tion in Dec., 1763, that these lands belonged to New York under grants from Charles II. to the duke of York. Gov. Wentworth issued a counter-proclamation in Mar., 1764, maintaining his own jurisdiction. The matter went to England on an appeal to the king; it was adjudged in favor of New York, but the settlers, who were largely from Connecticut, had paid Gov. Wentworth for the titles to their lands, and they had no intention of paying the New York government for them a second time. They therefore resisted all attempts at ejection and dispossession. Meantime the Revolutionary war came on, and the settlers in the "New Hampshire grants" took an active part in the struggle for liberty. In 1776 they applied to the Continental Congress for admission into the Confederacy, but New York opposed, and they withdrew. In 1777 they formed a constitution and proclaimed themselves independent under the name of "New Connecticut," alias Vermont." In 1781, Congress offered to admit them with smaller boundaries, giving a considerable tract to New York, but they refused and remained independent. Finally the State of Vermont was admitted into the Union in Mar., 1791. Vermont took an active part in both the Revolutionary war and the war of 1812. In the Canadian troubles in 1837 and the Fenian raids since, the expeditions, though not of Vermont, started from her soil, and more than once during the civil war rebel bands descended on her N. towns from Canada. During the period from 1790 to 1840 her growth was rapid.

REVISED BY A. R. SPOFFord. Vermont, University of. See BURLINGTON, Vt. Vermuy'den (Sir CORNELIUS), b. in Zeeland, Holland, about 1590; was employed as an engineer in his native country in raising embankments against the sea; was invited to England 1621 to repair a breach in the embankment of the Thames at Dagenham; was engaged by James I. to drain Windsor Park; contracted with Charles I. to reclaim Hatfield Chase, an arduous task, which he successfully executed within three years, notwithstanding great opposition, employing a great number of Dutch, Flemish, and French laborers; was knighted Jan., 1629; contracted with the earl of Bedford and other great land-owners for draining the vast fens known as the "Bedford Level" 1630; was harassed by the opposition of the Fen-men, who did not like losing their commons, fish, and wild-fowl; failed in his first attempt, and also in the second, commenced in 1634, Oliver Cromwell, then a country squire, taking the lead in the local agitations against the project, which was interrupted for many years by the great rebellion; published A Discourse touching the Drayning of the great Fennes lying within the severall Counties of Lincolne, Northampton, etc. (London, 1642); served as a colonel in the Parliamentary forces; was a third time entrusted with the great drainage works 1649, and completed them 1653, when a solemn service in honor of the event was celebrated in Ely cathedral, Hugh Peters, the chaplain of Cromwell, preaching the sermon. Vermuyden was allotted considerable tracts of the reclaimed lands as his compensation, but his contract proved onerous, and he was obliged to sell his lands to pay his workmen. He applied to Parliament for redress in 1656, but seems not to have obtained any, and is Bupposed to have gone abroad and d. in obscurity, as no further data of his life are known. (See Donaldson's Agricultural Biography, 1854.)

PORTER C. BLISS.

Vernal Grass. See ANTHOXANTHUM. Verne (JULES), b. at Nantes, department of Seine-Inférieure, France, Feb. 8, 1828; studied law in Paris, and made his début in literature in 1850 with a comedy in verse, Les Pailles rompues, which was performed at the Gymnase Theatre in Paris; wrote subsequently several other plays, and struck in 1863, with his Cinq Semaines en Ballon, a vein of literary production which he has since pursued

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with great success. His most popular work is the Tour du Monde en 80 Jours (" Around the World in Eighty Days "), which was dramatized in 1874, and brought on the stage at the Porte Saint-Martin Theatre in Paris. He also wrote A Journey to the Centre of the Earth, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, From the Earth to the Moon, Dropped from the Clouds, The Mysterious Island, an illustrated geography of France, with Théophile Lavallée (1867–68), Michael Strogoff, the Courier of the Czar, Le Rayon vert (1882), etc.

VERNET, b. in Paris June 30, 1789, descended from a Vernet' (JEAN ÉMILE HORACE), generally called HORACE Vernet (Claude Joseph), (b. at Avignon Aug. 14, 1714; d. celebrated family of painters. His grandfather, Joseph in Paris in Dec., 1789), was considered the greatest marinepainter of the age, and fifteen large pictures by him, representing French seaports and painted after the order of Louis XVI., are found in the gallery of the Louvre. His deaux Aug. 14, 1758; d. in Paris Nov. 28, 1836), was a father, Carle Vernet (Antoine Charles Horace), (b. in Borpainter of battle-pieces, and his The Battle of Marengo, The Morning of Austerlitz, The Emperor giving Orders to his Rivoli, and The Battle of Wagram, became immensely Marshals, The Bombardment of Madrid, The Battle of popular. It was intended that Horace should go to Rome to study painting, but, too much occupied by all kinds of outdoor sport and the practical study of nature, he failed to obtain the prize and travelling stipend of the Academy; he became a conscript; served in the army as a soldier; married, and began to paint battle-pictures entirely according to his own ideas. In 1810 he exhibited The Capture of a Redoubt; in 1811, The Dog of the Regiment and The Halt of French Soldiers; in 1812, The Taking of an Intrenched Camp, for which the Academy gave him a medal. The impression which these pictures produced was most extraordinary. Instead of the conventional manner in which the members of the school of David used to imagine a battle, Vernet painted war-scenes and soldiers exactly as he had seen them himself; and instead of the cold elegance which with the old classicists keeps the whole in a solemn attitude, this young romanticist inspired everything with a stirring, fiery passion which never fails to communicate itself in some magic way to the spectator. The result was almost immediately a boundless enthusiasm. The Bourbons gave the young painter large orders, and he filled them. But he continued all the while to paint the hero of the nation, and through engravings and the newly-invented art of lithography these enthusiastic representations of the grand army and its exploits, The Death of Poniatowski, The Bridge of Arcola, The Soldier of Waterloo, etc., passed into the hands of the humblest Frenchmen, and produced their effect. In 1822 his pictures were refused admittance to the exhibition of the Academy on account of their Bonapartistic tendency, but Vernet opened a private exhibition, and multitudes which under ordinary circumstances never dreamt of looking at a picture crowded his salon, and went away electrified. Charles X. became actually afraid of the painter, and sent him in 1827 to Rome as director of the French school there. In 1831 he returned to Paris, but his relation to Louis Philippe was, or soon became, very friendly. With great adroitness the king succeeded in alluring the artist's imagination to another subject-not relating to the emperor of the French, but to the king of France-namely, the conquest of Algeria. Vernet resided in Algeria from 1833-35, and visited it again in 1837, 1845, 1853, and oftener. He continued to paint Napoleon -the battles of Jena, Friedland, Wagram, etc.-but from 1836 to his death he chiefly treated subjects of the Algerian campaigns-The Capture of the Smala, The Battle of Isly, The Siege of Constantineh, etc.-whereby he afterward became almost as troublesome to Napoleon III. as he formerly had been to the Bourbons. Besides battle-pieces, he painted a number of excellent pictures, half genre and half history, such as Rebecca at the Well, The School of Raphael, The Lion-Hunt, etc.; several portraits, among which were those of Napoleon I., of Louis Philippe, of Napoleon III., etc.; and gave a great number of illustrations. D. in Paris Jan. 17, 1863. (See Durande, Joseph, Carle et Horace Vernet, Paris, 1845.) CLEMENS PETERSEN.

trivance for measuring a fractional part of one of the equal Ver'nier [named from the inventor, P. Vernier], a condivisions of a graduated scale or arc. It consists of an auxiliary graduated scale, the divisions of which differ from those of the primary scale. The vernier scale is formed by taking a space equal to an exact number of parts of the primary scale, and dividing it into a number of equal parts, either greater by 1 or less by 1 than the number that it covers on the primary scale. The former is the method of division usually adopted, and for that reason we shall explain the vernier as thus divided:

Let A K be a scale of equal parts, and let each part represent 1 foot; let CD be a parallel scale, such that it is exactly equal to 9 parts of the primary scale; suppose C D to be divided into 10 equal parts; then will each part represent .9 of 1 foot. By means of these scales we can measure distances to within .1 of 1 foot. Suppose the 0 of the vernier in the first instance to coincide with the division 17 of the primary scale; then is the distance from the 0 of the scale to the 0 of the vernier exactly 17 feet. If we suppose the vernier to slide along the primary scale till the division 1 coincides with 18, the distance from the 0 of the scale to the 0 of the vernier will obviously be equal to 17.1; if it slides along till the division 2 coincides with 19, the distance between the 0 of the scale and the 0 of the vernier is 17.2; and so on. In the present position of the vernier the reading is 17.3. This is obvious, for the distance from the 0 to the divisions which coincide is 20, and the distance from the 0 of the vernier to the same division is three times .9, or 2.7; hence, the difference is 17.3.

The difference between one space on the limb and one space on the vernier is called the least count; this is always equal to one space on the limb divided by the number of spaces on the vernier. To read an instrument by means of a vernier, we have the following rule: Read the principal scale up to the last division preceding the 0 of the vernier, and call the result the reading on the limb; then look along the vernier for the division that coincides most nearly with a space on the limb, and multiply the number of that division by the least count; this result is called the reading on the vernier; then will the sum of the two readings be the true reading of the instrument. W. G. PECK.

Vernon', town of France, department of Eure, on the Seine, has some cotton manufactures and trade in wine and grain. P. 7881.

Vernon, cap. of Lamar co., Ala. (see map of Alabama, ref. 3-B, for location of county), has a high school and manufactures of sorghum. P. in 1880, 208.

Vernon, cap. of Washington co., Fla. (see inap of Florida, ref. 1-B, for location of county), on Holmes Creek, 100 miles W. by N. of Tallahassee. P. of precinct in 1880, 1330.

Vernon, cap. of Jennings co., Ind. (see map of Indiana, ref. 9-F, for location of county), on Vernon River and the Madison division of Jeffersonville Madison and Indianapolis R. R., has an academy, manufactures of carriages and other articles, a trade in lime, etc. P. in 1870, 673; in 1880, 616.

Vernon, cap. of Jackson parish, La. (see map of Louisiana, ref. 7-C, for location of parish), about 32 miles W. S. W. of Monroe. P. in 1880, 83.

Vernon, Shiawassee co., Mich. (see map of Mich., ref. 7-J, for location of county), on Detroit Grand Haven and Milwaukee R. R., 70 miles N. W. of Detroit, has manufactures of carriages, staves, etc. P. in 1880, 554; in 1884, 543.

Vernon (EDWARD), b. at Westminster, England, Nov. 12, 1684, son of James Vernon, secretary of state to William III. educated at Westminster School and at the University of Oxford; received a commission in the navy 1702; was engaged in the destruction of the French and Spanish fleets off Vigo Oct. 12, 1702, in the capture of Gibraltar July 23, and in the sea-fight off Malaga Aug. 13, 1704; became rear-admiral 1708; was in active service until 1727, when he was elected to Parliament, in which body he sat with little intermission to the end of his life, distinguishing himself in the ranks of the opposition: declared in Parliament 1739 that Puerto Bello, on the Spanish Main, could be taken with six ships; was taken at his word by the ministry, and given the command of six men-of-war, with the rank of vice-admiral of the blue; took Puerto Bello Nov. 22, 1739, after an assault of one day, with a loss of only seven men-a success which procured him unbounded popularity, as evinced by hundreds of medals and signs of public houses: sailed from Jamaica in Jan., 1741, with 29 ships of the line, 80 smaller vessels, 12,000 troops, including several American regiments, and 15,000 sailors; appeared before Cartagena Mar. 4; was repulsed with great loss, which was augmented by a fearful pestilence; made in 1742 an unsuccessful expedition against Panama; was made admiral 1745, and charged to guard the coasts of Kent and Sussex against an expected attack by the Pretender, but was stricken from the list of admirals Apr. 11, 1746, in consequence of a quarrel with the admiralty. D. at Nacton, Suffolk, Oct. 29, 1757. He published A New History of Jamaica, from the Earliest Account to the Taking of Porto Bello (1740), Original Papers relating to the Expedition to Panama (1744), and several pamphlets on naval topics,

which were the cause of his dismissal from the service. The expedition against Cartagena was graphically described, both in his Roderick Random and in his History of England, by Smollett, who was present as a surgeon's mate. Lawrence Washington, elder brother of George, also participated in the expedition, and testified his esteem and friendship for the admiral by the name, Mount Vernon, which he gave to his estate in Virginia, afterward the residence of Gen. Washington. The Life of Admiral Vernon, by an Impartial Hand, appeared in 1758, and a Memorial from Coutemporary Authorities was printed for private circulation in 1861 by William F. Vernon. His memory also survives in the word grog, applied by the sailors of his fleet to their rations of watered rum, in allusion to the admiral's grogram breeches.

Vernon (GEORGE JOHN WARREN), FIFTH BARON Vernon, b. at Stapleford Hall, England, in 1803; succeeded to the title 1835, and gained great distinction as a student of medieval literature, especially that relating to Dante. D. in 1866. He published at Florence in 1842 the first seven cantos of Dante's Inferno, in grammatical order with notes, edited the Latin text of a Commentary on Dante by Pietro Alighieri (1835), and two other ancient commentaries (1846-48), and issued a magnificent reproduction of the first four printed editions of Dante, Le prime quattro Edizioni della Divina Commedia litteralmente ristampate, etc. (London, folio, 1858), printed by Whittingham under the direction of Antonio Panizzi.

Vernon (ROBERT), F. S. A., b. in England in 1774; was at one time a dealer in horses; acquired in commercial pursuits a large fortune, which he expended in the purchase of pictures, chiefly by British artists, being a generous patron of artists and literary men of genius, and formed a vast collection of works of art at his country-seat of Ardington House, Berkshire, the best portion of which, comprising 162 pictures and several pieces of statuary (valued at £150,000), he presented to the nation Dec. 22, 1847, to be known as the "Vernon Gallery," which now forms the nucleus of the National Gallery of British Art at South Kensington MuD. in London May 22, 1849. A portrait of Mr. Vernon by Pickersgill and a bust by Behnes, the latter presented by the queen, are in the National Gallery.

seum.

Vernon (THOMAS), b. in England about 1660; was for a time secretary to the duke of Monmouth; became an eminent lawyer, and sat in Parliament for Whitechurch. D. at Twickenham Park Aug. 22, 1726. He left in MS. his famous Reports of Cases in Chancery, which after a lawsuit were published under the editorial care of William Melmoth and William Peere Williams (2 vols. folio, 172628). The best edition is that of John Raithby (2 vols., 1806-07).

Vernon Harcourt, SIR. See HARCOURT.

Vernon Smith (ROBERT). See LYVEDEN (ROBERT VERNON SMITH).

Ve'roli, town of Italy, province of Rome, in the Hernican Mountains, not far from Frosinone, contains some very good churches, and was formerly the seat of several large convents-the Casa Mario (Benedictine, 1005), the 8. Domenico di Sora (Cistercian), etc. Veroli is of ancient origin, was fortified by the Pelasgians, and was christianized at a very early period. P. 11,036.

Veron' (Louis DESIRE), b. at Paris Apr. 5, 1798; was educated in the Imperial Lyceum, and studied medicine; served in various hospitals, and published Observations sur les Maladies des Enfants (1825); wrote absolutist-ultramontane articles in different papers, and was appointed physician at the Royal Museum in 1824; bought a large interest in a patent medicine, Pâte Regnauld;" brought it by his connections with the papers into vast notoriety, and laid the foundation of a fortune; took firmer hold of the journalistic business, and founded in 1829 the Revue de Paris, which was devoted to the creation of new celebrities; became director of the grand opera in 1831, not as a superintending royal official, but as a privileged manager; brought out the opera Robert le Diable and the ballet La Sylphide, and retired in 1835 with a considerable fortune; bought in 1839 a controlling share of the Constitutionnel, the tottering organ of Thiers; became its sole proprietor in 1844; brought it into a most flourishing condition by publishing in its columns The Wandering Jew, by Eugene Sue, and was introduced in the highest circles of French society by Thiers, who was made minister in 1840; became the enthusiastic eulogizer of the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851; was elected to the Legislative Assemby as a candidate of the government, and sold the Constitutionnei at an enormous profit; endowed anonymously several secondrate literary associations in Paris with large sums, and published Mémoires d'un Bourgeois de Paris (6 vols., 1850, Cinq-cent mille Francs de Rente (2 vols., 1855), Quatre ana