repulse, when he attempted to advance towards Rome after the battle of Thrasymenus. Its other signs of Roman occupation include remains of a theatre; a Temple of Jupiter, at St. Andrea's; and of a Temple of Concord, of which fourteen pillars are seen in the Crucifix Church, outside the walls.

The lofty Aqueduct, which also serves as a roadway, is 680 feet long, and in one part nearly 290 high; it is on ten Gothic arches, and is supposed to be of the seventh or eighth century. There are traces of Theodoric's Palace, which was rebuilt by Narses, after its ruin by the Goths. It has a fountain, with figures of Diana, &c.

The Cathedral is a handsome church, originally in the Lombard style, restored in 1644. It has a gold mosaic on its front, of 1207; and contains Madonnas by Annibale Carracci, and Filippo Lippi, who was buried here by Lorenzo de' Medici, with an epitaph by Politian.

S. Pietro, outside Porta Romana, is another Lombard church. The citadel commands a view of the Apennines, Perugia, &c. It was gallantly defended by the Irish Brigade on behalf of the Pope, in 1860. At the Palazzo Pubblico, or Town Hall, is a fresco by Spagna; and at the Palazzo Ancajani, a painting by Raphael.

Hats and truffles are among the productions of Spoleto.

Its old castle, standing on a basement of cyclopean walls, commands a fine prospect.

MONTE LUCO, 1 mile east, across the valley, which is spanned by the aqueduct, is a charming spot; covered with fine old oaks, one of which is upwards of 50 feet round. Here is the ancient Monastery of S. Giuliano, on the site of a Temple of Mars, with some hermitages and convents. Road to Norcia, Arquata, &c.

From Spoleto the Road ascends Monte Somma, 4 010 feet high, with fine views of the Vale of Clitumnus, Monte Luco, &c.; it then descends the Strettura Pass, the hotel of which was a villa built by Leo XII. The Rail passes through Monte Somma by a tunnel, to

TERNI (Stat.)

The Roman Interamna, between the Velino and the Nera, celebrated as the birthplace of Tacitus the historian (at least he is claimed by the town); and for the magnificent Falls of Terni, which are 5 miles distant.

Population, 15,000.

Hotels: Inghilterra; Europa.

It is a bishop's see and has an old Cathedral, with several Roman remains; as part of a Temple of the Sun, in the Church of S. Salvatore; of an Amphitheatre, in the Bishop's Garden; a Temple of Hercules, in the College of S. Sivo; and Baths in Cassa Spada. Outside the walls is part of a Roman bridge, replaced by one of Clement VIII., built 1602. Since 1840 it has been supplied with good drinking water. The Emperors Tacitus and Florian were natives of Terni, as well as the historian. Its wine and peaches are noted.

The Falls of Terni, or of the Velino, are 5 miles up the Nera, at the junction of the Velino, which comes down from Rieti at a much higher level. Conveyances may be hired at the Hotel (7 to 10 francs). The way lies through a beautiful country. The Falls are heard at some distance.

-audiit amnis

Sulfureâ Nar albus aquâ, fontesque Velini.-Virgil. Like those of Tivoli, these Falls, called Caduta, or Cascate del la Marmore, are artificial in their origin, having been made, in the first instance, by the Consul, M. C. Dentatus, B.C. 240, who, to drain the surplus water which inundated the valley of the Velino, made or widened a cut through the cliff down to the lower level of the Nera. Here the water "clears the wave-worn precipice," and falls into the gulf below, about 500 feet, in three leaps, the middle one being 320 feet perpendicular, and the lower one a succession of rapids. The channel is about 50 feet wide. Some estimates make the total fall only 455 feet, which is nearly equalled by the Fall of Foyers, in Scotland; a fall which, in Dr. Clarke's opinion, ranks next to that of Terni. This fall far exceeds the Falls of Schaffhausen, in Switzerland. One striking view can be got from the Specola, a pavilion built by Pius VI., overhanging the fall, and here also is a fine prospect of the valley and hills around; but the best view of the waters is obtained from the Nera below Look back!

Lo where it comes like an eternity,
As if to sweep down all things in it track,
Charming the eye with dread; a matchles, cataract.
Horribly beautiful!-but on the verge
From side to side, beneath the glittering morn
An Iris sits, amidst the infernal surge
Like Hope.

-Byron.

These rainbows are seen at different parts of the falls in the sunshine. The waters here, as in other parts of Italy, have a petrifying quality, and deposit much tartrate of lime on the wood and mosses. Near this is a villa, once inhabited by Queen Caroline.

From the Falls the road may be followed up the Velino, to the Pie' da Luco Lake; and on to Rieti, in the Roman Tempe, and Aquila, among the Sabine Hills in the Abruzzi, and thence round to Naples. (See Route 31.)

Leaving Terni, or Rome, the country continues to have the same hilly and picturesque character,

to

Narni (Stat.) A small old cathedral town (population, 8,124), on a height over the valley of the Nera, in a beautiful spot, the site of the ancient Nequinum, or Narnia, a Roman colony, which refused to help the mother city after the battle of Cannæ. The Duomo is of the thirteenth century; at the Zoccolanti Convent, on a hill facing the town, is a fine Spagna (the Coronation of the Virgin); and in the neighbourhood is the Ponte Rotto, a Roman bridge, built by Augustus, across a ravine, on the Nera. The remains consist of one large arch, and parts of two others.

Route 28.]

AMELIA, the ancient Ameria, another Umbrian town, and a bishop's see, is away to the right towards the Tiber. To Orte (Stat.), 8 miles, at the junction of the rail from Terni, Foligno, and Ancona, Routes 28, 29; and also of the line from Orvieto, Route 26.

The road follows the old Flaminian Way, with hills and villages around, to

OTRICOLI, or Ocriculum (population, 1,243), where Mount Soracte comes into view to the south, at the other side of the Tiber, which makes a sudden bend towards, and then away from, the town; a fact which Ariosto turns to account in his Orlando, canto xiv.

"Un simil luogo con girerol onda

Sotto Ocricoli il Tevere circondo.' The road crosses the Tiber at

PONTE FELICE, so called from an old thrce-arched bridge, built by Augustus, and restored by Sixtus V., the famous Cardinal Felice (Felix), of Montalto. A steamer may sometimes be taken here, which descends the Tiber, to Rome, in 10 to 12 hours. Here the French, under Macdonald, defeated the Neapolitans, in 1798. Passing

Borghetto (Stat.), on the rail; a mediæval fortress, the first place in Etruria, we come to

Civita Castellana (Stat.), a picturesque town (population, 3,500), on a volcanic peninsula, the site of Falerium Vetus, one of the Twelve Etruscan cities; between the Treja and Rio Maggiore, which runs in the ravine. A bridge, for the road and aqueduct, called Ponte del Terreno. 130 feet high, crosses the latter. Here is a Gothic Cathedral (1210), with a castle commanding a fine view of Mount Soracte, &c., built by Julius II. The town walls are Etruscan in part, and in the ravine below are many Etruscan tombs. The Convent of Santa Maria de Faleri, to the west, marks the site of Falerium Novum, or the Roman city, which succeeded the Etruscan; and which has remains of uncemented walls, 30 feet high, with gates, &c., in an almost perfect state of preservation. This neighbourhood was inhabited by the Falisci or Phalisci, of Greek origin, and was famous for its pastures, and the Venter Faliscus, a kind of sausage inentioned by Martial.

About 7 or 8 miles east of this is the famous isolated peak of Mount Soracte, a limestone hill, 2,300 feet high, once crowned by a Temple of Apollo, now turned into a convent, dedicated to a certain "Sant' Oreste;" so called from a hermitage to which Ch. Martel's son, Carloman, King of Austrasia (a Frankish province), retired to feed pigs and die. There is a village on the slope. Near the Chapel of Santa Romana is a curious grotto. It enjoys, as might be expected, a wide panoramic view, and is covered with snow a good part of the year; as Horace remarks-

"Vides ut altar stet nive candidum
Soracte.'

From Civita Castellana, the way to Rome may be followed, via Nepi (a walled town with an aqueduct) to

151

Montorso (Stat.), or Monterosi, where it joins the high road, or rail, from Siena (Route 26); or we may take the shorter route by the Flaminian Way to Rignano, under Monte Soracte, and

CASTEL NUOvo, the site of Ad Vicessimane, 14 miles from Civita Castellana. The Sabine Hills, Tivoli, Albano, &c., are in sight. From this it is 12 miles through the treeless and dreary Campagna, to Saxa Rubra, near the Tiber, at the junction of Via Tiberiana; and 10 miles further, past Ponte Molle, to

Rome (Stat.) See Route 32.

ROUTE 28:

Ancona to Fano, Fossombrone, Urbino, and over the Apennines to Arezzo and Florence; or, to Fossombrone, Cagli, Sigillo, Nocera, Foligno, &c., and Rome. ANCONA (Stat.),

On the beach near that town, which preserves its old Roman name, and its importance as the best harbour in the Adriatic, south of Venice. It is a porto franco, which means that you may bring what you like into it, but must pay duty for what you take out; that is, it is a great bonded warehouse. An old rhyme says-

"Unus Petrus est in Româ Una turris in Cremonâ Unus portus in Anconâ.

This shows how much the harbour is thought of by the Italians, who also style it the "Doric City." Hotels: Della Pace; L'Europa; La Vittoria; La Fenice; Della Ferrovia. Good fish got here.

Population, 28,557; of whom 5,000 are Jews, mostly living in small densely crowded streets, with an indescribable want of cleanliness, light, and air.

Resident English and American Consuls.
Scotch Presbyterian Service.

Conveyances.-Railway to Bologna, Trani, &c. The railway was opened to Ancona in May, 1861, by the King of Italy, and is now extended to Trani, Brindisi, etc.

Steamers to Venice, Trieste, Corfu, and Alexandria (see Bradshaw's Continental Guide). The Mail Steamers of the P. and O. Company, between Venice and Brindisi, touch here.

The first impression the aspect of Ancona produces on the traveller is favourable in the extreme. It had been visible to us for the last 20 miles of road (from Florence), and looked exceedingly picturesque rising from the very edge of the water in terrace-like succession, till it reached the summit of the mountain, crowned by an old cathedral, whose quaint semi-Byzantine architecture, gilded by the setting sun, stood out in admirable relief against the glorious sky."--MRS. GRETTON'S Englishwoman in Italy,

Ancona stands on the summit and side of a fine semicircular chalk promontory, which projects into the sea, and forms a natural harbour and

amphitheatre, between Monte Guasco and Monte Astagno or Capo di Monte.

The promontory is shaped like an elbow, and from this circumstance it derives its name of Ancon, bestowed upon it by the restless Dorians from Syracuse, who made a settlement here. It was also, and is still, celebrated for the beauty of its women, like many other Greek colonies. But it was Trajan who converted it into a useful port and naval station by the erection of a Mole or Pier. The Lombards made it the seat of a governor, with the title of Marchesus, whence the name of La Marca, the Mark, or March of Ancona, given to the province (Le Marche in the plural), afterwards incorporated with the States of the Church by Clement VII. Previously to this, though bequeathed to the Pope by the Countess Matilda, it had remained a free city, and had sustained a brilliant siege against the jealous Venetians, till succoured by the Guelphs of Ferrara. It was Occupied by the French, 1797-1814, and again 1832-8, and in 1849 it was subjected to ten days' bombardment from the Austrians. In 1861 it was occupied by Lamoricière after his defeat at Castel Fidardo, and taken by Cialdini after a bombardment.

The Citadel, built by the Popes, commands the town, but is partly commanded by the heights above. Other forts have been erected for its defence by its new master, the King of Italy-one near the Capuchin Convent will render it almost impregnable.

Close to the Old Mole is the fine marble *Arch of Trajan, erected, as the inscription states, by the "Senate and people of Rome to Trajan, Emperor, and Cæsar, son of Nerva, &c., a most provident prince, who, at his own cost, erected the Mole, and thus made this access to Italy safer to navigators." It is of white Parian marble, and of good proportions, with one gateway, supported by four Corinthian columns in each front. The bronze statues of Trajan, of his wife Plotina, and his sister Marciana, which stood on the top of the arch have disappeared. Near this is a Doric Arch, by Vanvitelli, in honour of Clement XII., who built the four-sided lazzaretto and the second Mole with its lighthouse. The Mole is 2,000 feet long and 100 broad. Travellers from the Levant may shorten their quarantine at the Cacine by going through the spongio or bath.

The streets of Ancona are steep and narrow, the best one being the Corso, built by Pius VI., which leads down to the harbour, through the principal gate, close to the Dogana. Statues of Clement XII. and Cavour, in the new town. It has few remarkable buildings. A commercial fair begins on the 20th August, soon after that of Sinigaglia; and at all times much of the bustle of a thriving seaport prevails here.

The Duomo, or Cathedral of S. Siriaco (Cyriac), in Città Vecchia, occupies the very summit of the promontory, on the edge of a white cliff, which rises sheer out of the sea, on the site of a Temple of Venus, ten pillars of which are contained in

the church. It was built in the tenth century, but the ornamented Gothic door, with its red marble columns facing the Dalmatian coast, is of the thirteenth century. It has a Gothic door, a handsome octagon cupola, a Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, by Podesti, and a crypt in which the patron saint with two or three others, and the Prætor, Gogonius, are buried. Within the memory of man large masses of cliff, close to the church, have been swept away by the sea.

S. Agostino has bas-reliefs and statues, by Moccio, in its half-Gothic, half-classical front. The interior, by Vanvitelli, contains paintings by Tibaldi and Andrea di Ancona.

S. Domenico, rebuilt 1788, has Titian's Christ on the Cross, and tombs of Marcolta, the poet, Tarcagnosta, the historian, and Rinaldi, a Florentine, exiled by the Medici in 1452. A statue of Clement XII. faces the church.

S. Francesco has a Gothic door, and contains Guido's Annunciation, Titian's Virgin, and Bellini's Crucifixion.

Santa Maria della Piazza, is a Gothic church; and Santa Pelagia has a Guercino.

The Palazzo del Governo (Town House), once the seat of the Papal Legate; Prefettura and Tibaldi's Fountain; the Ferretti (by Tibaldi), Manciporte and Benincasa Palaces; and the old marble Loggia dei Mercanti, or Exchange, with its Gothic ornaments and frescoes, by Tibaldi; all deserve notice. Also the arched gateway, &c., of a building which was once a commando of the Templars. There is a Theatre, with a large Prison. The public gardens are a few square patches of flowers near the sea, so called.

Ancona, in Roman times, was noted for its purple dyes. It has a trade in wax, silk, wool, and corn. The steamers for Brindisi, Pirous, and Constantinople leave every Monday; to Venice, once a week; to Zara and Fiume, twice a month, by the Austrian Lloyd's Co. (See Bradshaw's Continental Guide.)

Routes to Loreto and Foggia, by rail, thence to Rome and Naples; or to Foligno and Rome.

Both the road and rail wind inward from Ancona, toward Osimo, in order to pass round the great chalky down which springs up here, between Ancona and Loreto, and reaches its full height at Monte Conero, 1,931 feet above the sea.

The new quarter is on the land side; the prospect outside is "unique in its combination of the softest features of a pastoral region, with the lofty cliffs and sea views of a grander landscape."The Englishwoman in Italy.

One of the best avenues was cut down to make barricades against the Austrians in the siege of 1849, which lasted twenty-eight days. They took the town and held it for the Pope till 1859, ruling with great severity; for which there was some excuse, as Ancona had been previously in the hands of an association of assassinati. This body originated in 1849, when the Papal States were governed by the republicans, and several atrocious

murders were committed by a band of fourteen or fifteen young men, the chief of whom was Moro, a dentist's son. Orsini was sent here by the Roman Triumvirs to arrest the guilty parties, who were afterwards executed by the Papal Government. It was believed at the time that they were instigated by the priests of the Sanfedesti (or Throne and Altar) Association, in order to bring discredit upon the republicans.

In 1859, after Magenta, the Austrians left on 12th June, but the citadel was occupied by Papal troops, under General Allegrina, from Macerata, before the people had time to form a decision. They proclaimed the dictatorship of Victor Emmanuel, and the Delegate left; but Ancona was 'obliged to capitulate to Allegrina. He connived at the escape of thirty leaders; when Kalbermatten and his Swiss came, set aside the capitulation, imposed a fine of 100,000 dollars, and made a Gonfaloniere of one of the most hated of the nobility. This state of things lasted till its annexation to the kingdom of Italy, after the battle of Castelfidardo.

Ancona to Fano by railway, as in Route 22. After this, the towns to Arezzo are as follow, and the distance about 100 miles :

Fano is a station on the Bologna and Ancona railway (see Route 22), at the mouth of the River Metauro, which our road ascends, following the direction of the Via Flaminia.

FOSSOMBRONE, a small cathedral town (population, 7,085), near the site of the ancient Forum Sempronii, at the junction of the Furio, or Foglio, with the Metauro. It has remains of a Roman Theatre, a Cathedral, with some paintings and inscriptions, and a good bridge. The silk made here is some of the best in Italy. The Flaminian Way here passes up the Furio towards Cagli, as below.

URBINO,

Near the Roman Urbinum Hortense, the seat of an archbishop, and a walled town on a hill (population, 15,095), is remarkable as the birthplace of Raffaello Sanzio, or Santi, usually called Raphael, the prince of painters. The House in which he was born (1483) has an inscription on it. It contains a Madonna, by G. Santi, his father; but none of Raphael's own works remain in the town. He was born and he died on Good Friday. The house just mentioned was bought in 1873 by subscription; one of the contributors being Mr. M. Moore.

Urbino, before its incorporation with the States of the Church in 1626, was the head of a Duchy under the families of Montrefeltro and Della Rovere. They were great patrons of learning and art,especially Guid' Ubaldo I., the husband of the beautiful Elizabeth Gonzaga, who reigned here during

Raphael's youth, and doubtless contributed to nourish his rising genius. Other natives were Bramante, the architect; Baroccio, the painter; B. Baldi, Paciotti, and Fabretti. It was noted for the manufacture of majolica pottery, ornamented with designs by Raphael or by the artists of his day.

The Palazzo Ducale, now the governor's house, is a handsome building (restored), erected in the 15th century, in the reign of the first Duke Frederigo Montrefeltro; the carvings, &c., are by A. Baroccio (the painter's father) and another artist. It has a statue of Duke Frederick, by G. Campana, with some inscriptions; but the best part of its collections have been transferred to Rome.

At Palazzo Albani, Clement XI. and some cardinals of the Albano family, were born.

The Cathedral contains Baroccio's Last Supper and St. Sebastian; with a St. Martin, by Timoteo delle Vite.

S. Francesco has G. Santi's Madonna and Saints; T. delle Vite's St. Roch and Tobias; an altar-piece of the Pardon of St. Francis d'Assisi, by Baroccio, who was buried here in 1581; and tombs of the Ducal family. Some other tombs are at S. Bernardino's, outside the walls. At the College of Santa Agata is a portrait of Duke Frederick. At the Capuchin Convent is Baroccio's St. Francis in Ecstacy. At S. Francesco da Paola are the Holy Supper and the Resurrection, by Titian.

URBANIA, a small town (population, 4,367) on the Metauro, so called after Urban VIII., has a manufactory of majolica, with a Collegiate Church (S. Francesco), containing Baroccio's Madonna. The peaks of the Apennines in view are 5,000 to 5,500 feet high, the highest being Monte Nerone, to the south. The roads begin to ascend the Apennines, up the Metauro, to

S. ANGELO IN VADO, a small cathedral town, the birthplace of the brothers Taddeo and Frederigo Zuccaro or Zucchero, both well-known portrait painters. At Santa Caterina, are portraits by Frederigo. His portraits of Queen Elizabeth and Mary, Queen of Scots, are at Chiswick.

LAMOLI, at the foot of the Apennines, which are mounted up the Alpe della Luna, by an extra team of bullocks, in 24 hours to the top of the pass; called the Bocca Trabaria, 3,300 feet high, commanding a fine prospect of the Valley of the Tiber, which lies below. Descend to

S. Giustino (Stat.), near the Villa Bufalini, where are some frescoes by Gherardi. The road ascends the Tiber for Arezzo, and descends it to Perugia.

[The first place towards Perugia is

Citta di Castello (Stat.), population, 5,433, a curious old town, the ancient Tiferum Tiberinum, where Raphael executed some of his earlier works, before he went to Florence. The hotel is part of the Cannoniera, of the sixteenth century, with traces of frescoes, &c. Both this and S. Giustino are stations on the line from Arezzo to Fossato, page 144.

It has a wooden bridge over the yellow river; a Cathedral of the sixteenth century, dedicated to S.

Florido, and several other Churches, adorned with paintings, &c; the Palazzo Communale, in the Gothic style; and four or five palaces of the Vitelli family, formerly lords of the city. These and most of the large buildings here were cracked by the earthquake of 1789, which spoilt the old and fantastic frescoes, chiefly by Gherardi or Il Doceno, by which they were adorned; and caused the rebuilding of the churches. One of the Vitelli Palaces is inhabited by the Marchese Bufalini; another, now a merchant's warehouse, has a fine hall, 120 feet long, painted with arabesques; a third, built 1540, contains many family portraits, one being a beautiful girl, dying of a stab in the neck. It stands in a garden, with a loggia painted by Gherardi, fresh as if done yesterday, and "covered with the most extraordinary and fantastically grouped assemblage of birds, beasts, fishes, fruits, and flowers, that it is possible to imagine."TROLLOPE'S Lenten Journey.

About 3 miles east, is Passerino farm, the site o Pliny's Villa, described in his sixth book.

About 12 miles below this, after crossing the ferry, near to the site of an intended bridgo, is

FRATTA, or Fratticciola, a small picturesque town (population, 9,322), where the road to Gubbio, 16 miles, and Ancona turns off, over the mountains; past the old Castle of Civitella Ranieri. Fratta has a pottery manufacture, and stands 2,920 feet above the sea. In Santa Croce Church is a fine Descent from the Cross, by L. Signorelli. The hills here are well wooded, and the country richly fertile. On one stands the Convent of Monte Corona.

Perugia (Stat) is 20 miles further. See Route 27.]

From S. Giustino, ascending the Tiber, the next place after crossing the old Tuscan boundary at Cospaja, is

SAN SEPOLCRO, or Borgo S. Sepolcro, a bishop's see (population, 7,814) which belonged to the Papacy, but was ceded to Tuscany 1440. It stands, as usual, on a hill, and takes its name from an oratory, built by two pilgrims, to hold a piece of stone brought from the Holy Sepulchre.

It is the birthplace of the painters, Santo di Tito, Pietro della Francesca, and Raffaellino del Colle; whose works are to be seen in the Cathedral (a building of the eleventh century), the Misericordia and other churches.

The Tiber rises about 40 miles north of Borgo S. Sepolcro under Monte Falterone, in the Apennines, close to the source of the Arno. It flows through a green basin, once a lake, now rich in corn, wine, oak and other trees. The next place towards Arezzo,

is

MONTERCHI, the old Mons Hercules, on the ridge between the Vales of Tiber and Chianti; a little walled town, which belonged to Bishop Tarlate, of Arezzo. Some miles farther, by a zigzag road, is Arezzo (Stat,) See Route 27.

This road is identical with the Via Flaminia. follows the Caudigliano up the Pietralata Hill, or Monte d'Asdrubale, which commemorates the defeat of Hannibal's brother, Asdrubal, here, by the Romans, B.C. 207, on a plain called Piano di S. Silvestro. A tower on Monte d'Elce, near the river, marks his grave.

-occidit, occidit

Spes omnis, et fortuna nostri
Nominis.-Horace.

The Roman road here has been tunnelled through the solid rock, and through a cutting half a mile long, called the Passo del Furlo; a work, which an inscription ascribes to Vespasian. It then crosses

a Roman bridge, Ponte Maulio, to

CAGLI, the ancient Callis, under Monte Nero, 5,500 feet high. A small town (population, 9,559), with several churches. S. Domenico contains a good fresco of the Madonna, by G. Santi, father of Raphael, whose portrait is given in one of the angels. It is published by the Arundel Society.

The road passes another Roman bridge, Ponte Grosso, on the way to

CANTIANO, a small fortified town (population, 3,237), with a Holy Family, by Perugino, in one of its churches. The road ascends to a point, 2,310 feet high.

SCHIEGGIA, another small town (population, 1,320), near the remains of the Temple of Jupiter Apenninus at Clavernium, now Chiascerna, on Monte Petrara.

[Here is a steep road through the shoulder of Monte Calvo, to

Gubbio (Stat.), the ancient Iguvium, on the west of the Apennines, at the source of the Chiascio, a branch of the Tiber. Population, 5,540. It was a republic till 1383, when it came under the Dukes of Urbino, who had a splendid palace here. It was noted for its dyes, woollens, and Majolica ware, designed by Maestro Gorgio, a native. The best specimens of this ware in the Soulages collection were obtained from Gubbio. The town hangs on a kind of step at the base of Monte Calvo, in the basin of a dried Lake, 12 miles by 2; and the houses rises one over the other in steep zigzag streets. It is supplied with water by an aqueduct, 2 miles long, from an artificial reservoir in the mountains, 330 feet long and 80 deep, made by damming up the head of a valley.

There are some frescoes by Raffaellino del Colle and other Umbrian masters in the Cathedral, and the Dominican and Santa Maria Nuova Churches. In that of Misericordia is a fine fresco by O. Nelli. In the present Town Hall, which faces the Palazzo del Consoli, is a Museum, with collection of paint.