys (London, 1830).)

Wahoo'. (1) The Euonymus atropurpureus, a fine ornamental shrub of the U. S. belonging to the order Sapindacea, and often called burning bush and spindle tree. Its bark has considerable use in medicine as a diuretic, tonic,

and alterative, with cathartic powers. (2) The winged elm, Ulmus alata, a small tree of the Southern U. S. Its wood is much valued for timber. Its branches have singular corky wings.

Wahoo', city, on R. R., cap. of Saunders co., Neb. (see map of Nebraska, ref. 10-G, for location of county). P. in 1880, 1064; in 1885, 2059.

Wah'peton, R. R. centre, cap. of Richland co., Dak. (see map of Dakota, ref. 4-F, for location of county), on Red River of the North, opposite Breckenridge, Minn. P. in 1880, 400; in 1885, 1954.

Wai'blingen, a town of Würtemberg, in the circle of the Neckar, on the Rems, with about 3500 inhabitants; formerly called Wibelingen. It gave to the house of Hohenstaufen the name which became Italianized into Ghib

ellines.

Wain'wright (JONATHAN MAYHEW), D. D., D. C. L., b. at Liverpool, England, Feb. 24, 1792, of American parents, his mother being a daughter of Rev. Dr. Jonathan Mayhew of Boston; came with his parents to the U. S. 1803; graduated at Harvard 1812; was tutor there in rhetoric and oratory 1815-17; took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church 1816; became rector of Christ church, Hartford, Conn., 1816; assistant minister of Trinity church, New York, 1819; rector of Grace church, New York, 1821, of Trinity church, Boston, Mass., 1834, and again assistant minister of Trinity church, New York, 1838, having especial charge of St. John's chapel; visited Europe and the East 1848-49, and Europe again in 1852, when the University of Oxford conferred upon him the doctorate of law; was many years secretary to the House of Bishops; was chosen provisional bishop of New York in October, and consecrated Nov. 10, 1852; was a ripe scholar, a fine musician, and an admired pulpit-orator. D. in New York City Sept. 21, 1854. published a volume of chants (1819), Music of the Church (1828), The Pathways and Abiding-places of our Lord (illustrated, 1851), The Land of Bondage, a Journal of a Tour in Egypt (1852), several liturgical compilations, and, with Dr. W. A. Muhlenberg, The Choir and Family Psalter (1851), and edited the Life of Bishop Heber, by his Widow (2 vols., 1830), and the magnificently illustrated volume, Our Saviour with Prophets and Apostles (1850). A controversy between him and Rev. Dr. Potts on the possibility of "a Church without a bishop" was issued in a volume 1844. A Memorial Volume appeared in 1856, with a memoir by Bishop Doane, and another Life, by Rev. John N. Norton, in 1858.

He

Waite (CARLOS A.), b. in New York City in 1800; entered the U. S. army as lieutenant of infantry 1820; became major of 8th Infantry Feb. 16, 1847; commanded that regiment in the Valley of Mexico; was brevetted for the battles of Churubusco and Molino del Rey; became full colonel of 1st Infantry June 3, 1860; served in that rank through the war of the rebellion until Feb., 1864, when he was retired, and was brevetted brigadier-general Mar. 13, 1865. D. at Plattsburg, N. Y., May 7, 1866.

Waite (HENRY MATSON), LL.D., b. at Lyme, Conn., Feb. 9, 1787; graduated at Yale College 1809; was ad

mitted to the bar Dec., 1812; practised law at Lyme; was elected to the lower house of the legislature 1815; was a member of the State senate 1832-33, judge of the superior court and of the supreme court of errors 1834-54, and chief-justice 1854-57. D. at Lyme Dec. 14, 1869.

Waite (HENRY RANDALL), PH. D., b. at Copenhagen, N. Y., Dec. 16, 1846; graduated at Hamilton College 1868; became in that year literary editor of the Utica Daily Herald; in 1869-70 studied theology in Union Seminary, N. Y., editing at the same time the University Quarterly Review and contributing to the press; resided in Europe in 1871-74; organized American (Union Evangelical) chapels at Rome and Geneva, and was chaplain at Rome; became in 1874 editor of the New Haven Daily Evening Journal; became in 1875 associate editor of the International Review at New York, and lecturer on political science to the University of Syracuse, and was chosen president of the Political Science Association and of the National Reform League, both of which owe their existence to his efforts. Author of Carmina Collegensia (1868), Sermons from the Life of St. Paul in Rome (1873), The History and Scenery of the St. Lawrence River, and Higher Education, the latter in conjunction with Dr. Karl M. Thordin, Univ. of Upsala.

Waite (MORRISON REMICH), LL.D., son of Henry Matson, b. at Lyme, Conn., Nov. 29, 1816; graduated at Yale College 1837, in the same class with William M. Evarts father, then a judge of the supreme court of errors; setand Edwards Pierrepont; studied law at Lyme with his tled at Maumee City, O.; was elected to the Ohio legislature 1849; removed to Toledo 1850; took a prominent place at the Ohio bar; declined repeated nominations to distinguished himself as U. S. counsel at the Geneva tribuCongress and also a seat on the supreme bench of Ohio; nal of arbitration on the Alabama claims 1871; was president of the Ohio constitutional convention 1873, and became chief-justice of the Supreme Court of the U. S. Mar. 4, 1874, In 1876 he declined to serve on the electoral commission to decide the Presidential controversy.

Waits [Scottish wate; Ger. Wacht, a "watch"], a former class of watchmen in English and Scotch towns, who at certain fixed hours of the night played upon the pipe and other instruments. In London and many other places the waits were officially recognized until quite recently, if indeed they are not so at present in some places. At London there are still companies of men called waits who during the Advent season frequently serenade the citizens, and on Christmas morning call for a Christmas-box.

Wait'sen, town of Hungary, on the right bank of the Danube, is well built, and beautifully situated in a fertile district celebrated for its excellent wine. It has educational institutions and a large trade in cattle. P. 13,199.

Waitz (GEORG), b. at Flensburg, duchy of Sleswick, Oct. 9, 1813; studied law and history at the universities of Kiel and Berlin; visited numerous cities in Germany, France, and Scandinavia, investigating their archives; was appointed professor of history at Kiel in 1842, at Göttingen in 1849, and removed in 1875 to Berlin as editor of the Monumenta Germaniæ Historica. His principal works are-Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte (4 vols., 1843-61), Die Schleswig-holsteinische Geschichte (2 vols., 1851-54), Lübeck unter Jürgen Wullenweber (3 vols., 1855–56), Grundzüge der Politik (1862), besides numerous minor essays, monographs, and editions of documents relating to the history of Germany. As an historian he is a pupil of Leopold von Ranke. As a practical politician he belonged to the school of Gagern, and in 1849 he left Frankfort-on-theMain, whither he had gone as a delegate to the diet, together with his master. D. May 25, 1886.

Waitz (THEODOR), b. at Gotha, duchy of Saxe-Weimar, Mar. 17, 1821; studied philosophy and mathematics at Leipsic and Jena; travelled in 1842-43 in France and Italy; published in 1844-46 a critical edition of Aristotle's Organon in 2 vols., and was appointed professor of philosophy in 1848 at the University of Marburg, where he d. May 21, 1864. He wrote-Grundlegung der Peychologie (1846), Lehrbuch der Psychologie als Naturwissenschaft (1849), Allgemeine Pädagogik (1852); but his principal work is his Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker (5 vols., 1860-67; last volume edited by Gerland), vol. i. giving a general introduction; ii., treating of the negroes of Africa; iii.-iv., the aboriginal inhabitants of America; v., the Malayo-Polynesian nations. He also wrote Die Indianer Nordamerikas (1864).

Waiv'er [from waif]. This term, in its most comprehensive sense as a word of legal nomenclature, denotes the passing by, declining, or refusing by a person to accept of rights which may avail to him, or to take advantage of privileges which may exist in his favor, or to interpose objections which might be raised to the regularity or suffi

ciency of proceedings instituted or pending against him. As a general principle, a person may thus waive all rights and privileges which affect him individually, so that no other one would be damnified by the act. When, however, the right or privilege is of a public nature, or grows out of circumstances which are required to be strictly regular and legal from considerations of public policy, a private person is not permitted to waive such right, and thus to derange or defeat a policy which affects large classes or perhaps the entire people of a State. A waiver may either be intentional and done in a direct and formal manner, or it may be unintentional and the consequence of negligence or a disregard of established methods. In the first case the intention to surrender a right must be clearly and unequiv ocally expressed; and in order both to remove all doubt and to furnish the highest evidence of the party's design, the law sometimes requires the act to be in writing. The second case furnishes the greatest variety of practical questions. In all judicial proceedings, criminal or civil, the law prescribes a greater or less number of steps to be taken in a certain manner, by certain forms, and at certain times; and if this established order is not accurately complied with, the adverse party may object to the irregularity; but if he, in turn, does not interpose his objection at the proper time or by the proper mode, he is considered as having waived it, and cannot be heard to urge it afterward, unless, indeed, the original fault was vital to the whole proceedings, and so tainted them with imperfection that a proper notice of it given at an earlier stage would not have enabled the opposite party to make a sufficient correction without actually commencing anew. The particular instances of this waiver through laches are almost as numerous as the possible irregularities which may happen and the possible objections which may be taken to them. Another common species of waiver is intentional, and is shown in the choice of legal remedies. On the occurrence of certain delicts or wrongs a double remedial right is given to the injured party for his election. For example, when the wrongdoer has taken and carried away or converted the goods of another, the owner may either treat the act as a tort, and may sue for the damages resulting therefrom, or he may waive the tort and the right of action springing from the tortious act, which often includes the power to have the defendant arrested, and may simply regard the transaction as a sale of the goods and bring an action on the contract for their price. Also, when a buyer has procured a sale to himself on credit by means of false and fraudulent representations, so that the vendor might rescind the contract and either retake the goods or recover damages for their wrongful conversion, he may waive the fraud and all of its remedial consequences, and sue directly for the price. In these and all similar cases the intention to waive is shown by the kind of action which the plaintiff commences. Another example is the waiver of the forfeiture arising from the breach of a condition in a lease or other conveyance. Such forfeitures are deemed harsh and inequitable, and the law requires great strictness and regularity in their enforcement. If, therefore, the lessor or other person claiming by virtue of the forfeiture does any act subsequent to the breach of the condition which recognizes the estate and the rights conferred by it as still continuing to exist, he thereby, as a general rule, waives the forfeiture, although that result may not have been intended by him. JOHN NORTON POMEROY. Wake, in old English usage, is the equivalent of VIGIL (which see), and in most instances where the term occurs in old books it is to be understood in this sense. English parishes the term and custom still survive in the In many "country wakes," ancient festivities which are kept on the eves of certain saints' days. up. The lyke-wake, in which the neighbors of a deceased person hold a watch over the dead body, is a custom of entirely different character. It is found among the lower classes in several countries, notably among the Irish.

Wake (WILLIAM), D. D., b. at Blandford, Dorsetshire, England, in 1657; graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, 1676: took orders in the Church of England; became chaplain to the English embassy in France; had a theological controversy with Bossuet, arising from what he claimed to be a misrepresentation of the doctrine of the Church of England, 1686-88; became preacher to Gray's Inn, canon of Christ Church 1689, chaplain to King William, rector of St. James, Westminster, 1693, dean of Exeter 1701, bishop of Lincoln 1705, archbishop of Canterbury 1716, and discussed with Dupin a project for the union of the English and Gallican churches 1718. D. Jan. 24, 1737. Author of several controversial publications against Bishop Atterbury, three volumes of Sermons, and a translation of the Apostolical Fathers (1693).

Wa Keeney, city, cap. of Trego co., Kan. (see map of

359

Kansas, ref. 5-D, for location of county), on Kansas division of Union Pacific R. R., 254 miles W. of Topeka. P. in 1880, 418; in 1885, 423.

Wake'field, town of England, county of York, on the Calder, is well built, and has many educational and benevolent institutions. Its manufactures of cloth and yarn have declined, but its trade in corn, cattle, and coal is very considerable. P. 30,570.

Wakefield, R. R. centre, Middlesex co., Mass. (see map of Massachusetts, ref. 2-H, for location of county), on Boston and Maine R. R., 10 miles N. of Boston, contains a public library of about 4500 volumes, a town-hall, and manufactories of rattan, stoves, and boots and shoes. P. of tp. in 1870, 4135; in 1880, 5547; in 1885, 6060.

Wakefield (EDWARD GIBBON), b. in England about 1796; educated to the business of a land-surveyor; was brought into public notice in 1826 from having eloped to Gretna Green and there married a young heiress of fifteen; was tried and convicted of forcible abduction, the marriage being declared null by special act of Parliament, and imprisoned three years in Newgate; turned his experience to advantage by writing a book upon prison management; subsequently made minute inquiries upon the system of colonization by convicts in Australia, writing a volume of Letters from Sydney so full of local knowledge as to be generally accepted as a genuine book of travel; published Tracts relating to the Punishment of Death in the Metropolis (1831), and a careful work on England and America, a Nations (2 vols., 1833), and A View of the Art of ColonizaComparison of the Social and Political State of the Two tion (1833), in which he promulgated the "new colonization system," on which he gave evidence before a committee of the House of Commons; was a director of an association formed upon his system for the colonization of New Zealand and of South Australia; attacked the system of penal transportation, to which he gave the first effective blows, aided by Robert S. Rentoul and Sir William Molesworth; accompanied the earl of Durham to Canada as his private secretary, and rendered valuable service in the introduction of the new form of government; resided for some years in the S. of France, but subsequently removed to New Zealand, a colony which owed its existence largely to his efforts, and where his brother, Col. William, and his son, Edward Jerningham, had been (1839) pioneer settlers. D. at Wellington, New Zealand, May 16, 1862. The distinctive principle of the "Wakefield system" much resembles that of the American homestead and pre-emption legislation, consisting in selling the lands in small lots and at low prices to actual settlers, and employing the proceeds as a fund for the transportation of fresh emigrants. PORTER C. BLISS.

Wakefield (GILBERT), b. at Nottingham, England, Feb. 22, 1756; graduated at and became fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, 1776; took orders; appointed curate of Stockport, Cheshire, and of St. Peter's, Liverpool, 1778; classical tutor in the dissenting academy at Warrington 177983; formally abandoned the Church of England 1786, becoming a "Socinian" or Unitarian, though without any church connection; was classical tutor at Hackney Academy 1790-91; published Silra Critica (5 parts, 8vo, Camb. and Lond., 1789-95) and a Translation of the New Testament (3 vols., 1791); attacked the practice of public worship in a pamphlet entitled An Enquiry into the Expediency and Propriety of Social Worship (1791); wrote his own Memoirs several of the classics, especially Lucretius (3 vols., 1796(1792), a volume of Evidences of Christianity (1793); edited 97); engaged in controversy with Porson and others on sponded at length with Charles James Fox; was imprisoned points of classical learning, on which subjects he correin Dorchester jail 1799-1801 for a "seditious libel " he had published in reply to Bishop Watson's Address to the People of Great Britain. His political friends presented him with £5000 as a token of their sympathy and esteem. at Hackney Sept. 7, 1801.

D.

Wakefield (PRISCILLA Trewman), b. at Tottenham, near London, England, in 1751, of Quaker parents, was a descendant of Robert Barclay, the celebrated Quaker apologist; married Edward Wakefield 1771; wrote numerous works for the young, and established at Tottenham in 1798 the "Frugality Bank," which in 1804 was reorganized as the first savings bank in Great Britain. D. at Ipswich Sept. 12, 1832.

1480; educated at the University of Cambridge and on the Wakefield (ROBERT), b. in the N. of England about taught Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Syriac in France and Continent; became "the greatest linguist of his time;" Germany; was for some years professor of Hebrew at the University of Louvain; returned to England 1519, and became chaplain to Dr. Richard Pace; rendered assistance to Henry VIII. in the matter of his divorce from Queen Catharine of Aragon; became lecturer in Greek at Cambridge 1524,

professor of Hebrew at Oxford 1530; was a canon of Wolsey's new college 1532, and saved many Hebrew and Greek MSS. from destruction at the dissolution of the lesser monasteries 1536. D. in London Oct. 8, 1537. His Oratio de Laudibus et Utilitate trium Linguarum Arabicx, Chaldaica, et Hebraica, etc. (London, 1524), printed by Wynkin de Worde, was the first book issued in London in which Hebrew and Arabic characters were employed, they having been specially cut in wood. Among his other works were a Latin paraphrase of Koheleth (Ecclesiastes) and a Syntagma de Hebræorum Codicum Incorruptione, the latter (s. 1. et a. 4to, being an extremely rare specimen from the press of De Worde.

Wakeley (JOSEPH B.). See APPENDIX.

Wake'man, Huron co., O. (see map of Ohio, ref. 2-F, for location of county), beautifully situated on the banks of Vermilion River, and on Lake Shore and Michigan Southern R. R., 12 miles S. of Lake Erie, 45 miles W. of Cleveland, and 68 miles E. of Toledo. The business of the village is in farm produce and the manufacture of oil barrels, pumps, flour, etc. P. in 1880, 582.

Wak'ley (THOMAS), M. D., b. at Manbury, Devonshire, England, in 1795; studied medicine and surgery in London, attending the lectures of Sir Astley Cooper 1815; practised some years as a surgeon in London; retired from active practice in 1823, when he founded the Lancet, a weekly medical journal, which he edited nearly forty years, and which was instrumental in promoting many reforms in surgery and medicine. Dr. Wakley was coroner for Middlesex 1839-62, and sat in Parliament 1835-52. D. in the island of Madeira May 2, 1862.

Wakuafi, a tribe of East African nomads, inhabiting a territory near the coast and traversed by the equator. They are heathens, but practise circumcision, and by their language seem to be of Arabian stock. Their manner of life is much like that of the Tartars. They are a warlike people, but are low in the scale of civilization.

Wal'bridge (HIRAM), b. at Ithaca, N. Y., Feb. 22, 1821; graduated at Ohio University 1841; studied law at Toledo, O.; was admitted to the bar 1843; became brigadier-general of Ohio militia 1844; settled in New York City as a merchant 1847; was a Democratic member of Congress 1853-55; was a fluent speaker, an effective promoter of internal improvements, and an earnest supporter of the war for the Union, advocating early in 1861 the calling out of 600,000 volunteers; declined a seat in Mr. Lincoln's cabinet; was vice-president of the national commercial convention at Chicago, and president of similar bodies convened at Detroit and Louisville, and in 1869 was a national commissioner to examine and report on the Pacific R. R. D. in New York City Dec. 6, 1870.

Walch (CHRISTIAN WILHELM FRANZ), b. at Jena Dec. 25, 1726; studied theology and philosophy at the university of his native city, where his father was a professor of theology; travelled through Germany, Holland, France, Switzerland, and Italy, and was appointed professor of philosophy in 1750 at Jena, and in 1753 at Göttingen, where he subsequently became professor of theology, developed a great activity as a teacher, and d. in 1784. his works, which mostly relate to ecclesiastical history, the most remarkable are-Historia Adoptianorum (1755), Historia Patropaschitarum (1760), and Entwurf einer vollständigen Historie der Ketzereien (11 vols., 1762 seq.).

Of

Walch (JOHANN GEORG), b. at Meiningen in 1693; studied at Jena, and was appointed professor there, first in eloquence in 1719, then in theology in 1724. D. in 1775. The most remarkable of his writings are-Philosophisches Lexicon (2 vols., 1726), Bibliotheca Theologia Selecta (4 vols., 1757-65), and Theologia Patristica (1770; revised ed. 1834). He had three sons-JOHANN E. I. (1725-78), professor and writer on theology and mineralogy; CHRISTIAN W. F. (which see); and KARL F. (1734–99), pro

fessor and writer on law.

Wal'cheren, island of the Netherlands, forming part of the province of Zealand, between the East and West Scheldt and the North Sea. It is 11 miles long and 10 miles broad, and has 45,000 inhabitants. It is low, and is protected against inundation partly by natural downs, partly by immense dykes, the rupture of which has on more than one occasion been most disastrous, but it is very fertile, and contains fine tracts both of meadow and arable land. The northern part of the island is well wooded. Walcheren is somewhat famous in military history for the disastrous expedition of the English under Lord Chatham and Admiral Strachan in 1809

Wal'ckenaer (CHARLES ATHANASE), BARON, b. in Paris Dec. 25, 1771; was drafted into the army in 1793, and held some administrative position; attempted literature, both the philosophical essay and the romance; entered the civil

service during the Restoration, and was appointed prefect of the department of Nièvre in 1824 and of that of Aisne in 1826; retired from public life in 1830, and devoted himself exclusively to science; was chosen perpetual secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions in 1840. D. at Paris Apr. 27, 1852. His most remarkable works are-Faune parisienne des Insectes (1805), Tableau des Aranéides (1805), Histoire naturelle des Insectes aptères (1837), Le Monde maritime (1819), Géographie historique et comparée des Gaules (1839), Mémoires touchant la Vie et les Ecrits de Mme. de Sévigné (5 vols., 1842); he also published Nouvelle Collection de Voyages (21 vols., 1826–31).

Walcott (CHARLES DOOLITTLE), b. Mar. 31, 1850, at New York Mills, Oneida co., N. Y., educated in public schools at Utica, N. Y.; began geologic work 1870 in Central New York; assistant to Prof. James Hall 1876-78; appointed assistant geologist on U. S. Geological Survey July 1, 1879, and engaged in work in Southern Utah; 1880-82 assisted in the geologic survey of Eureka District, Nev.; 1882-83 studied the geology of the Grand Cañon of the Colorado, Arizona; 1883-84 studied the Cambrian geology of New York and Eastern Vermont; 1884 studied the coal-deposits of Deer-Creek coal-field, Arizona, and the Paleozoic area in Central Texas; appointed palæontologist in charge of the Paleozoic invertebrate paleontology of the U. S. geological survey and the U. S. National Museum, July 1, 1883.

Mr. Walcott has risen rapidly to the foremost rank among the younger geologists of this date (1885), being particularly distinguished for indefatigable patience and acuteness in investigation, great powers of endurance in field-work, and unusual independence of thought. Printions; Fossils of the Utica Slate (Trans. Albany Inst., cipal publications: The Utica Slate and Related FormaJune, 1879; Svo, 42 pp.; 2 plates); The Trilobite: New Mus. Comp. Zool. at Harvard College, vol. viii., No. 10, and Old Evidence Relating to its Organization (Bull. 1881; Svo, 45 pp.; 6 plates); Paleontology of the Eureka District, Nerada (Mong. viii. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1884: 4to, 298 pp., 24 plates); On the Cambrian Faunas of North America; Preliminary Studies: Review of the Fauna of the St. John Formation (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1884; 8vo, 72 pp.; 10 plates). W. B. DWIGHT.

Walcott (MACKENZIE EDWARD CHARLES), F. S. A., b. in England in 1822; educated at Winchester School; graduated at Exeter College, Oxford, 1844; took orders in the Church of England; was for some years curate of St. Margaret's, and subsequently of St. James's, Westminster; became precentor and prebendary of Chichester cathedral 1863; was minister of Berkeley chapel, Westminster, 186669; was a member of many learned societies, a distinguished authority upon archæology and architecture, and a contributor to numerous magazines and other periodicals. Author of The History of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster (1847), Memorials of Westminster (1849), William of Wykeham and his Colleges (1852), The Cathedrals of the United Kingdom (1859), The Minsters and Abbey Ruins of the United Kingdom (1859), The South Coast of England (1859), The East Coast of England (1861), Guide to the Lakes, Mountains, and North-west Coast of England (1860), Cathedral Cities of England and Wales (London, 6 vols., 1866), Memorials of Canterbury (1868), similar Memorials of Stamford, Carlisle, Exeter, Chichester, Worcester, and other cities (1865), Sacred Archæology, a Popular Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Arts and Institutions (1868), and numerous other works, including sermons and poems. D. Dec. 22, 1880.

Wald, town of Rhenish Prussia, manufactures articles of brass, copper, iron, and steel, P. 8729.

Germany, consists of two parts-Waldeck, situated beWal'deck-Pyr'mont, principality of North-western situated between Hanover and Brunswick. Both districts tween Rhenish Prussia and Hesse-Cassel, and Pyrmont, are hilly, but fertile and well cultivated, rich in salt, iron, marble, and sandstone, and covered with fine forests. Agriculture and breeding of cattle are the principal occupations, and timber and mineral waters from the celebrated springs of Pyrmont form the two chief items of export. Area, 466 sq. m. P. 56,522. Residency, Arolsen, with about 2500 inhabitants. The reigning prince is only a kind of tenant; the sovereignty of the country belongs to the king of Prussia.

Wal'den, Orange co., N. Y. (see map of New York, ref. 7-J, for location of county), on Walkill Valley R. R., 73 miles N. of New York City, has foundry and machineshops, cutlery-works, a woollen-mill, soap-works, etc. P. in 1870, 1234; in 1880, 1804.

Wal'den, or Waldensis (THOMAS), whose family name was NETTER, b. at Saffron-Walden, Essex, England, about

1380; educated at Oxford; entered the Carmelite order in London, and was ordained sub-deacon 1395; was sent by Henry V. as his representative at the Council of Pisa 1409; became provincial of the English Carmelites 1414; attended in that capacity the Council of Constance 1415; went to Lithuania 1419; founded there several houses of his order, and negotiated a peace between the king of Poland and the Teutonic Knights; was confessor to Henry V., whom he attended on his deathbed 1422; took a prominent part in the persecution of the Lollards; accompanied Henry VI. to France, and d. at Rouen Nov. 2, 1430. Author of treatises, Doctrinale antiquum Fidei Ecclesiæ Catholicæ and De Sacramentis, and supposed to have been the writer of the series of tracts entitled Fasciculi Zizaniorum Johannis Wyclif("Bundles of Wycliffe's Tares "), first edited by Dr. W. W. Shirley in the "Rolls Series" (1858).

Walden'ses, called also Vallenses or Valdenses [from vallis, " valley "], and Vaudois ["men of the valleys"], a Protestant sect and community in Italy, numbering in 1839 about 20,000, now numbering about 25,000, most of whom are in Piedmont, on the eastern slope of the Cottian Alps, from 25 to 40 or more miles S. W. of Turin, occupying a romantic district of about 22 by 18 miles. From 1686 to 1829 there were thirteen parishes-there are now sixteen-in the three valleys of Lucerna, Perosa, and San Martino. In 1814 the territory was reannexed to Sardinia. The original language of the people was a dialect of the old Provençal, which gave way largely to the French in consequence of the introduction, after the plague of 1630, of fifteen pastors from Geneva. But Italian is also spoken, and is now steadily gaining ground. Of four journals published in 1873, three were in Italian and one in French. The people are remarkably intelligent, industrious, honest, and hospitable. For 600 years they have claimed descent from a race which peopled the same valleys and professed the same faith in the first centuries of the Christian era. This claim, once generally allowed by Protestant historians, and still maintained by some, is no longer tenable. Vigilantius of the fourth century, and Claudius of Turin of the ninth, were not Waldenses. The name is probably derived from that of a wealthy merchant of Lyons in France, who is called Waldo, Waldus, Waldius, and even Waldensis. The earliest authority for Peter Waldo or Petrus Waldus is a manuscript of 1404 A. D.; the date of his birth is not known. The sudden death of one of his friends, an eminent citizen of Lyons, turned his attention to spiritual things. Two ecclesiastics were employed to prepare for him vernacular translations of the Gospels, with other portions of Scripture, and some passages of the Fathers topically arranged. About 1170-some say in 1173-be distributed his property to the poor, and, with several associates of both sexes who had joined him, began to preach in the streets of Lyons and of other places in the neighborhood. His aim was to revive the fervent, simple, self-denying piety of the early Church. He emphasized the right and duty of every Christian to study the Scriptures for himself, and held that laymen, if only truly regenerate, might properly preach and administer the sacraments. His followers styled themselves Humiliati (“the Poor"). Others called them Leonista (from Leona = Lyons) or Sabotati (from sabot, "wooden shoe"). The name Waldenses first occurs in 1194 in an edict of Ildephonsus, king of Aragon. Waldo was excommunicated by the archbishop of Lyons, but appealed to the pope (Alexander III.), and the third Lateran Council, then (1179) in session, failed to brand him as a heretic. Afterward, at Ve

rona, under Lucius III., in 1184, he was condemned and driven into exile. He died in 1197, possibly in Bohemia, but probably in Northern Italy. His followers multiplied rapidly in several countries, but especially in Southern France, Northern Spain, and Northern Italy, whence, from the latter part of the thirteenth century, they gradually came together in the valleys of Piedmont and Savoy, and have remained there ever since, in spite of thirty-three bloody persecutions, some of which are among the bloodiest in history. One of these massacres (in 1655) called forth Milton's immortal sonnet beginning

"Avenge, O Lord! thy slaughtered saints, whose bones Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold." Setting aside their claim to a high antiquity, recent writers recognize three periods in the history of the Waldenses: (1) When they differed but very little from the Roman Catholics except in regard to purity of life and the use of Seripture; (2) when they denounced Rome as Babylon and the pope as Antichrist; (3) since their reformation in doctrine, which began in the time of Huss of Bohemia (d. | 1415), and was completed in the time of Luther and Calvín. As late, apparently, as 1520 or 1524 their form of government was still episcopal. They are now Presbyterians, each congregation having a pastor, elders, and dea

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The churches are all under a consistory called "The Table." Their present standard of doctrine is a confession (of 33 articles) dating from 1655, and probably composed by Jean Leger, then their moderator, afterward (1669) their historian. This confession is Calvinistic-indeed, is borrowed largely from the Gallic Confession of 1559, which, if not composed by Calvin himself, had both his inspiration and his approval. Their more ancient summary of doctrine, The Noble Lesson, which was formerly supposed to have come down from the twelfth century, is now assigned to the fifteenth. Great injustice is done them by those Roman Catholic writers who confound them with the Albigenses and Cathari. They were never tainted with the Manichæan heresy. Between them, however, and the Bohemian Brethren the connection was very close, although it is impossible to determine exactly the indebtedness of each to the other. A new era in their history dates from

the visit of Dr. Gilly, canon of Durham, in 1823, whose Narrative of an Excursion to the Mountains of Piedmont (1824) recalled the attention of the Protestant world to this interesting people. Moved by this book, which he chanced to see in the library of the duke of Wellington, Col. Beckwith, who had lost a leg under Wellington at Waterloo, went among the Waldenses in 1827, and remained there, laboring earnestly for their improvement, with only occasional interruptions, till he died in 1862. A Memoir of Col. Beckwith, by J. P. Meille, Waldensian pastor at Turin, was published in 1873. Since 1848, when for the first time in all their heroic history full liberty of worship was granted them, the Waldenses have greatly flourished. In Turin they number 1500, have removed their theological seminary to Florence, are sending forth missionaries, and have established congregations in all parts of the Italian peninsula. They have hospitals and colleges (at La Tour and Pomaret) and excellent schools.

The literature of the subject is copious. Perrin, Histoire des Vaudois (1619); Morland, History of the Evangelical Churches of the Valleys of Piedmont (1658); Leger, Histoire générale des Églises évangéliques des Vallées de Piemont ou Vaudoises (1669); and Allix, Some Remarks upon the Ecclesiastical History of the Ancient Churches of Piedmont (1690; new ed. 1821); Maitland, Tracts and Documents illustrative of the Doctrines and Rites of the Ancient Albigenses and Waldenses (1862); Munston, Histoire des Vandois (1834) and L'Israël des Alpes (1851, 4 vols.); Monastier, Histoire de l'Église vaudoise (1847, 2 vols.); Hahn, Geschichte der Waldenser (1847); Dieckhoff, Die Waldenser im Mittelalter (1851); Herzog, Die romanischen Waldenser (1853); Todd, Books of the Vaudois (1865); Palacky, Verhültniss der Waldenser zu den böhmischen Secten (1869); Schaff, Creeds of Christendom (1877, 3 vols.): Preger, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Waldenser (1875); Nielsen, Die Waldenser in Italien (1880). R. D. HITCHCOCK.

Waldo (DANIEL), b. at Windham, Conn., Sept. 10, 1762; was a soldier in the Revolution; taken prisoner at Horseneck and confined in the Sugar-house prison, New York; graduated at Yale College 1788; was a Congregational pastor at West Suffolk, Conn., 1792-1809; was afterward settled at Cambridgeport and Harvard, Mass., and at Exeter, R. I.; was a home missionary in Pennsylvania, New York, and Rhode Island; resided in New York; became chaplain to the House of Representatives 1855. D. at Syracuse, N. Y., July 30, 1864, at the age of 102 years.

Waldo (LEONARD), b. in Cincinnati, O., May 4, 1853, graduated at Woodward High School, in that city, 1871, student at Cincinnati Observatory under Prof. Cleveland Abbe 1869-71; graduated S. B. at Marietta College 1872;

appointed division engineer Pittsburg and Marietta R. R. 1872; resigned and entered School of Mines, Columbia College, N. Y., same year; appointed assistant in observatory of that institution 1873; student in U. S. Naval Observa

tory under Prof. Yarnall 1873; in 1874 was appointed assistant astronomer U. S. transit of Venus expedition to Hobart Town; accompanied that expedition 1873-74; appointed assistant in observatory of Harvard College 1875, and had charge of the large equatorial, and later of the time service, of that institution; organized and accompanied an expedition to Northern Texas to observe the total solar eclipse 1878; received the degree of Doctor of Science from Harvard University 1879, studying under Benjamin Peirce and John Trowbridge; recommended 1879 the establishment at Yale College of the horological bureau for the encouragement of horology in the U. S., and in 1880 the thermometric bureau for the examination of thermometers, barometers, etc. after the Kew methods; appointed by corporation of Yale College to organize and conduct these bureaus; drew the plans for the present observatory of Yale College; urged the obtaining of the heliometer; went to Hamburg to inspect it on completion; devised the plans by which were obtained the funds for