SECTION V.

THE PHRASE USED AS AN ADVERBIAL ELEMENT.

General Use of the Adverbial Phrase.

488. Whenever the phrase is used to limit a verb or adjective by denoting some relation of place, time, cause, or manner, it is called an adverbial element of the second class.

Ex. The messenger came from Washington. We left on Tuesday. He ran for fear. You wrote in haste.

(a.) Since the phrase denotes an adverbial relation, it can often be changed to an adverb. So also the adverb may often be changed to a phrase.

Exercise and Model for Analysis and Parsing.

489. Analyze We left on Tuesday - S P v2.

It is a simple sentence, because it contains but one proposition. We.

is the subject, and

Left.. is the predicate, both principal elements of the first class.

We. Left

On

is limited by the phrase "on Tuesday," an adverbial element of the second class, denoting the time of leaving.

is a preposition, and shows the relation of "Tuesday" to "left;" according to Rule XIII.

Tuesday is a noun, etc., and completes the relation of "on;" according to Rule XIV.

490. Write connected sentences of your own, and change any of the words to phrases.

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Phrases Denoting Place.

491. Phrases, like adverbs of place, denote three relations,—whither, whence, where. The first two refer to direction; the third, to locality, or rest in a place.

492. Tendency to a place (whither?) is indicated by to, toward, into, up, down, and sometimes for.

(a.) Tendency in a vertical direction is indicated by the opposites up and down; in a horizontal direction, by along, if it has no reference to a limit; by toward, if it only approaches a limit; by to, if it reaches it; and by into, if it enters it.

493. Tendency from a place (whence?) is denoted by from, out of.

494. Locality, or rest in a place (where?), relates to the different dimensions of space, and is represented by the opposites in, out of; within, without; before, behind, or after; over, under; above, beneath, or below; on or upon, underneath. To these are added at, near, round, around, about, across, along, beside, through.

(a.) Between and betwixt denote a place between two positions. Among and amidst refer to several positions.

Exercise upon Phrases Denoting Place.

495. Analyze the following propositions, and parse the phrases:

The kangaroo lives in New Holland. Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga. A treaty of peace was concluded at Marseilles. Napoleon was banished to St. Helena. The battle was fought at Vittoria. The church stands beside the river. Mesopotamia was situated between two rivers. The nuncio came from Rome. High on a throne of royal state Satan exalted sat. The lamp of his zeal burns on brighter and brighter amid the dust of parchments.

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Ex.-The kangaroo lives in New Holland = aS Pv2; S = kangaroo; ́P = lives; ■ P= the kangaroo; v2 in New Holland; P v2=lives in New Holland.

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496. Write sentences of your own, limiting the predicates by the following phrases :

Over the hill; on the ground; up the tree; to New York; from Philadelphia; through the air; on the steps; toward the east; beside the wall; around the garden; by Long Island; along the road; athwart the sky.

Ex. The horse ran over the hill.

497. Change the following adverbs to equivalent phrases, and apply them in sentences of your own :—

Here, there, hither, thither, hence, thence, eastward, westward, homeward, somewhere, nowhere, everywhere, yonder.

Ex. The consul resides in this place.

498. Write ten sentences limiting the predicates by phrases denoting place.

locality.

Let five refer to direction, and five to

Phrases Denoting Time.

499. Of two points of time-that of the speaker and a specified time-the specified time may be denoted by the phrase.

500. Phrases, like adverbs, may refer to the past, present, and future; but, unlike them, may denote three relations in reference to each of these three grand divisions.

(a.) Phrases are used to mark the time of an event more definitely. They may denote a point, a period, or frequency of time, and, like the adverb, answer the questions, When? How long? How often?

(b) Frequency is generally expressed by the noun times, limited by some numeral denoting the number of repetitions; as, It was done [for] four times." Below four times, the adverb is generally used; as, once, twice, thrice.

(c.) The preposition is often omitted in phrases denoting either of the above relations, and in those denoting frequency it is rarely expressed; as, “We labored all day;" "The steamer left last Monday;" "Randolph crossed the Atlantic sixteen times in nine years."

(d.) The following table contains the principal prepositions employed to denote the different relations of time:

(e.) A point of time is often denoted by the preposition and participle: as, "I went, on hearing the news."

(f.) Between and betwixt denote both antecedent and subsequent time, since they refer to two points; as, "I shall leave between Monday and Thursday."

Exercise upon Phrases Denoting Time.

501. Analyze the following propositions, and tell whether the phrases denote a time simultaneous with, antecedent to, or subsequent to, the time of the event:

The steamer left on Friday. The cars will arrive at twelve. Some birds remain throughout the year. My cousin stayed a week (524). The work must be completed before Saturday. The stage will arrive toward morning. The president stayed till Monday. I have been here since sunrise. The boat was repaired six times.

502. Write ten sentences each containing some phrase denoting time.

503. Select ten sentences from your reading lesson each having a phrase denoting time.

Phrases Denoting Cause or Source.

504. Phrases which denote cause or source generally answer the questions, Why? On what account? For what purpose? From what source?

Ex-Christ was betrayed for money.

(a.) The prepositions used to denote these relations are, most commonly, for, with, of, from, by, through. To these add the phrases on account of and

because of.

505. The infinitive often expresses a moral cause or

motive.

Ex. He went to see.

(a.) The infinitive, commonly called absolute, denotes a purpose; as, "To confess the truth, I was present."

506. The participial noun often expresses a cause or

motive.

Ex. He was arrested for stealing.

Exercise upon Phrases Denoting Cause.

507. Symbolize the following examples, and explain each symbol.

The woman fainted from fright.
The soldier fights for glory. The
The victim seemed, by his dress,

The poor man died of hunger. The farmer was imprisoned for debt. party were travelling for pleasure. to be a sailor. The children went to see the animals. They remained to visit their friends. Washington sent an officer to reconnoitre the enemy's camp. We stopped to see the consul.

508. Write ten sentences, limiting each predicate by a phrase denoting cause.

Phrases Denoting Manner.

509. Phrases denoting manner, like their corresponding adverbs, may denote either quality or quantity. Those which denote quality answer the question, How?

Ex.-The messenger came (How?) in haste.

Those which denote quantity answer the question, How much?
Ex. The wall was ten rods long.

(a.) Phrases denoting quality are commonly connected with verbs; those denoting quantity with adjectives.