have been a reality for ten years to come. may be, sire,' answered Garibaldi, 'but I could not have attempted my expedition had not Victor Emmanuel been the most noble and generous of kings. They then reviewed the patriot columns I of 12,000. Whenever the soldiers cried 'Viva the King of Italy,' Victor Emmanuel never failed to answer, Viva Garibaldi-Viva his army." They then rode to Carmigliano for an hour, Garibaldi freely talking to the king of the situation, and defeuding his policy at Naples. The king's army then took the lead, drove the Bourbons over the Garigliano into Gaëta, which was afterwards invested and taken."

The Roman city of Capua Vetere was at the next place, 3 miles nearer Naples

Santa Maria di Capua (Stat.), or SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE. Population, 19,023. It was originally called Vulturnum, afterwards changed to Capua, a large and wealthy city, "altera Roma," as Cicero styles it, with a population of 300.000. It stood in a rich plain, part of that Terra di Lavoro or Campania Felix, which was the ruin of Hannibal. Here, after the battle of Cannæ, he spent a delicious winter, when fortune turned against him; hence the saying, "Capuam Annibali Cannas fuisse." At the first opportunity its jealous rival, Rome, punished it for siding with Hannibal, by exterminating the leading inhabitants, and it was finally ruined by the Vandals.

One of the most noticeable remains of old magnificence is the *Amphitheatre, of which some arches and subterranean fragments are left. It was about 560 feet by 460 feet, and 90 feet high, in three storeys of the Doric order, and might have held 40,000 spectators. It is said to be a very old one, and was restored by Hadrian. From this point is a fine prospect of Monte Tifata and Monte Taberno, beyond which is the district of Piedmonte, in the Upper Volturno. Under Tifata are some hot springs, called the Tre Fischi, or three whistles, now used to turn mills, but used as baths by the Romans; and in the neighbourhood of Santa Maria are several spots once occupied by temples, called Bellona, Giano (Janus), Casolla (Casæ Apollonis), Ercole, &c.; the roads to which were lined with tombs. So many sepulchral vases, in the Etruscan style, have been found, often packed in rows, that it is supposed there was a factory for them here. It was the fertile district round Capua, the "ager orbis terræ pulcherrimus," which Cæsar divided among 20,000 poor Roman citizens. Caserta (Stat.), where the Foggia line to Naples, via Aversa, comes in. Population, 17,260, with Quartieri. The seat of the governor of the province of Terra di Lavoro, and a bishop's see, under several heights. It includes Caserta Vecchia, surrounded by massive Norman fortifications, 1,000 years old; and is celebrated for its Royal Summer Palace; an immense, but heavy-looking, pile (casa irta) of travertine stone, built 1752, by Vanvitelli. Here Ferdinand II. died; it was the head-quarters of Garibaldi in 1860. Inns: Vittoria; Stella d'Italia.

It forms a rectangle, 766 feet long by 500 broad, and 125 high to the balustrade, enclosing four courts, uniting in a noble centre hall, surrounded by sixty-four columns, and a staircase, which opens to all parts of the palace, and is imitated at Stafford House. Over this hall is a low dome; and there are square pavilions over each corner of the pile. It is in four stories, with about eighty windows in each, the two lower being rusticated, the two upper faced with rows of Ionic pilasters. There are three gateways in each side. Many parts are cased with rich marbles; especially the Chapel, which contains Bonito's Marriage of the Virgin, and a Presentation by R. Mengs; and the Theatre, resting on sixteen ancient alabaster columns, from Pozzuoli.

The Gardens, extending towards Monte Tifata, are laid out in the style of Versailles, with statuary, ponds, &c., and a waterfall, fed by an Aqueduct from a distance of 10 leagues. That part of it called Ponte della Valle, is a fine work, composed of three rows of arches, 180 feet high in the whole. Maddaloni (Stat.), where the line to Benevento and Foggia goes off (Route 35). Here are an old church and castle.

Cancello (Stat.), where the branch to Nola and Laura turns off, round the back of Vesuvius. Here is an old castle. There is a road to Arienzo and Benevento, which goes through Forchi d'Arpaja, the famous Furcæ Caudinæ, or Caudine Forks, on Via Appia, where the Romans were caught by the Samnites and passed under the yoke. [The branch line passes

Nola (Stat.) A bishop's see and old city (population, 12,964), where Augustus died; with large barracks, &c. In the cathedral are Massaccio's bas-reliefs, commemorating the meeting of Robert of Anjou and Andrew of Hungary, in 1333. Here Hannibal had two battles with the Consul Marcellus. Here clocks were invented. It is famous also for the Nolan or Campagnan pottery found here, resembling the Etruscan.

Palma (Stat.), population, 6,973, five miles from Vesuvius, near remains of a Roman aqueduct.

Sarno (Stat.), population, 16,374, close to an old castle, on the Sarno; 6 or 7 miles from Pompeii, and 10 from Cava.

Codola (Stat.) Branch line to Nocera dei Pagani on the Naples-Metaponto line, see page 254.

Sangiorgio (Stat.), population, 5,470. Then Sanseverino (Stat.); whence it is continued to Laura, Montoro, Solofra, and Avellino (see Route 35).]

A line, opened May, 1885, now runs from Cancello to Torre Annunziata (page 250), joining the latter with Caserta.

From Cancello, towards Naples, the next place is Acerra (Stat.) A bishop's see, the ancient Acerræ, on the River Lagni. Population, 11,274. Its Gothic Cathedral has a painting by Solimena. Casalnuovo (Stat.), population, 3,860.

Naples Terminus, at Porta del Carmine. (See Route 35.)

ROUTE 33.

Castellammare to Chieti, Popoli, Solmona, Isernia, Capua, and Naples.

the birth-place of Ovid, who styles it " aquosus" and "gelidus," and says it was founded by Solymus, a companion of Æneas. His statue is shown at the barracks. Popes Celestine V. and Innocent VII. were also natives of this place; which is a

Chieti (Stat.) or TETI, the old Teate Marrucinorum, or capital of the Marrucine, now the chief town of Abruzzi Citra, and an archbishop's see. It was sacked by Pepin, and rebuilt by the Normans. Some fragments of old Roman buildings and inscriptions are seen here. Population, 12,275. It is a pleasant well-built town, in a fine situation, on a hill; with a cathedral, and four or five churches; lyceum or college; seminary for priests; law courts; theatre, hospital, monte de pietà, &c. It has manufactory of silks and woollens, with a trade in wine, oil, and other products. It gives name to the Theatine order of monks, founded 1524, by Archbishop Carafa (Paul IV.), who profess to live on accidental alms, bestowed without being asked for. It is the birth-place of Asinius Pollio, the orator and poet; and of T. and G. Nicolini, the historians. Solaro, called Zingaro, the gipsy, of the Neapolitan school, is also claimed as a native.

A road to the north leads to PIANELLA and PENNE, or CITTA DI PENNE, the ancient Pinna, a town of 11,325 population, on a hill.

From Chieti, up the Pescara, the road (once a Roman way), passes St. Valentino (Stat.), between lofty ranges of hills, to

Tocco (population, 5,115), where the best olive oil in the Abruzzi is made. Monte Majella is an extinct volcano, 8,500 feet high.

Popoli (Stat.), at the junction of the road from Aquila (Route 31), to which a railway is open. It is 15 miles to Celano and Pecina, on Lake Celano. Popoli (population, 6,079), was a long time under the Contelmi family. The road ascends the Risio, or Sagittario, to

Pentima (Stat.), pop. 2,416, on the site of Corfinium, an old town of the Peligni, which led the Italian Confederation against Rome in the Social War. Some remains of an ancient canal are seen.

Solmona (Stat.), pop. 13,585, in a fine mountain valley, on the Sagittario, near the ancient Sulmo,

ghese family The Cathedral is a handsome building. The Palazzo del Commune is in the Gothic style. At La Badia Church is the Tomb of Cadora, a leader of mercenaries in the fifteenth century. Excellent sweetmeats, catgut, and sausages are made here. Merino sheep have been introduced with success. Near the town is the fine Celestine Monastery of S. Spirito di Morone, with remains of a Temple of Jupiter, on the site of the old Roman city.

Solmona is being connected with Campobasso (page 234) by a new line passing by Isernia (below).

From Solmona, a line runs in a north-westerly direction past Fagnano-Campagno to Aquila and Terni, 81 miles, for which see Route 31.

Among the heights in the neighbourhood are Monte Majella and Monte Prata, to the east; and the Mons Imæus ridge to the west, overlooking Lake Celano. The Naples road rises to

PETTORANO (population, 4,190), which has a good prospect of the fine valley of Solmona behind; and to ROCCO VALLE OSCURA (population, 1,179), so called from being at the bottom of a deep ravine, at the head of the Sagittario. The watershed between this and Roccaraso forms the Cinquemiglia plain, on the top of the Monte Prata ridge, between this river and the Sangro; a cold and desolate spot, often covered with snow till May, and 4,000 feet high. Descend to

ROCCARASO, so called from the jagged rocks it stands among; and to

CASTEL DI SANGRO (population, 5,118), on the Sangro, surrounded by picturesque mountains and forests. Further up the river, to the west, is Alfidena, or Aufidena, on the Via Numicia; and to the east, 15 miles, is the modern town of Agnone, among iron and copper works. From this the road ascends to

RIONERO, and then over another ridge of the Apennines, down to

Isernia, where a reaction took place in favour of the Bourbons in 1860, and 400 Garibaldians were massacred. One volunteer was burnt in the square, and others were shockingly mutilated by the women. Here the Piedmontese army under Cialdini defeated the Bourbon General, Scotti, with the loss of 800 prisoners. Isernia is the ancient Esernia, on the Numician Way, near the Volturno, which, like Solmona and other places about, has often been visited by earthquakes. Population, 8,496. It is a walled town and bishop's see, in the province of Molise or Sannio, with a cathedral, &c., and some manufactures of woollen. Among the antiquities are parts of Roman walls and an aqueduct.

The mountain Province in which Isernia stands comprises a space of 1,500 square miles.

The neighbourhood round Monte Taburno has been lately noted for the barbarities committed by bandits.

A line is being constructed from here to Solmona (page 233), and another will join the Naples line at Caianello (below).

From Isernia, our road descends to and crosses the Volturno, the ancient Vulturnus, to

Venafro (population, 4,169), the Venafrum of Horace, who praises the "Venafranæ olivæ," which are as good and abundant as ever. Many inscriptions, coins, &c., have been found here, but the only remnant of antiquity is a piece of an amphitheatre outside the walls It is in the province of Terra di Lavoro, and was a bishop's see, now annexed to Isernia. It has a Cathedral, six churches, hospital, monte di pietà, &c. Here the Bourbons were defeated by Cialdini, in his march through the Abruzzi, from Ancona, in 1860. The road runs through a pleasant country to

LA TORRICELLA, on the high read from Rome to Naples, near

38

Cerignola

Barletta

S. Vito Lanciano... 17 Fossacesia ............ 22 Vasto

Miles.

[Branch to Naples]

72

91

109

131

Termoli ............... 55 Campomarino Pescara (Stat.), one of the principal on the Meridionale line; about half-way from Ancona to Foggia. From Castellammare (1 mile distant) a railway will run across the Peninsula to Naples, via Solmona (Route 31), to which it is open. Pescara stands at the mouth of the Pescara River, which comes down from Aquila, in the Abruzzi, between Monte Corno and Monte Vellino, and here divides the provinces of Teramo (or Abruzzi Ultra I.) and Chieti (or Abruzzi Citra). Pescara is a small fortified town (population, 3,112), which gave birth to Sforza da Cotignola, a celebrated mercenary leader. It is in the province of Abruzzo Citeriore.

............ 152 59 Trani.................. 160

Francavilla (Stat.), population, 1,387, near the old Sabine boundary, and three or four tunnels. Ortona (Stat.) Or Ortona a Mure, an ancient

town of 11,862 population, at the mouth of the Foltrino, up which, towards Monte Erminio, lies

S. Vito Lanciano (Stat.), a town (population, 16,662), 4 miles from the sea, in a fertile spot, on three hills, two of which are joined by a bridge called Diocletian's Bridge.

Fossacesia (Stat.), near three tunnels. Past Torino di Sangre, so called from the Sangre, which comes down from near Lake Celano, past the town of ATESSA (population, 10,729); and the Asinello, to

Vasto (Stat.) Or Vasto d'Ammone, the ancient Histonium, with a population of 11,455. It produces excellent oil. Cross the Trigno, ancient Trinius; enter the province of Molise, or Sannio, part of the ancient Samnium; and reach

Termoli (Stat.) The Roman Interamna; a small town (population, 2,584), with a castle on the heights, overlooking the sea. About 20 miles off are the Tremiti Islands or Insulæ Diomedis, to which Julia, the grand-daughter of Augustus, was banished.

an

Campomarino (Stat.), at the mouth of the Biferno, in Apulia. A line from Termoli to Benevento (see page 262) ascends this river. It passes Larino (population, 5,947), a small town, near which is the Albanian colony of Aruri; Campobasso (Stat.), a bishop's see, and chief town (population, 12,564) of the province, with old castle and manufactories of cutlery and firearms. It gives the title of Count to a military adventurer, who figures in Scott's "Quentin Durward," and is 15 leagues from Foggia, and 19 from Naples. Bojano (Stat.), a decayed town (population 5,429), at the head of the Biferno, under Monte Matese (6,500 feet high) and Monte Mutria, on the site of Bovianum. From Bojano a road crosses the Apennines and descends the Volturno, to Capua, on the Naples rail. (See Routes 32 and 33).

Chienti Serracapriola, population, 5,390.
Ripalta (Stat.), near the Fortore.

Hereabouts the rail leaves the coast and the mountainous peninsula of Garganus, which forms the Spur of the Italian Boot, on the left, and strikes inland to

S. Severo (Stat.) A town and bishop's see of 19,756 inhabitants, in the plains of Puglia (Apulia), under the Gargano range. About 10 miles southwest, beyond the Salsola, is LUCERA, an old town (population, 14,517), on a hill, in a healthy spot, on the site of Luceria, a place of note, called "nobilis," by Horace. It has an ancient Gothic Cathedral, neighbourhood is Castel Fiorentino, in which the once used as a mosque; a college; and, in the Emperor Frederic II., of Suabia, died 1250, in the arms of his natural son, Manfred. Lucera was then inhabited by his Saracen subjects

Foggia (Stat.) Hotels: Sole; Corsini. This line proceeds to Brindisi and Otranto (see Route 38). It is on the road across the peninsula from

The mountain Prov

comprises a

The neigh been lately by bandits. A line is b (page 233), a at Caianello

From Iser the Volturnċ Venafro Horace, who are as good i tions, coins, remnant of a outside the di Lavoro, a Isernia. It 1 monte di pi feated by C Abruzzi, fro through a pl

LA TORRIC Naples, near

Presenza Caianello (

Francavilla
Ortona

S. Vito Lanc

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Vasto ........ Termoli ..... Campomarin

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