of the Subjunctive in a final clause dependent on a past tense (§§ 44, 2; 77, 2), as being a variation like that common in indirect discourse. The first appendix consists of a valuable discussion of the relation of the optative to the subjunctive and indicative, and is a strong argument against the view that the tenses of the optative are related to those of the subjunctive as secondary to primary tenses.

HOOKER'S MINeralogy and GEOLOGY.*-Dr. Hooker has been very successful in preparing elementary text-books in various departments of science. The book now given to the public is prepared on the same plan with those that have preceded it, and is intended for pupils who lack either the time or the ability to grapple with the more elaborate works on mineralogy and geology. It is designed especially as a school text-book, but it will be found a very convenient manual for all who are so situated that they cannot procure the more expensive works.

WILSON'S PRESBYTERIAN HISTORICAL ALMANAC.-The series of annual volumes, bearing this modest title, which Mr. Joseph M. Wilson of Philadelphia is publishing, is becoming every year more and more valuable. The volume last published, the sixth, which is for 1864, contains the statistics of all the various branches of the Presbyterian Church for the year 1863. It contains besides a large number of papers of strictly historical character; nearly a hundred carefully prepared biographical sketches of deceased Presbyterian ministers; together with seventeen steel portraits; among them one of the late Dr. Robinson of the Union Theological Seminary, and one of Prof. Henry B. Smith. As a repository of information of every description respecting the various branches of the Presbyterian Church, it is invaluable.

REBELLION RECORD.-Eight volumes are now published of this great work, which should be found in every public library in the country, and is absolutely indispensable to every one who

Science for the School and Family. Part III. Mineralogy and Geology. By WORTHINGTON HOOKER, M. D. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1865. 12mo. pp. 860.

The Presbyterian Historical Almanac, and Annual Remembrancer of the Church for 1864, By JOSEPH M. WILSON. Volume VI. Philadelphia: J. M. Wilson. 1864. 8vo. pp. 402.

wishes to study the history of the war. Besides a full and concise diary of events since the meeting of the South Carolina Convention in Dec. 1860, these volumes contain over three thousand Official Reports of the battles and skirmishes that occurred. The ninth volume commences with the official documents relating to Sherman's grand campaign through the Southern States. The plan of giving in this way the documentary history of the Rebellion is a noble one, and the editor and publisher well deserve the gratitude of the country. T. H. Pease agent in New Haven.

SAYINGS OF LABIENUS ON NAPOLEON III.*-We wrote a "Book Notice" of Napoleon's Life of Julius Cæsar for our last Number, but by some mistake it appeared as an Article. We promise that this shall take its proper place.

But we are not sure that this notice should not be longer than that was, for the little pamphlet of which we now write has several interesting sides. Not the least interesting to us is the illustration which it gives us of the difference between our freedom and that of France. No such production could appear here. The device of this covert attack on the Emperor grows out of the Emperor's tyranny. With us no one is so high that the lowest may not lampoon him in undisguised terms. But the French are like boys under a tyrannical schoolmaster whom they hate. One shrewd boy, however, exercises his clever gift of composition in producing in the gravest style, but with the utmost bitterness of heart and meaning, a disguised portraiture of the man of the rod, which, passing muster with the not over-perspicacious usher who examines it, comes in due course to be read in the presence of the boys and of all the authorities of the school. The boys, of course, take the full meaning of it, and enjoy it in their very souls. The victim understands it, too, and squirms inwardly. But as he is not expressly spoken of, what can he do? Still, as the reading goes on, and he feels the full force and sting of the wit, and the meaning becomes more obvious, he is at length compelled to let the storm fly, -and woe now to the luckless boy who ventured on his bold revenge!

*The Suppressed Critique on Julius Cæsar. The Sayings of Labienus, on the Life of Casar, by Napoleon III. By M. A. ROGEARD. Translated by Madame O. FOURNIER. With Explanatory Notes. New York: J. P. Robens. 8vo. pp. 16.

Of M. Rogeard's pamphlet, twelve hundred copies are "swept away" and devoured by chuckling Frenchmen, and a second edition of five thousand copies called for before the publisher understands its drift. But the imperial thunders do not long delay. Even the publisher is sentenced to fine and imprisonment. The author, however, escapes from the country, leaving an intense and spreading excitement behind him. The condemned book is universally sought for and read.

As we have said, no such attack on a ruler could appear here, because we are not driven to covert satire. Nor could such a pamphlet as M. Rogeard's attract so much attention here. It is the element of audacity in attacking the man who holds the rod which makes the profound sensation among the school boys. Such a rod is unknown to our government, and, of course, we lose the childish fun which all France gets from seeing the rod braved and dodged. Some of our readers, perhaps, have been surprised at the effect produced by these few simple pages, not twenty in number, in which the Roman Augustus sits for a portrait of the French Emperor. The explanation will, we think, be found above.

It cannot be denied, however, that M. Rogeard is "witty, caustic, and able," as he is called on the introductory page of this New York edition. He has sustained his idea consistently and well to the end. He shows you Augustus and his times, and names no other; but if you change your own point of view, it reads like one of those ingenious double-faced shop signs, Napoleon III. and his Times.

The name of Labienus is not a mere fancy. He lived in the times of Augustus; but, entertaining ever a lively regret for the liberty which was lost, he hated the Emperor and the empire, and omitted no opportunity of attacking the former with his pen A letter of Seneca to his children is the source of most of the information respecting him which the classical dictionaries contain. "He was so free," says Seneca, "that he exceeded the limits of freedom, and for Labienus was called Rabienus, because no man and no rank was safe from his bite." M. Rogeard's pamphlet does not profess to be the work of Labienus, but of a modern writer, who, in giving an account of the state of things in Rome, not long before the death of Augustus, introduces the name of Labienus, and weaves all the incidents of his life which time has

spared us, into an ironical and double-edged description of the

man.

"The old Labienus was one of those who had seen the republic; he had the folly to remember it; there lay the evil. He now saw a great reign, and he was not satisfied. There are people who never are so. He always thought himself on the day after Pharsalia; forty years of glory put his eyes out with their lustre, but without opening them; he looked like a man in a bad dream, and reality was only an infernal vision to him. He was a simpleton in his astonish ment; he would not believe what had happened. Epimenides (who slept a hundred years), when he awoke was less astonished. You might have thought him a corpse escaped from the tombs at Philippi, an inquisitive spectre who had come to look on. Sometimes a friend pitied him; he pitied his friend. Most often, all alone, he growled in his own corner; he looked at the empire passing. It was not possible to make such a man listen to reason; he belonged to another age, and was an exile in the new one; he had the home-sickness of the past; he had learned nothing and forgotten nothing; he comprehended nothing in the present epoch; he had all the prejudices of Brutus; he was infested with Greek opinions which had not been fashionable in Rome for some time past. He looked as old as the Twelve Tables; he still thought as people thought in the time of Fabricius and the long-haired Camillus. And what fantastic ideas and incredible manias; especially one very singular, inexplicable taste: he loved liberty! It is clear that T. Labienus had not common sense. To love liberty! Do you understand that? It was a retrogade opinion, since liberty was a thing of old; the new men loved the new regime. He did not understand nicety of shades, nor had he the idea of time, or the comprehension of transition.

"Time had gone on, ideas also; he remained as firmly planted as a goal; he still believed in justice, in the law, in science and in conscience; he was clearly in his dotage. He talked of the party of honest men, like Cicero; he talked of the senate, of tribunes, of the comitia, and did not see that all these had melted away, like snow, into an immense sink, and that he was almost alone on the outside. He still counted years by the consuls; for Augustus had left the name, in order that the thing might be believed in, and he hoped to resuscitate the thing by preserving the name. He prepared discourses to the people, as if there was a people; he invoked laws, as if there were laws; the principality to him was but a parenthesis in history, a shameful page in the annals of Rome; he would have made haste to turn the leaf over or tear it out; he always said that it would end, and he thought so; people thought him mad, and he was so, as you see."

By a graceful turn Labienus himself is soon introduced as engaged in conversation with one of his contemporaries, an adherent of the dominant party, and as this conversation occupies a considerable and the pithiest part of the pamphlet, one feels quite satisfied after reading it that the little book should be entitled The Sayings of Labienus.

The following extract will explain the subject of this conversa

tion with Gallionus, and will give our readers the spirit of the whole:

"Good day, Titus! quid agis, dulcissime rerum, "I am ill, if the empire is well."

how do you do?”

"Well! every one knows that you are always in a bad humor; but I have news for you."

"There is nothing that can be news to me, if Augustus still reigns."

"Come! come! I know that you have been in a rage for thirty years, and that you have not laughed once since the triumvirate ceased to be; but here is my news: the Memoirs of Augustus have just appeared."

"Since when have murderers taken to writing books?"
"Since honest men have taken to making emperors."
"Alas!"

"You will not read these memoirs, then, dear Titus."

"I shall read them. I shall read them, Gallionus, with tears of shame." "And you will reply to them, criticise them, write an anti-Cæsar, as Cæsar has written an anti-Cato."

"No, Gallionus, I shall publish nothing on this subject. I do not discuss with him who has thirty legions; in a country which is not free, one should not allow oneself to touch upon contemporary history; and criticism, in such a case, is impossible."

"You do not wish to enlighten the public, then."

"I do not wish to aid in deceiving them; for, in these times, on such subjects, nothing that appears can be good, nothing that is good can appear."

"Be at ease, too; if you want criticism on this little morsel of imperial literature, if you want cunning appreciation, you will have it; if you want learned dissertation, it will rain down; if you want ingenious and frequent observations, reviews full of novelty, elegant and courteous discussion sustained in an exquisite strain by men belonging to the best society, you will have it; if you want controversy on its knees and rhetoric flat on its stomach, and epigrams thrown off, the point of which tickles instead of wounding, and bites which are caresses, and bitter reproaches which are pleasing, and adorably-graceful little lines slipped in under the guise of severe judgment, and pretty little words of the most charming description, delicately enveloped in the garb of a ferocious and warlike sentence, and bouquets of flowers of rhetoric, and waves of mellifluous eloquence, and arguments offered up on cushions, and objections presented on a silver waiter like a letter brought by a servant; nothing of all this will be wanting, my dear Gallionus. We shall see the muses of the state go through a dance, and Mæcenas will lead the ballet. The chaste sisters have quitted Pindus for Mount Palatine, and Apollo belongs to the police. So Augustus is certain of his public, readers, judges, critics, imitators, and commentators; he will find people for this work."