clothing; manufactures of iron and steel, single or mixed, not included in the foregoing free schedule e; leather and the manufactures thereof, except boots and shoes; lumber, timber, and the manufactures of wood, including cooperage, furniture of all kinds, wagons, carts, and carriages; manufactures of rubber; and that the Government of Brazil has further provided that the laws and regulations adopted to protect its revenue and prevent fraud in the declarations and proof that the articles named in the foregoing schedules are the product or manufacture of the United States of America, shall place no undue restrictions on the importer, nor impose any additional charges or fees therefor on the articles imported.

The result of this treaty will be watched with particular interest. C. C. ANDREWS.

February, 1891.

PREFATORY.

THERE have been so many political revolutions in some of the South American states, accompanied by cruel acts of military despots, that I fear our busy people in the United States have acquired an unfavorable impression of almost the whole of South America. It is desirable, however, as satisfying the demands of a high order of intelligence, that they should have discriminating and correct views of the different races and countries on their own continent. Especially a country like Brazil, nearly as large in territory as the United States, peopled by descendants of the high-spirited and industrious Portuguese, and containing thirteen million inhabitants, is well worth knowing by Americans. Our young Americans in particular ought to be encouraged to cultivate a better knowledge of such foreign countries, both in the interests of trade and of peace. For a people who can have great influence in maintaining peace there is scarcely any department of knowledge that is more elevated. Richard Cobden wrote a book to disabuse the minds of his countrymen of their delusions and prejudices in regard to

Russia. Although I lack the ability of that most clear and eloquent writer, still I hope I may be able to present some facts in respect to the present situation of Brazil which will be both instructive and entertaining to general readers. My object is to answer such questions as an intelligent American would be likely to ask in regard to Brazil.

My means of acquaintance with that empire are principally derived from a residence of three years at Rio de Janeiro, its capital, while employed in the service of the United States Government, during which period I made a few journeys into the interior. My consular office was situated in the busiest part of the great commercial city of Rio de Janeiro, and its duties brought me into frequent personal intercourse with the leading business houses and with many of the best-informed people of the country.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

THE most important event that has occurred in Brazil since the first edition of this work was published was the unconditional abolition of slavery. This benign act was passed by the General Assembly and signed by the Princess Imperial Regent (in the absence of the Emperor in Europe) on Sunday, the 13th of May last. It is estimated that the number of slaves entitled to freedom under the act was six hundred thousand, of the aggregate official value of two hundred million dollars. No compensation to the slaveholders, however, has been provided for, though their claims for indemnity are occasionally advocated in the General Assembly. While many of the freedmen are marrying and setting up for themselves, there are large numbers to whom emancipation is merely on paper, and who will remain for years in the same condition as heretofore.

The American missionaries in Brazil are exerting increased influence. During the past year the Young Ladies' School at Rio, founded by the Woman's Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, has been permanently established on a valuable site at No. 96 Rua das Larangeiras-Miss Bruce, of Missouri, as principal. On the 6th of September last, at Rio, a convention of the three presbyteries of the Presbyterian Church in Brazil, Rev. G. W. Chamberlain presiding,

duly organized the "Synod of the Presbyterian Church in Brazil." The convention also resolved to establish, as soon as practicable, a theological seminary in Rio, with Revs. J. R. Smith and A. L. Blackford as professors.

In 1872 the United States abolished their import duty of three cents per pound on coffee which, according to the dispatch of Mr. Partridge, American minister to Brazil, dated December 22, 1874, "inured to the benefit of the Brazilian coffee-growers alone." He states that the price of coffee rose in Brazil immediately after it was known there that the United States duty was repealed. It was the impression left on my mind by statements of this sort which led to my remark, on page 121, that our placing coffee on the free list enabled Brazil to collect an increased export duty on it of eleven per cent. She did not raise the duty, for it was already as much as eleven per cent, but she appears to have gained in the rise in price a benefit substantially equivalent to an increase of duty.

My statement on page 184, that American teachers had not realized their expectations in the Argentine Republic, was true as to a few teachers in regard to whom I had received information. I have since become satisfied that a majority of American teachers in that country have met with good success.

The synopsis of Senator Ottoni's speech (page 313– 320) was made from a translation reported in the "Rio News." The speech commencing on page 321 is original. C. C. ANDREWS.

November, 1888.