In S. Nazaro Church are cupola paintings by the brothers B. A. and G. Campi, some of whose works, as well as other native artists, are seen in the Churches of S. Pietro al Po, S. Abbondio, S. Domenico, S. Lorenzo, S. Giorgio, &c. Santa Agata in Piaz. Garibaldi is an ancient Gothic building, of brick, like the rest, containing G. Campi's Martyrdom of Santa Agata. Another ancient church, S. Agostino, has Perugino's Virgin and Saints. At Santa Pelagia is a monument to Archbishop Vida, a native of the city; "Immortal Vida," of Pope's lines, who prophesies "Cremona now shall ever boast thy name As next in place to Mantua, next in fame." One mile out of the town, on the Mantua road, is the fine Church of *S. Sigismondo, which was part of an abbey founded by F. Sforza I., Duke of Milan, who rebuilt it on his marriage with Bianca Visconti, 1441. It is full of paintings and frescoes by the Campi, Boccacino, Gatti, and other Cremona artists. It was at Cremona that Prince Eugene surprised Marshal Villeroy, and made him prisoner, 1702. Cremona was a flourishing town in the territory of the Cenomanni, having been colonised before Hannibal's March into Italy, so that it may vie in antiquity with any of its neighbours. Virgil and Tacitus both describe the injuries it endured in the civil wars of the empire. By rail to Casalpusterlengo (Route 15), and hence to Piacenza and Pavia. By rail to Mantua, 39 miles; opened 1874, in the direction of the ancient Via Posthumia; past Piadena (Stat.) near Gannetto, an old fortified post in the Duchy of Mantua; Bozzolo (Stat.), population, 3,966, the ancient Bozzulum, on the Oglio, with a castle formerly belonging to the Gonzaga family; Castelluchio (Stat.), on a branch of the Mincio; and Le Grazie Church (see page 68). Rail to Brescia (page 40), 31 miles, through Olmeneta, Verolanuova, and Bagnoli. For Parma, proceed to PIADENA, as above, then take the line (opened November, 1884) to Casal Maggiore (Stat.), population, 15,122, at the ferry on the Po. Then to Colorno (Stat.), by Colorno Castle and the old Abbey of S. Martino, to Parma (Stat.), on the railway to the south (Route 15). ROUTE 17. Up the River Adige, near the Lago di Garda, by railway, on the Brenner route. The stations are Verona (Stat.) See Route 13. Domegliara (Stat.), near RIVOLI, on the other side of the Adige, where Bonaparte defeated the Austrians under Alvinzi, 14th January, 1797, after a hard fight, the town being taken and retaken twice over. Rovereto (Stat.), which is in Austrian territory, is the nearest station for Riva, at the head of Lake di Garda. (See Bradshaw's Hand-Book to Switzerland and the Tyrol.) Hotel and Pension au Lac, pleasant and comfortable, recommended. A town of 5,000 population, seated among mountains, in a climate so mild that oranges, myrtles, olives, &c, grow in the open air, and entitle it to be called the paradise of the South Alps. Two mountain streams, tumble into the lake here. At the Minorite Church are some works of art; La Rocca Castle, on the lake, was built by the Scaligeri family. There is a fine promenade in the colonnade, on the little harbour. Various excursions may be made on the Lake, which is surrounded by hills, castles, country houses, &c., offering a great variety of beautiful prospects. A steamboat starts daily to the little port of Desenzano, besides the ordinaria or packet boat twice a week. From Riva to Peschiera at the bottom, the Lake is about 30 miles long: the breadth here is 10 miles; excellent fish is caught. Virgil calls it the Benacus, and notices the storms raised by the mountain winds. Only the upper part on each side of Riva belongs to Tyrol. Mount Baldo, comparatively bare, hangs over the east side; the west is by far the most picturesque. In the middle is the pretty Island of Tremelone, with Count Lecchi's house and gardens. Among the spots on the west shore worth notice are the Ledro Waterfall, behind Ponale, 200 feet down; Limone, and its citron groves; the limestone quarries of Tremosine; Gargnago and its villas; Toscolans and vineyards; Salo (population, 3,000), among orange groves, one of the most delightful parts of the lake, Manerbio, which had a temple of Minerva Würmser marched down both sides of this lake to meet Bonaparte in the campaign of 1796. For Trento (Stat.), or Trent, where the Council was held, and the Brenner Pass, see Bradshaw's Hand-Book to Switzerland ad the Tyrol. ROUTE 18. Verona to Mantua, Modena, and Bologna. By rail to Mantua, 23 miles; three times a day in 1 hour. Verona (Stat.) See Route 13. The trains leave Porta Vescova, from which it is 1 mile to Forta Nuova; after which the stations are Parona Miles. 7 Avio Miles. Pescanteno Domegliara 114 Mori ...... 144 Ceraino 182 32 35 ................... 44 Rovereto....... 46 Trento This is partly in Austrian territory. Miles. Dossobuono......... 6 Mozzecane [Branch to Rovigo.] 11 Roverbella............ 18 Mantua............................... 253 After passing Dossobuono (Stat.), where the branch line to Rovigo and Adria goes off, we have CUSTOZZA to the right, where the Piedmontese were beaten by the Austrians, 25th July, 1848. Then comes Villafranca (Stat.), 7,000 population, which was Charles Albert's head-quarters at the time; and gives name to the convention of 11th July, 1859, between Napoleon III. and Francis Joseph, concluded after the battle of Solferino, 13 miles distant. It is a bustling market-town in the province of Mantua, with a castle of the fourteenth century. The two sovereigns met at a house in Contrada Cappuccini, belonging to a Signor Morelli-Bugna. The interview lasted an hour, the Emperors conversing sometimes in Italian, sometimes in German. Nothing was written at the meeting; but the inkstand and paper, which were placed on the table, may still be seen here, exactly as they were set down. Louis Napoleon mechanically picked to pieces some of the flowers in a vase which stood before him. When they came out, he was gay and easy, as might be expected; the Kaiser looked downcast and embarrassed. Count Arrivabene relates the effect of this unexpected peace on the Italians; the coldness of Victor Emmanuel; the fierce rage of Cavour, who resigned, to be replaced by Ricasoli and Ratazzi, though he continued to be the mainspring of every movement which followed; the dead silence of the people in their public reception. About 5 miles west of Villafranca is Valeggio, on the Mincio, and the high road from Peschiera to Mantua. At this place, Villa Maffei, a building of the seventh century, and the seat of a family represented by Count Maffei, secretary to the Italian Legation in England, was, for its picturesque situation and its magnificence, chosen as the residence of the Austrian General during the annual military manoeuvres in Autumn. Francis Joseph established his head-quarters here before the battle of Solferino, and it was occupied by Louis Napoleon after the battle. "More than once," says Count Arrivabene, "while strolling about the gardens, to which my permis gave me access, I saw the Emperor in his shirt sleeves, writing at his desk; sometimes smoking a cigar, but always at work; for it is only doing him justice to say that he saw to almost everything himself, and did not spare either fatigue or trouble during the campaign." The simplicity of his habits made him very popular with the people. He was up at three every morning. Four dishes, one quality of wine, and plenty of fruit, was the unvarying fare at table. But in spite of the freedom which seemed to exist, the strictest vigilance was kept by the police and the Imperial bodyguard. From here he sent General Fleury with proposals for an armistice to the Austrian Kaiser, at Verona, on the "fatal 6th July," as the Italians call it a day which damped all their bright hopes of recovering Venetia. Besides considerations of policy, it appears that Louis Napoleon was really F disgusted with the quarrels of his generals, and the horrible scenes of real war, which he now witnessed for the first time. Cross the Mincio to Volta, about 4 miles southwest, nearer the field of Solferino. It derives its name from a turn in the road leading to the passage of the Mincio at Borghetta, and lies on the slope of a small hill. Here is a splendid villa belonging to Prince Ch. Gonzaga, whose family were Lords of Mantua, but were almost reduced to poverty by Joseph I. When Napoleon I. passed through Mantua, the head of this old house was so poor that he had not a decent coat to attend the levée. After a long suit in the Austrian courts, a pension of £1,000 was settled on the Prince. About 6 miles south of this, lower down the Mincio, is Goito, the birthplace of Sordello, a famous knight and troubadour of the thirteenth century. In the war of 1859 the damage sustained by this small commune was reckoned at three millions of zwanzigers. A pleasant road runs from Goito to Rivalta, parallel to the course of the Mincio. This is the place where Count Arrivabene, the accomplished author of Italy under Victor Emmanuel, spent his early youth, at the seat of his uncle, Count Ferdinand. He gives a very pleasant description of his return to the old family home in 1859. He speaks of the delicious green figs, and luscious grapes, called lugliatica, from coming to perfection in July. Two months later, his mother, a lady of sixty-five, was arrested by the Austrians in her own house, and shut up in prison with women of the worst character, only for attending a mass in honour of those who fell at San Martino. From this place it is a short distance to Mantua. Roverbella (Stat.) Population, 3,000. Celebrated as Bonaparte's head-quarters in the war of 1796. It is the nearest station for Goito and Rivalta above mentioned, which lie a few miles west on the Mincio. MANTUA (Stat.), "Mantova la Gloriosa," or the Glorious, as it is styled by the Italians. Population, 28,050, of whom 6,000 are Jews. Hotels: Aquila d'Oro; Croce Verde, or Fenice; Ecu de France. Conveyances.-Railway to Verona, Cremona, and to Modena, for Bologna on the Central Italian line. Omnibuses to and from the railway station, 24 miles from the town. *Chief Objects of Interest.-Cathedral; St. Andrea; Ducal Palace; G. Romano's House; Ragione Palace; Palazzo del T., or Te, and G. Romano's frescoes; Grazie Church. The capital of the province of the same name, seated on an island in a lagoon of the Mincio, in a flat and marshy though fertile country. Having been strongly fortified by the Austrians, and defended by a citadel considered to be impregnable, it formed the key of the Quadrilateral. It is specially noted as the birthplace, or close to the birthplace, of Virgil, the "Mantuan Bard" as he is called. He praises its beauty and antiquity. When Augustus settled his veterans here after driving out the natives, he bestowed a farm on the poet, who repaid him with his first Eclogue. After sharing in the disasters which Italy endured from the Barbarians, it became a republic, and at length fell under the power of the Gonzaga family, who ruled here in great splendour from Ludovico I., in 1328, till Vincent II. in 1627. The French took it in 1797, after a valiant resistance by old Würmser; but the Austrians recovered it again 1799. The Island of Mantua, which is about 5 miles round, is joined to the main land by long bridges or causeways, of not less than 1,000 feet. There are two other small islands-Ceresa, or Isola Te as it is called, and Pradella-both fortified. At the point below the town, the river makes a sort of a port for the barges which ascend it from the Po. The streets and houses are regular and well built. The oldest are collected round the Ducal Palace, near Porta S. Giorgio and the long bridge of the same name, from which the best view of the city is obtained. The principal thoroughfare is from the palace, through Piazza di S. Pietro and Piazza del Erbe to Porta Pradella. Giulio Romano, who had been Raphael's pupil, worked here, both as a painter and architect, and gave designs for palaces, churches, houses, and villas. Primaticcio was his most distinguished disciple. Among the public squares are Piazza di Virgilio, the largest, so called from a statue of the Mantuan poet. Here are the Ergastolo Prison and the Amphitheatre. It was from the former that Felice Orsini made the wonderful escape which is related in his "Memoirs." Porta Mulina, or Molini, built by G. Romano, leads out to one of the Bridges (as old as 1190) and the twelve old water Mills which are dedicated to the twelve Apostles. Other open places face the Cathedral, and S. Andrea, and the Piazza Teofile Folenga. Its nineteen Churches are large and handsome and mostly of the sixteenth century. *S. Andrea was rebuilt in the Italian style by Alberti, except the cupola by Juvara, a Spanish artist. The old Gothic tower of the first church stands close by, having string-courses and cornices of moulded brickwork, but terminated by an insignificant octagon and spire. The church is an elegant and well-proportioned cross, 317 feet long and 95 feet high in the nave and transepts, "interesting as the type of all those churches, from St. Peter's downwards, erected in Italy and in most parts of Europe during the last three centuries."Fegusson. Its entrance front, the only part of the exterior which is finished, is worthy of the interior. It has a great central arch, well supported by pilasters on each side, and crowned by an nbroken pediment. In the portico are traces of frescoes, by A. Mantegna and his pupils, with decorations by A. and P. Mola. There are tombs of J. Andreassi and his wife; J. Gonzaga, by Romano; of Mantegna, with his bronze bust, by Sperandio; of P. Strozzi and Bishop Andreassi, by Romano and P. Clementi respectively. A chapel contains the several tombs of celebrated Mantuans--as Donato, the botanist; Cantelmi and Capilupi, the poets; Sperandio; and P. Pomponaccio, the philosopher. Among the best pictures are the Annunciation, by Mantegna; Adoration of the Magi, a fresco by L. Costa; Crucifixion, by Guisoni; and another by Pagni. In St. Longino's Chapel are frescoes by Rinaldo, from designs by Romano (St. Sebastian for instance), and a St. Anne by Brusasorci. At the high altar are statues of Faith and Hope, by Canova's pupils. They show as a most precious relic, a drop of Christ's blood; also the bones of the soldier (Longinus) who pierced his side. *S. Pietro, or the Cathedral, in that Piazza, near the Ducal Palace, and one of the finest in Italy, was built by G. Romano, and adorned by his disciples. The front was added in 1761. Here is the body of S. Anselm, with Statues of the prophets and sibyls by Primaticcio. The paintings of the cupola are the work of Mantegna and Ghigi. In the Oratory is a Madonna, by Mantegna. Santa Apollonia.-Pictures of the Venice and Ferrara schools. Santa Barbara in Corte, close to the Ducal Palace, was built by G. B. Bertani, and has a good campanile. Notice here-The Baptism of Constantine, and the Martyrdom of St. Adrian, by L. Costa, from Bertani's designs, with other pictures. In the sacristy is a golden basin, supposed to be the work of B. Cellini. Santa Barnaba contains, among other pictures, the Miracle of the Loaves, by L. Costa; the Dream of Romuald, by Bazzani; St. Philip, by Oriolt; Marriage at Cana, by Maganza; St. Sebastian, by Pagni: in the sacristy, a Madonna, by Monsignori and by G. B. Mantovano, from designs by G. Romano. The tomb of Romano is perhaps the most remarkable thing here, but both the stone and inscription are worn out. His House remains near the Palazzo Collorado, which was built by him. S. Egidio has a monument of Tasso's father, Bernardo Tasso, who was also a poet. S. Maurizio.-Here are the Annunciation and St. Margaret, both by L. Carracci; the latter a fine work. The church was dedicated for a time to "Divo Napoleoni," as attested by an inscription, which may be still made out over the door; and General Creuzer has here endowed a chapel sacred to the memory of great warriors, with lines in honour of Charles V., Louis XIV., and Napolcon. S. Sebastian, near Porta Posterla, was built 1460, by L. Gonzaga, from designs by L. B. Alberti, the architect of St. Andrew's. It is in a dilapidated condition. The frescoes of Mantegna (whose house is close by) in the façade are almost faded out. L. Costa's Martyrdom of the Saint is here. Accademia Vergiliana di Scienze e Belle Arti (Fine Arts Academy).-Among several works is a Descent from the Cross, by J. Monsignori. There is a Library; with a Museo Antiquario, including busts of Euripides, Thales, Virgil, Tiberius, Caligula, Commodus (as Mercury), and other Emperors; bas-reliefs of Philoctetes, Labours of Hercules, Battle of the Amazons, Pluto and Proserpine, Mercury, Descent of Orpheus to the Shades, Medea, with statues of Diana and Apollo; a Muse, without hands; and Etruscan, Greck, and other urns. Among the remarkable houses are-Casa Marc Anton Antimaco a celebrated philologist, with the inscription "Antimachum ne longius quæras"; Casa Bertani, built by the architect Bertani, marked by two columns, illustrating the Corinthian style; Casa Biondi, with a picture, supposed to be the Ariadne of G. Romano. *Casa di Giulio Romano was built by the great artist himself, and decorated by Primaticcio. A small antique Mercury is over the door. In front of it is the Palazzo Colloredo, which Romano also designed. It is marked by a gigantic stucco caryatid of fantastic character, and contains paintings by himself and disciples. Palazzo del Diavolo obtained its name from the wonderful rapidity with which it was built by its founder, P. Ceresara. At the Casa Susanni is a gallery of works by Mantegna, Guido, Francia, Parmegianino, &c. Count Beffa possesses a fine Madonna, by P. Vecchio. Near the Porta and Ponte di S. Giorgio, which divide the middle and lower lakes (as they are called) of the river, and the Ducal Palace, is the Castello di Corti (Ducal Castle), built by B. Novara, 1393-1406, for Francis IV., of Gonzaga, with machicolated walls and towers, &c. It is now used as a prison, and place for archives; one of which records the death, 1st November, 1546, of G. Romano, "Superintendent of all the Ducal buildings, after fifteen days' illness," of fever, aged forty-seven. He entered the Duke's service in 1524. Many frescoes of the Gonzaga family, by Mantegna and others, are visible, though much decayed, The Ducal Palace, now Corte Reale, surrounding the Piazza delle Fiero, is a vast, old, irregular pile, with great machicolated towers and battlements, including the Palazzo Imperiale, Palazzo Vecchio, and the Corte Imperiale. It was the ancient seat of the Gonzagas, begun by G. Buonacolsi Bottigella, in 1302, and enlarged and renewed by Romano, whose genius and skill are visible in every part of it; though many of its 5:0 rooms are in a state of neglect, ruin, and decay. In the room called the Scalcheria (Steward's Office), overlooking the Piazza del Pallone, are fine pictures of the Chase of Diana, and Venus caressing Cupid before Vulcan, by Romano; the Car of Apollo, in the ceiling, is by his pupils. At the Paradiso apartments, among the decorations of the cabinets, the name of the beautiful Isabella, daughter of Hercules D'Este of Ferrara, wife of Francis III., with the motto "forse chi ci forse chi no" (perhaps Yes, perhaps No) may be noticed. In the Troja, or Troy Room, are frescoes from the war of Troy, by Romano; and Cupid and Love, by pupils of Mantegna. The Camera degli Arazzi contains arras tapestry, copied from the famous Cartoons of Raphael. The Galleria degli Speechi (glasses) is full of paintings and portraits by Romano's pupils; many of which suffered from the French Republicans in 1797. All these rooms are connected by passages and courts, and deserve careful examination, though showing marks of great neglect and decay. Two Towers of the same age, called Torre della Gabbia, or Tower of the Cage (for criminals), and Torre dello Zucchero, are near the palace. The former, built 1302, by G. Buonacolsi, commands a fine view of the city and environs, from a room at the top. The Palazzo della Ragione, not far off, was built 1198-1250, and though ancient, is well preserved. Under a canopy is a curious statue of Virgil; the clock tower was raised 1478. "This palace illustrates the great principle of Lombard design, in tall buildings, which they always sought to ornament by increasing the number of openings in each storey, and decreasing in consequence their size, but making them at the same time more ornamental."-Fergusson. Passing out of the Porta Posteria we come, in a little time, to the * Palazzo del Tèor del T; a square Doric pile, built by Frederic II. of Gonzaga, from Romano's designs, and so called either from the T shaped piece of ground on which it stands, or from tejetto, a drain. It is nearly a square, 180 feet by 186 feet, but only 30 feet high, with two ranges of windows, between Doric pilasters; and is rusticated throughout in coarse yellow stucco. The loggia in the court, towards the bridge and garden, though of stucco, is of good proportions, and is ornamented with subjects from the history of David, by the great painter and his pupils; besides bas-reliefs by Primaticcio. The In the Camera dei Cavelli are portraits of Frederic's horses, by Pagni and Rinaldo. Camera de Psiche has pictures on oil and fresco, of the story of Cupid and Psyche, from Romano's designs. In the Camera del Zodiaco, the seasons are painted on the walls, and the signs of the Zodiac, in compartments, on the ceiling, by Romano's pupils. Camera di Faetonte takes name from Phaeton, whose Fall is painted here; with small pictures of centaurs, &c., by Romano and his pupils. Salo degli Stucchi, so called from the stuccoes, representing the Triumphal Entry of Sigismund into Mantua, 1433 (when Francis Gonzaga was created Marquis); Scipio and his prisoners; Alexander opening the Cabinet in which he keeps his Homer; Cæsar burning the letters of Pompey; all by Primaticcio. *Sala dei Giganti, a small room, adorned by the Assault of the Giant Titans on Olympus, from designs of Romano. The figures exceed a scale of two to one. In the garden are a Grotto and Pavillion, the latter, containing a series of pictures of Human Life, from the Birth to the Resurrection of man, done by Romano's pupils under their master's direction. "The charm of his palace" says Fergusson "depends on the coffering and colouring of the ceilings, which display an amount of design and fancy, combined with elegance, seldom seen elsewhere; but they will not suffice to redeem the building from the reproach of being, at least, externally of the tamest commonplace, as an architectural design." At the Scuole Pubbliche is the public Library, founded by Maria Theresa, containing 90,000 volumes, and 1,000 MSS. Among these are Pindar, the Hecuba, and Orestes of Euripides, a Panegyric of Trajan and a Virgil; besides the correspondence of Voltaire and Bettinelli. The Capilupi library possesses 129 valuable MSS., serving to elucidate the literary history of the fifteenth century. A little way out of Mantua is Pietole, which, agreeably to a tradition preserved by Dante, in his Purgatory, is thought to be the site of Andes, Virgil's birthplace. An old ruined palace of the Mantuan dukes, called La Virgiliana, marks the spot. Hither the Cardinal de' Medici came for refuge after the battle of Ravenna; and here also General Miolles gave his banquet in a Temple of Apollo, improvised for the occasion; the Saints taking the place of the Gods. At Curtatone, on the Grazie Road, near the Mincio, on the 29th May, 1848, the Austrians defeated the Tuscans, who came to the assistance of Charles Albert. The Tuscan volunteers were 1,316 soldiers of the Grand Ducal army, and 1,166 of the newly-raised civic guard, with youths from the Pisa University, and other equally unwarlike sources, to the number of 5,000; all under the command of General Langier, assisted by Piedmontese officers. They were opposed to 35,000 Austrian troops, commanded by Radetsky. The villages of Montanara Curtatone are 1 mile distant from each other. "For more than six hours the devoted little band held in check the enormous force opposed to them, and though the promised Piedmontese support never came, the Tuscans gained the object in view, and stayed the advance of the Austrians long enough to enable the Piedmontese to win the battle of Goito the following day." The loss of the Tuscans was very heavy; but they had done their duty to their country, and proved they could fight like heroes. The names of those who fell are recorded in the Church of Santa Croce. Two Pisa professors were killed: and a third, Montanelli, supposed to be mortally wounded, afterwards recovered, and became one of the Grand Duke's ministers."-T.A. TROLLOPE'S Tuscany in 1849 and 1859. Beyond this, 5 miles from Mantua, on the right bank of the lake, and within view of the city, is the Church of Santa Maria della Grazie, founded 1399, by F. Gonzaga and the citizens, in pursuance of a vow portrait of the Madonna, attributed, as usual, to made during the plague. It contains a miraculous St. Luke, and much reverenced. It is still a much frequented place of pilgrimage, especially or Assumption Day. The church is an Italian Gothic of the simplest style, set off with many ex-votos and inscriptions. Within, are paintings by L. Costa, L. Gambara, Monsignori, &c., besides a monument of Coradi (1489), the son of the celebrated military leader, and another of B. Castiglione, the friend of M. Angelo and Raphael, and author of the Cortegiano. This latter was designed by Romano; the inscription is by Cardinal Bembo. By his side is his young and learned wife. Among eminent persons who have visited this church and left their offerings, are Charles V. and his son Ferdinand, Pius II., the Constable Bourbon, and even an ambassador from Japan. The walls are covered with a double row of wax figures (the size of life) of these and other eminent personages, bishops, cardinals, kings, &c., who have received some benefit or grace from the Virgin. Each bears an inscription in verse. The art of making them was invented by a Franciscan of Acqua Nera, in 1521, but they require frequent restoration. The miscellaneous offerings are most various and singular. One is a crocodile or lizard killed by a Mantuan in the rivers about here; and another is a piece of rope from a convict about to be hanged, who prayed for help to the Madonna, when the rope broke and restored him to his place in society. A rail is open to Modena, and to Cremona; and one, via Legnago and Este, to Monselice, on the line between Padua and Bologna. (See Routes 16 and 20.) From Mantua to Modena, on the Central Italian rail, the stations are as under:Miles. Miles. 29 32 38 Borgoforte (Stat.), a fortified castle on the Po built 1211, near the junction of the Mincio. Suzzara (Stat.)-population, 1,600-where Prince Eugene fought an indecisive battle on 1st May, 1703, with the French under Vendôme. [Rail from Suzzara to Parma (page 58),, 27 miles, through Brescello and Guastalla. Guastalla (9,544 inhabitants), near the South bank of the Po, a bishop's see, and formerly the head of a little county and duchy, united to Parma in 1749, and to Modena in 1847. Its history has been written in four great quartos, by a native author, P. Affo. Guastalla, now finally annexed |