William R. King, of Ala., who was elected Vice-Presi. dent with Mr. Pierce, but died before he took his seat, and there was no Vice-President during Pierce's administration. CABINET. William L. Marcy, N. Y., Secretary of State. J. C. Dobbin, N. C., Secretary of the Navy. Robert McClelland, Mich., Secretary of the Interior. James Campbell, Pa., Postmaster General. FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, MARCH 4, 1857, TO MARCH 4, 1861. John C. Breckenridge, Vice-President. CABINET. Lewis Cass, Mich., and Jeremiah S. Black, Pa., Secretaries of State. Howell Cobb, Ga., Philip F. Thomas, and John A. Dix, N. Y., Secretaries of the Treasury. John B. Floyd, Va., and Joseph Holt, Ky., Secretaries of War. Isaac Toucey, Ct., Secretary of the Navy. Jacob Thompson, Miss., Secretary of the Interior. Aaron V. Brown, Tenn., Joseph Holt, Ky., and Horatio King, Postmasters General. Jeremiah S. Black, Pa., and Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Attorneys General. SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, MARCH 4, 1861, TO APRIL 14, 1865, 4 YEARS, 1 MONTH, AND 10 DAYS. Abraham Lincoln, Ill., President. Hannibal Hamlin, Me., Vice-President, first term, and Andrew Johnson, Tenn., Vice-President, second term. CABINET. William H. Seward, N. Y., Secretary of State. Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, William P. Fessenden, Me., Hugh McCulloch, Ind., Secretaries of the Treasury. Simon Cameron, Pa., Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Secretaries of War. Gideon Welles, Conn., Secretary of the Navy. Caleb B. Smith, Ind., John P. Usher, Ind., Sect. of the Int. Montgomery Blair, Md., William Dennison, O., Postmasters General. Edward Bates, Mo., James Speed, Ky., Attorneys General. SEVENTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, APRIL 15, 1865, TO MARCH 4,1869. Andrew Johnson, acting President. No Vice-President. CABINET. William H. Seward, N. Y., Secretary of State. Hugh McCulloch, Ind., Secretary of the Treasury. Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Ulysses S. Grant, Ill., and J. M. Schofield, Secretaries of War. Gideon Welles, Conn., Secretary of the Navy. James Harlan, Iowa, Orville H. Browning, Ill., Secretaries of the Interior. James Speed, Ky., Henry Stanbery, Ohio, William M. Evarts, N. Y., Attorneys General. William Dennison, Ohio, Alexander W. Randall, Wis., Postmasters General. EIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, MARCH 4, 1869, TO MARCH 4, 1873. Ulysses S. Grant, Ill., President. Schuyler Colfax, Ind., Vice-President. CABINET. Elihu B. Washburne, Ill., Secretary of State. Hamilton Fish, N. Y., 66 66 66 George S. Boutwell, Mass., Secretary of the Treasury. Adolph E. Borie, Pa., Secretary of the Navy. George M. Robeson, N. J., " Jacob D. Cox, Ohio, Secretary of the Interior. J. A. J. Creswell, Md., Postmaster General. 66 NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION, MARCH 4, 1873, TO MARCH 4, 1877. Ulysses S. Grant, Ill., President. *Henry Wilson, Mass., Vice-President. CABINET. Hamilton Fish, N. Y., Secretary of State. W. A. Richardson, Ill., Secretary of the Treasury. W. W. Belknap, Iowa, Secretary of War. George M. Robeson, N. J., Secretary of the Navy. 66 J. A. J. Creswell, Md., Postmaster General. Marshall Jewell, Conn., John W. Tyner, Ind., George H. Williams, Oregon, Attorney General. Edward Pierrepont, N. Y., Alonzo Taft, Ohio, 66 66 * Deceased. TWENTIETH ADMINISTRATION, MARCH 4, 1877, TO MARCH 4, 1881. Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, President. William A. Wheeler, of New York, Vice-President. CABINET. William M. Evarts, of New York, Secretary of State. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 1879. 399 THE EXECUTIVE. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, of Ohio, President of the United States.....Salary $50,000 WILLIAM A. WHEELER, of New York, Vice-President of the United States, THE CABINET. WILLIAM M. EVARTS, of New York, Secretary of State. THE JUDICIARY. 8,000 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Court meets first Monday in December, at Washington. Chief Justice....MORRISON R. WAITE, of Ohio...Fourth Circuit.. Associate Justice NATHAN CLIFFORD, of Me. Salary $10,500 . First 10,000 MINISTERS. John A. Kasson, Iowa MINISTERS ..Constantinople.... Horace Maynard, Tenn. Brussels.. ...La Paz Hawaiian Islands Honolulu. Netherlands. ..Hague.... Bogota Caracas Port-au-Prince. Monrovia. Earnest Dichman, Wis. ..John M. Langston, D. C.*. CHARGE D'AFFAIRES. .Copenhagen.. ......M. J. Cramer, Ky. Athens Lisbon Berne J. Meredith, Read, Pa.... Uruguay & Paraguay..Montevideo. ......John C. Caldwell, Me... * Minister Resident and Consul General. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. CHAPTER XLVI. CONGRESS. 1. All government consists of three steps, series, or departments. It has a Rule by which its action is gov. erned; and this embraces the general principles guiding all action, as well as the special rules of conduct in regard to limited classes of actions - the next step in the series is the action demanded to put its rules in actual forceto apply them the third is, to determine the application of the rule when supposed to be violated, and the agreement of the special rule with the general principle. That is to say, government is divided into the Legislative, or law making power; the Executive, or law enforcing power; and the Judi cial, or law discriminating, or judging, power. 2. In some governments all these are in the same hands, and this produces a Despotism. In others they are variously divided or mixed. In our country the separation between them is made as distinct as possible. The People are regarded as the source or fountain of Power. The Constitution represents, in its general Principles or Rules, the Will and purposes of the People; and outside of the principles or regulations of this instrument no legislation is valid. The Constitution, emanating from the people, defines the boundary of all the Departments. Congress is the law-making power, enacting within the prescribed limits. The Judiciary takes care that these limits are not overstepped by legislative enactments, or |