bine to render time too fast, and from the 24th of December to the next 15th of April the two causes combine to render time too slow.

It remains to be seen how we shall determine the value of these results; that is, the extent of variation from mean time-i. e. the equation of time-and with this, and in order to it, from what limits mean time is to be reckoned. If, as in Fig. 1, M'S represent the excess above a whole revolution required to complete a mean solar day-which angular excess is measured, on the large scale, by the arc P P' with its centre at the sun-then in the 24th part of a mean solar day this excess so measured by the earth's motion in right ascension will be the 24th part of P P', or, in arc, also the 24th part of M'S. As, then, a whole mean solar day will consist of the time required to describe an entire rotation, the time of describing M' S, so in 1 mean solar hour the time required will be that of describing 4th of a whole rotation (ie. th of a sidereal day), together with the sidereal time required to describe th of M'S. If, then, a terrestrial meridian such as P m' (Fig. 5) be 15° of terrestrial longitude to the W. of P m, and the plane of Pm pass through the apparent position of the sun, then in the 4th part of a mean solar day (1 mean solar hour) the rotation of the earth will not only transfer P m' through the 15° belonging to 1 sidereal hour, and bring the western meridian to the position Pm" (parallel to the original position of P m), but also (in the completion of the 1 hour of mean solar

m m'

FIG. 5.

m'm"

hour) the arc of excess due to the earth's motion meanwhile in right ascension, and which (on the large scale) is measured by P P'; so that at the end of the entire 1 hour of mean solar time the 2d meridian will have arrived at the P'm' in a direction then passing through the sun, as did the meridian Pm at first. It appears, then, that a difference of 15° in terrestrial longitude will require a difference of 1 hour in time, whether the time in question be mean solar or it be sidereal time.

a puzzling problem-viz. if we could advance westward so rapidly as to keep it always noon, when should we pass from one day of the week into another (suppose from Wednesday into Thursday)? With regard to this, it seems to have been usually forgotten, or else overlooked, that before it can be accurately determined where Wednesday will end we ought to find out where Wednesday is to begin. To determine this, it will be necessary to fix upon some meridian. And then reckoning from that meridian continuously restward, the local time will be found more and more behind that of the first meridian, until at last, in lon. 180° W., the local time will be found to be 12 hours behind that of the first meridian. But reckoning from the same first meridian continuously eastward, the local time will be, found to be more in advance of that of the first meridian, until at last, in lon. 180° E., the local time will be found to be 12 hours in advance of that of the first meridian. In passing across the meridian in lon. 180° from the first meridian, we should therefore pass from the region of time behind that of the first meridian to time in advance of the same, or vice versa when proceeding in the opposite direction. In the case supposed it would therefore be on passing lon. 180° from the W. that we should pass from Wednesday into Thursday, and in no other longitude whatsoever. (See YEAR; STANDARD TIME.) S. ALEXANDER.

Time. In music, every sound, and every rest or intermission of sound, necessarily occupies some portion of time. The duration of such sound or rest is not absolute, but relative-i. e. it is not measured by clock-time, but depends upon the rate or speed assigned to any piece of music by the composer or performer. When that rate is once determined, then the duration of each individual note or sound is also determined, as would be the case with the minutes and seconds of a clock if its rate of motion were subject to change. Notes and rests represent portions of time in the order of 1, 1. 1. 1. etc. If the duration of the semibreve should be equal to 8 seconds of time, then the minim would occupy 4 seconds, the crotchet 2, the quaver 1, and so on. And if the duration of the semibreve should be arbitrarily fixed at more or less than 8 seconds, the shorter notes must all conform and preserve their relative proportions. This is the simplest and most elementary office of time in music. (See LARGE and NOTATION.) Notes written in a continued

Fig. 4, in its third curve, represents the relative value of the equation of time at any date during the year, as well as the character of the equation as either fast or slow, or else zero, in comparison with mean time. The greatest equation of time fast (by the combination of the two causes of variation), as the figure indicates, occurs about the 2d of November, the sun being then too fast by almost 16m. 20s.; and the greatest equation of time slow about the 12th of February, when the sun is very nearly 14 minutes too slow. The dates of no equation are about the 15th of April, 15th of June, 1st of September, and the 24th of December, as heretofore explained.

Of Local Time, and the Day of the Week correspondent to the same. These may be best illustrated by an example in the determination of an answer to what has been esteemed

would be unmeaning and unfit for the expression of musical sentiment and beauty, except in very rudimentary forms. Regularity of time, accent, and rhythm is at the foundation of all excellence in modern music, and its absence is one chief cause of the dreary and formless character of the music of the ancients. All regular music is therefore now written in regular periods, phrases, etc., with smaller divisions into measures or bars. These measures are of several kinds, representing various styles of movement and peculiarities of accent, the leading idea being that musical sounds have a natural tendency to fall into rhythmical groups of equal duration, and that these groups may be reduced into two classes, the one consisting of two or four times in a bar, and the other of three. (Of the nature, origin, and object of these divisions or bars much explanatory matter has already been given in the article MEASURE, to which the reader is referred.) We proceed to notice some further points necessary to a full comprehension of the subject. Regularity of time is an essential element in all grades of musical composition. There is a cer tain degree of interest created in the mind even by the repeated strokes of a drum when marked off into groups by a periodical accent. In such a case there is no diversity of musical sound, but yet the mind receives pleasure from

the mere marking and recurrence of equal times. A succession of such equal times will (as said above) naturally fall into groups of twos or threes, or, in technical language, it will be duple or triple, binary or ternary. Other distinctions, as imagined by musicians of the last century, are unreal and have no philosophical basis. The reduction of all musical times into the two genera of duple and triple, says a writer, "would long ago have been recognized had music made advances equal to other arts and sciences." Duple or common time (embracing also the quadruple) contains two or four equal times in a bar, with the accent on the first part of each bar, and (in the latter) an inferior accent on the third time. In ordinary common time each bar contains a semibreve, or shorter notes unitedly equivalent to it in value. It is known by a large C at the clef, with or without a stroke drawn through it. In church music this time is often written with two semibreves or four minims in a bar. The figures indicate another mode of writing common time, every bar containing two-fourths (or the half) of a semibreve. These kinds of common time are essentially one. The ear can detect no difference between them if in performance a bar of one is made equal to a bar of the other in relocity. Thus, the strain variously written at a, b, c in Ex. I might be played by three instruments simultaneously without the least difference being perceptible even to the most critical ear: == 80.

Ex. 1.-MM

a

P

7

= 80.

80.

In regard to accent, it was formerly assumed that in a bar with four equal times the first only of those times was accented, and in a bar of two equal times the first was accented and the last unaccented. In actual practice, however, this nice distinction vanishes. Albrechtsberger remarks that the difference between these two times is not a real one, as a bar of four crotchets or beats is really only a double bar of two-crotchet time." Triple time contains three equal times in each bar. Like common time, it may be written in minims, crotchets, or quavers, and marked as J., and, which figures give the time-value of each bar as compared with the semibreve. In old collections of music, pieces may be found in time, each bar containing only three semiquavers, or their value in other notes or rests. Compound time is a modification of the above simple times, produced by a mingling of the triple element with the duple or quadruple; as when the two crotchets of a bar in two-four time are turned into two groups of three quavers each, or when the same process is applied to a bar in three-four or any other triple time. (See Ex. 2, at a and b.)

The forms of compound common time in most ordinary use are and, the former having six crotchets (or their value) in each measure, and the latter having six quavers (or their value). The times marked (twelve quavers) and (twelve semiquavers) are less frequently used by modern composers. The forms of compound triple time are chiefly having the value of nine crotchets in each measure, and, with the value of nine quavers. In the writings of the old masters, and even as late as the time of Beethoven, we find several other varieties of time (and various modes also of indicating the times already described), such as the following:

23

That the same remarks will apply to the various forms of triple time will need no demonstration. They are various only to the eye, but are recognized by the ear as essentially one. It is probable also that musical science will before long cease to recognize the minute and almost imperceptible distinctions which composers of a former age thought to exist between the several cognate forms of compound times, such as and, etc.; for, though differences of accent may be alleged, yet these are apt to disappear in actual practice, so that a bar of twelve-eight time is hardly distinguishable from two bars of six-eight. Whether all compound times whatever may not prove to be mere developments of the triple germ, and to be nothing more than rapid iterations of triple-time measures, is a subject worthy of investigation by those who prefer simplicity to useless distinctions. WILLIAM STAUNTON.

Time, in philosophy. See SPACE, by W. T. HARRIS. Time-Signals. See APPENDIX.

Times Presses. See PRINTING, by W. S. PATERSON. Times, The London. See WALTER (JOHN). Tim'monsville, Darlington co., S. C. (see map of South Carolina, ref. 5-F, for location of county), on Wilmington Columbia and Augusta R. R. P. in 1870, 477; in 1880, 557. Timo'leon, a native of Corinth and a member of one of the most prominent families of the city; put to death his own brother, Timophanes, who attempted to overthrow the democratic constitution of their native city and make himself tyrant. The date and details of this deed are variously given by Diodorus, Plutarch, and Cornelius Nepos, but the fact itself is unquestionable. In 344 B. C. an embassy arrived from Syracuse in Sicily, a colony of Corinth, and demanded the intervention of the mother city in the struggle between Hicetas and Dionysius the Younger, each of whom wished to become master of the city, and were ruining it by their strife. The aid was willingly granted, and Timoleon was appointed commander of the expedition. Although the armament was very small, he succeeded in expelling both Dionysius and Hicetas, established a democratic constitution, repeopled the city, and brought it in a very short time into a most flourishing state. This excited the jealousy of the Carthaginians, and under the command of Hasdrubal and Hamilear they sent an army of 80,000 men against Syracuse, but Timoleon, although his force numbered only 12,000 men, attacked them while crossing the Crimissus, routed them completely in 339 B. C., and a treaty was concluded by which the Halycus was fixed as the boundary between the Greek and Carthaginian dominions in Sicily. He also expelled Hicetas from Leontini, and Mamercus from Catana, introducing free constitutions in all the Greek cities of Sicily. The last years of his life he spent in retirement in Syracuse, living as a private citizen, though enjoying the greatest fame and honor throughout the Greek world. D. in 337 B. C., and an annual festival was instituted in Syracuse in honor of his memory.

Timoor. See TIMUR.

Timor', an island of the Malay Archipelago, the largest of the chain which stretches eastward from Java, is between lat. 8° 16' and 10° 25' S., and between lon. 125° 25' and 127° 10' E. Area, 8820 sq. m. P. estimated at 400,000. It is traversed from E. to W. by a range of lofty mountains, which everywhere show marks of volcanic agencies; earthquakes are frequent. Along the shore are very fertile and densely-peopled districts, in which rice, sugar, indigo, papaw, sago, pineapples, and cocoanuts are cultivat

ed.

Buffaloes, oxen, pigs, and fowls are plentiful; turtles, pearl-oysters, and elegant coral are found along the shores; gold-dust and timber are exported. The inhabitants are partly Malayans, partly Oceanian negroes, and as the population belongs to two different races, in the same manner the fauna and flora of the island belong to two continents, to Asia and to Australia. The Dutch have a residency, Koepang, in the south-western part of the island; the Portuguese a port, Dilly, in the north-eastern.

Timor-Laut, or Tenimber Islands, is a group of islands belonging to the Malayan Archipelago, and lying E. of Timor. Their area is estimated at 3150 sq. m.; their population at 15,000. The larger ones, Timor-Laut and Larat, are volcanic; the smaller of coral formation. Birds

are very numerous and very brilliant on these islands, especially the cockatoos.

Tim'othy, or Herd's Grass [reputed to have been named from Timothy Herd, who introduced its culture in the U.S.], the Phleum pratense, one of the best of foragegrasses, a native of Europe, is much cultivated there and in the U. S. (In Pennsylvania, etc., the red top, Agrostis vulgaris, is called herd's grass.) Timothy will not stand close pasturage, but affords fine crops of the best of hay. Others say that it was named from one Timothy Hanson, who took it to England from New Hampshire about 1780; still others, that a Quaker named Timothy sent the seed from Durant's Neck, N. C., about 1662, to England. Both tra litions are doubtless incorrect. It is a native European, not an American, grass.

Tim'othy [Gr. Tuóleos, "one who honors God"], a disciple and companion of Paul, b. at Lyetra or Derbe in Lycaonia, Asia Minor, probably about 20 A. D., the offspring of a mixed marriage between a Greek and a Jewess; was carefully trained in a knowledge of the Jewish Scriptures by his mother Eunice and his grandmother Lois, who were Christians, but was not circumcised until Paul in his second missionary journey selected him as a companion. He became the most constant and devoted of Paul's numerous fellow-workers; was regarded by him with truly paternal affection, and employed as "the messenger of the churches," as the apostle's "other self," in the execution of the most responsible spiritual commissions, and was doubtless his amanuensis in the preparation of most of the Epistles, his name being associated with Paul's, in a manner to suggest some degree of joint authorship, at the head of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, those to the Philippians and Colossians, and the two to the Thessalonians. Whether he shared in the voyage to Italy is uncertain, but he afterward appears at the side of Paul while a prisoner at Rome, and finally as overseer of the important church at Ephesus, where Paul addressed him two canonical Epistles. His later history is unknown, as the tradition of his martyrdom under Domitian rests upon no evidence. Since the time of Schleiermacher a large number of German commentators have been inclined to regard him as the author of the book of the Acts, or, at all events, of the personal narrative in the second part, characterized by the use of the formula "we" in narrating the journeys of Paul. The absence, however, of all evidence that he was a companion of Paul's voyage and shipwreck, and especially a comparison of Acts xx. 4 with the following verse. seem decisive against this hypothesis, it being more probable that TITUS (which see) was the writer of the itinerary in question. In the later period of his career we learn from the Epistle to the Hebrews (xiii. 23) that Timothy had been in prison, had just been released, and the subscription of that Epistle states that he was its bearer, but from whom, whence, and whither have been much debated, many modern critics inclining to the opinion that it was written by Apollos from Rome to the Hebrew portion of Timothy's churches at and near Ephesus. Timothy was identified by Calmet, Tillemont, and others as the "angel' or messenger of the church of Ephesus to whom the message of Rev. ii. 1-7 was addressed, but this theory is apparently not now held. PORTER C. BLISS.

Timothy, First and Second Epistles to, two short canonical books of the New Testament, addressed by Paul to Timothy as first overseer of Ephesus, the former from Laodicea, the latter from Rome, according to the (unauthentic) subscriptions. They are both chiefly occupied with instruction in the duties of a spiritual teacher, mingled with some admonitions of a personal nature and some references to Timothy's personal history; and the Second Epistle is endowed with a peculiar interest from its references to Paul's anticipated martyrdom, this being probably the last extant production of his pen. With the similar letter to Titus they constitute the so-called "Pastoral Epistles," the genuineness of which was denied by the Gnostics of the second century, and has been one of the problems most vehemently debated by German theologians of the present century. The controversy was practically begun by Schleiermacher, who, admitting the genuineness of Second Timothy and of Titus, attacked the First Epistle on the ground that its contents are all derived from the two companion Epistles, and that it presupposes a developed system of church government quite foreign to apostolic times. Eichhorn and De Wette quickly extended the range of the second argument, denying the genuineness of all the Pastoral Epistles. Other writers, especially Baur and Ewald, reinforced this argument by alleged differences of style and vocabulary from the admitted Pauline Epistles, but expecially by the difficulty of fitting the data of Second Timothy into any consistent scheme of the life of Paul, it

being impossible, according to them, that the journey in Asia there alluded to could have been made either before or after Paul's imprisonment at Rome. The defenders of the Epistle reply to the latter argument by maintaining a second imprisonment of Paul at Rome. (See especially the commentaries of Ellicott, Huther, and Oosterzee, the latter in Lange's series, New York, 1868.) PORTER C. BLISS.

Tim'perley (C. H.), b. at Manchester, England, about 1794; entered the army, and was wounded at the battle of Waterloo; resumed his early occupation of engraver and copperplate printer, and in 1821 became a letter-press printer; wrote Annals of Manchester, Printer's Manual (1838), Dictionary of Printers and Printing, with the Progress of Literature, etc. (1839; the second edition of 1842 includes the two last works), Songs of the Press, and other Poems relative to the Art of Printers and Printing (1845). D. about 1848.

Tim'rod (HENRY), b. in Charleston, S. C.. Dec. 8, 1829; studied for a time at the University of Georgia, but did not graduate; became a teacher, studied law, and contributed verse to various periodicals, and during the civil war wrote several stirring war-lyrics. In Jan., 1864, he became editor of the Columbia South Carolinian, which was discontinued after the conflagration of the city in Feb., 1865, by which he suffered severely. He subsequently took up his residence in Charleston, where he suffered from ill-health and pecuniary embarrassments. D. at Columbia, S. C., Oct. 6, 1867. A collection of his poems was pub lished in Boston (1860), and an enlarged edition, with a Memoir by Paul H. Hayne, in New York (1873).

Timuquans, an extinct tribe of Indians of the Choctaw family, formerly occupying the coast of Florida N. of St. Augustine. Missions were maintained among them by the Spanish Franciscans from 1592 until the middle of the eighteenth century, when the tribe was nearly exterminated by war with the colonists of Georgia and Carolina, the few survivors taking refuge with other tribes. Three catechisms and a manual of confession in the Timuquan language, by Father Francisco Pareja, were printed at Mexico between 1612 and 1627.

Timur', or Tamerlane' (the latter name being a corruption of TIMUR LENK-that is, "Timur the Lame"), b. Apr. 9, 1336, at Kesh, about 40 miles S. E. of Samarcand, the son of a chief of a Mongol tribe settled here, and descending on the mother's side directly from Genghis Khan. In 1360 he became chief of his tribe, and now began that wonderful evolution of conquering power which ended by subjugating the whole of Central and Western Asia, from the Chinese Wall to the Mediterranean and from the Siberian steppes to the mouth of the Ganges. In 1393 he stood on the banks of the Dnieper threatening Moscow, but he turned to the S., burnt Azof, and retreated into Asia. In 1398 he conquered Delhi, whence he sent an immense amount of booty to Samarcand, and meditated pushing onward to the S., when he was called to the western frontier of his realm. Here the conquest of Armenia, Georgia, and the countries on the Euphrates had brought him into contact with the Turkish empire, ruled over at that time by Bajazet, also a great conqueror. On July 20, 1402, the two huge armies, led by Bajazet and Timur, met each other on the plain of Angora, and the Turks were completely routed; Bajazet himself was taken prisoner. In 1404, Timur prepared for a grand expedition to China, and in the beginning of the following year crossed the Jaxartes at the head of an army of 200,000 veteran troops, but d. at Otrar Feb. 18, 1405, and his empire soon became dismem bered. His cruelty and that of his soldiers were beyond description. Before the battle of Delhi he ordered all the male captives who followed his army, said to have numbered about 100,000, to be put to death, and after the suppression of an insurrection in Herat he constructed, for the sake of warning, a pyramid in which layers of brick and mortar alternated with layers of the revolted inhabitants of the city. But in other respects he is said to have been possessed of political statesmanship, administrative ability. and even of literary taste. (See Histoire de Timur-Bei, 4 vols., Paris, 1722; translated into French by Pietis de la Croix from the Persian text by Sheref-ed-Din.) The works ascribed to Timur, the Constitutions and Commentaries, are

of doubtful authenticity. They were translated into English in 1783 by Davy and White.

Tin [Ger. Zinn; Fr. étain; Lat. stannum], a lustrous, white metal, not easily affected even by moist air at low temperatures, soft, malleable, of low tenacity, quite ductile at 212° F. (100° C.), a moderately good conductor of heat and electricity, not sensibly volatile at ordinary furnaceheat, fusing at 442° F. (227.8° C.), having after fusion a specific gravity of 7.292. Very pure tin in blocks is sometimes disintegrated by extreme cold. It is one of the oldest

verized, and as a rule it is found advantageous to use diluted or aqueous alcohol as the solvent, as by this means numerous substances which are insoluble in anhydrous alcohol can be brought into solution; but many of the tinctures prepared in this way undergo acetous fermentation, which objection is best obviated by preserving them in well-closed and completely-filled bottles. Usually, maceration and digestion accelerate the preparation of tinctures; percolation has also lately been extensively practised. Occasionally, the expressed juice of the plant is dissolved in alcohol, which method is especially applicable to the preparation of tinetures of narcotic substances, such as conium and belladonna. J. P. BATTERSHALL.

Tin'dal (MATTHEW), LL.D., b. at Beer- Ferris, Devonshire, in 1657; studied at Oxford, where he took his degree in 1676; became fellow of All Souls, and in 1685 was made LL.D., shortly after which he went over to the Roman Catholic Church, but returned to the Church of England when the revolution of 1688 seemed imminent. After the revolution he held several legal positions, and received from the Crown a pension of £200. He took an active part in the polemics of his day, and in 1706 published The Rights of the Church Asserted, in which he took ground against the prevalent High-Church doctrines. This gave rise to sharp controversies, during which he put forth two Defences, in which he treated of the obedience due to princes, the law of nations, the liberty of the press, and the rights of mankind in matters of faith. In 1710 he issued a pamphlet, the New High Church turned Old Presbyterian, in opposition to the famous sermon of Dr. Sacheverell. The House of Commons ordered the productions of both controversialists to be publicly burned. In 1730 he put forth his most noted work, Christianity as Old as the Creation, in which he argued that in Christianity there was nothing which human reason might not have discovered without a special revelation, which called forth a host of replies, and a defence by himself of the doctrines which he had advanced. He also wrote a second volume of his work, of which only the preface has been published. D. in London Aug. 16, 1733.

Tindal (NICHOLAS), nephew of Matthew Tindal, b. in Devonshire in 1687; studied at Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1713, and of which he became a fellow; entered holy orders, and held several valuable preferments, among which was that of chaplain of Greenwich Hospital. He put forth several historical and miscellaneous works, the most important of which is a translation of Rapin's History of England, with a very valuable Continuation from 1688 to the Accession of George II. (1744-47). D. in 1774.

Tindale (WILLIAM). See TYNDALE (WILLIAM).

Tin'der [Ang.-Sax. tyndre], a material, usually composed of half-burned linen, which was formerly used in kindling fires. A flint and steel ignited the tinder, which inflamed in turn a sulphur match. Amadou, touch-wood, and touch-paper were substitutes for tinder.

Tinea. See TINEIDE.

Tine'ida [from Tinea-so called on account of the small body-the typical genus], a family of Lepidoptera rich in species, and including the moths so destructive to clothes. The developed insects are of small size, have a slender body, elongated, narrow wings, which when the insect is at rest are rolled round the body, and which are edged with long fringes; the maxillary palpi are very large, and the antennæ are long and filiform. The larvæ are elongate, and generally provided with numerous (14 to 18) feet, although occasionally entirely footless. They differ among themselves chiefly in the form and furniture of the head (whether hairy or naked), the development of the maxillary and labial palpi, and the form of the wings. The imagines mostly affect the lee side of hedges, etc.; the larvæ burrow in leaves, stems, grain, etc., of plants, as well! as other substances, such as cloth. The most notable species are the clothes moth (Tinea flarifrontella), the carpet moth (Tinea tapetzella), and the grain moths (Tinea granella and Gelechia cerealella). The ravages of these, or at least of the first, are well known. The clothes moth is

light buff, glanced with a silvery iridescence on the wings and tawny on the head. It makes its appearance in the Northern U. S. in May or June. The female lays her eggs in cloth, generally woollens, sometimes cotton, and a whitish larva is soon hatched therefrom. The carpet moth has yellowish-white but black-based fore wings, dark-gray hind wings, and white head. Benzine and carbolic acid, and precautions as to cleanliness, are the best antidotes to the ravages of these little pests. THEODORE GILL.

Tin-Foil. See FoIL.

Tin, Geology of, or Tin-Mines. See APPENDIX. Ting-Hai. See CHUSAN.

Tinne, or Tinneh, the name applied by recent explorers to the most northerly branch of American Indians, forming a branch of the Athabaskan family, and extending from Hudson's Bay N. W. to Central Alaska. They embrace more than twenty tribes, with a total of about 15,000 souls, having some six different languages. The best known and most typical tribes are the Chepewyans or Montagnais, the Beavers, the Dog Ribs, the Tacullies or Carriers, the Loncheux, and the Kenai. They are pacific, live chiefly on game and fish, are tall and slender, with full faces and dark complexions, and some beard. A few have been converted by the Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries.

Tin'ne (ALEXANDRINA PETRONELLA FRANCINA), b. at. the Hague Oct. 17, 1835, the only child of a rich merchant; received an excellent education; travelled after the death of her father through most European countries, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, etc., and settled in 1861 in Cairo. From Feb. 2, 1863, to Mar. 29, 1864, she undertook a grand journey of exploration from Khartoom to the Bahr el-Ghazal, the western arm of the White Nile. She invited Baron von Heuglin and Dr. Steudner to accompany her, and the valuable scientific results of the expedition were communicated in John A. Tinne's Geographical Notes of Expeditions in Central Africa, in the Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire (Liverpool, 1864); Von Heuglin's Die Tinnesche Expedition im westlichen Nilquellgebiet, supplement to Petermann's Mittheilungen (1865); and Th. Kotschy and Peyritsch's Plants Tinneana (1867). From Tripoli she started on another expedition, Jan. 30, 1869, with the purpose of reaching the upper Nile through Bornoo, but at Fezzan she was murdered by her Arabic attendants, Aug. 1, 1869.

Tinni'tus Au'rium [Lat. for "ringing of the ears"], a symptom which often accompanies a cold or an attack of indigestion. It may, however, attend a severe febrile or other acute disease, but is unimportant, except for the fact that when persistent it sometimes indicates disease of the auditory nerve, when it may be the forerunner of total deafness. Cases are, however, not unknown of ringing of the ears which lasts for many months with apparently good general health.

Ti'no, or Ti'nos, an island of Greece, belongs to the Cyclades, and is situated immediately S. of Andros. Area, 81 sq. m. P. 21,171. The soil is stony, and not so very productive, but it is well watered and exceedingly well cultivated. Wine, melons, figs, barley, oil, and wheat are produced. Marble, raw or worked into different kinds of vessels and ornaments, and silk, raw or manufactured into gloves and stockings, are the principal articles of export. The principal town is St. Nicholas, which has a splendid cathedral, built of white marble and visited by many pilgrims, and a small but convenient harbor.

Tinoc'eras [Gr. rivew, to "avenge," and képas, "horn"], an extinct genus of herbivorous mammals from the Eocene of Wyoming and Utah, and the first known representative of a remarkable group, now regarded as forming a distinct order, Dinocerata, so named from the best-known genus, Dinoceras. This genus may be taken as typical of the skull is long and narrow, the facial portion being much order, and its principal characters are as follows: The produced. It supports three separate pairs of osseous elevations, some of which, if not all, seem to have been the bony support for horns. They form the most conspicuous feature of the skull, and suggested the name of the genus, "the terrible-horned." The smallest pair are near the end of the nasal bones; a larger pair rise from the maxillary or cheek bones, in front of the orbits; while the largest pair are on the parietal bones, and are supported by an enormous crest, which extends from near the orbits around the lateral and posterior margins of the cranium, nearly surrounding a deep depression upon the crown of the head. The dental formula in Dinoceras is as follows: incisors,

: canines, ; premolars, 3; molars, 3. The premaxillaries are toothless, as in ruminants, and may have supported a callous pad also, as in that group. The upper canine teeth are deeply implanted in the maxillary bones. They are long, decurved, and trenchant, separated by an interval from the molar teeth, which are comparatively quite small. The lower incisors and canines were approximate, and projecting forward, and separated from the small molars. The lower jaw sends down a massive process on each side near its extremity, apparently for the support and protection of the large upper canines while the mouth was closed. The cervical vertebræ are longer than in the elephant, while the legs are short and the skull elongated, so that the head could easily reach the ground. There was, therefore, no necessity for a proboscis, and the structure of the skull affords no evidence of its existence, although some naturalists, misled by superficial resemblances of the feet of these animals to those of the