CHAPTER XXI.

Sherman's march from the mountains to the sea.-Yankee boasts.-Easy rature: Sherman's enterprise.-"Grand" mistake of the Confederates.-The burning o Atlanta. Five thousand houses in ruins.-Sherman's route to Milledgeville.Second stage of the march to Millen.-Last stage of the march.-Wheeler's cavalry -THE FALL OF SAVANNAH.-Capture of Fort McAllister.-Probable surprise of Hardee. The Confederates evacuate Savannah.-Sherman's Christmas-gift to Mr. Lincoln. The true value of Sherman's exploit.-His own estimation of it.-Despondency in the South.-Depletion of the Confederate armies.-THE EXCHANGE OF PRISONERS, etc.-Bad faith of the Yankees.-Their misrepresentations.-The question of recaptured slaves.-A Yankee calculation.-The Washington Government responsible for the sufferings of Yankee prisoners.-How capital was made out of their sufferings.-A game with "sick" prisoners.-How "rebel barbarities" were manufactured.-Noble conduct of General Grant.-Its commentary on the Washington cabinet. His "victory" over that body.... ... PAGE 426

CHAHTER XXII.

The blockade at Wilmington.-low ineffective.-FIRST EXPEDITION AGAINST FORT FISHER.-Butler's powder-ship.-The two days' bombardment.-Landing of Butler's troops.-Butler decides not to attack.-His sudden departure.-lie s removed from command.-SECOND EXPEDITION AGAINST FORT FISHER.-FALL OF WILMINGTON.-Landing of Terry's command.-Movements of General Hoke.-Tte assault on the fort.-A feu d'enfer.-Desperate fighting.-The Confederates overpowered.—Surrender of Fort Fisher.-Evacuation of Fort Anderson.-Yai:kee occupation of Wilmington.-How a part of General Sherman's campaign in Carolinas.-SHERMAN'S SIXTY DAYS IN THE CAROLINAS.-Direction of his march, Crossing the Savannah River.-Mismanagement of the Confederate troops.-Sterman at Branchville.-THE FALL OF CHARLESTON. -Hardee joins Beauregard.Conflagration in Charleston.-Explosion at the railroad depot.-A scarred city.Charleston as seen through Yankee eyes.-CAPTURE AND BURNING OF COLUMBIA, Wild and savage scenes of pillage.-The city on fire.-Four thousand citizens homeless.—Sherman's march northward.-His organization of "bummers.”— The column of smoke.-The Yankees at Winnsboro More of the enemy's atrocities.-Sherman's feint upon Charlotte.-His occupation of Fayetteville.-Hampton attacks Kilpatrick.-Sherman's appointment of a rendezvous with Schofield. -Hardee's fight near Averysboro'.-What he did with half a corps of Confederates.-THE BATTLE OF BENTONVILLE.-Success of the Confederates.- No decisive results. Sherman's move towards Goldsboro'.-Schofield's movement.-Sherman's success. His congratulatory order.-A military conference at City Point, Virginia.... ... PAGE 487

CHAPTER XXIII.

The date of distrust in the Southern mind.-Observation of General Lee.-A peculiar moral condition of the Confederacy.-Want of confidence in President Davis' administration.-Impatience of the prolongation of the war.-Davis' unpopularity. -Weak attempts in Congress at a counter-revolution.-General Lee made commander-in chief.-The title a nominal one.-The Virginia delegation and the Pres ident. Mr. Seddon's resignation.-President Davis' defiance to Congress.-Th

Davis-Johnston imbroglio.-Seator Wigfall's speeches.--Johnston's reste ration. --President Davis' opinion of homoeopathy.-Sullen and indifferent disposition o the Southern people.-How they might have accomplished their independence.-Review of the military situation.--Analysis of the peace feeling in the North.-How it was likely to be developed by a long war.--The Union not the enemy's sine qua non.-Two contingencies that limited the war.-The worthless title of Yankee invasion.-"Cob-web" occupation of the Confederacy.-Note: an address in the Richmond newspapers.-The two fatal facts in the condition of the Confederacy.-THE FORTRESS MONROE COMMISSION.-How it was brought about.--The Yankee ultimatum.--Official narrative of the Confederate commissioners.--A new attempt to rally the spirit of the South.--The meeting at the African church in Richmond. --President Davis' boasts.-His noble allusion to history.--How the cause of the Confederacy was in danger.-PROPOSITION TO ARM THE SLAVES OF THE SOUTH.Indicative of a desperate condition of the public mind.-General Lee's opinion.The slaveholding interest.-Its selfishness and insolence.-A weak conclusion of the matter." Catching at straws" in the Confederate Congress.-Character of this body PAGE 455

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CHAPTER XXIV.

The last address and appeal of the Confederate Congress.--The war in a geographical point of view.-THE CONFEDERAte Congress and President DavIS.—THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.--A sharp recrimination.-- A committee of the Senate reply to President Davis.—Maladministration in the War Department.-Two-thirds of the Confederate Army absentees.-Lee loses nearly half his army by desertions.-The other half threatened with starvation.-Ample supply of food in the country.The fault in the Commissary Department.--Commissary Northrop a "pepper-doctor" as the favorite of Davis.-Analysis of President Davis' character for firmness. -How Northrop starved Richmond.-HISTORY OF THE CONFEDERATE COMMISSARIAT.-Secret testimony in Congress.-President Davis' refusal to trade cotton for meat.-Persistent delusion about "king cotton."--Venality of the enemy.-Davis takes no advantage of it.Record of the rations in Lee's army.-Startling statistics.-Attempts to get meat from Europe.-General Lee's army without meat.-His telegram to President Davis.-The necessities of the Commissary Department summed up in secret session of Congress.--But little done to meet them.-How the cause of the Confederacy would have failed without a catastrophe of arms.-The military narrative resumed.-MILITARY EVENTS IN VIRGINIA IN THE WINTER OF 1864-5.-SHERIDAN'S RAID.-Thirteen counties traversed.--Amount of destruction accomplished by the enemy.-THE RICHMOND LINES.-HATCHER'S RUN.-Extension of Grant's line.-BATTLE OF HARES HILL.-Gallantry of Gordon's command.-Vigor and brilliancy of the fighting of the Confederates.--No decisive results.. PAGE 474

CHAPTER XXV.

THE BATTLES Around PETERSBURG.-The movement of Sheridan's cavalry.-The Five Forks.-General Lee's counter-movement.-Repulse of Sheridan.-Re-enforced by Grant.-The Confederates flanked at the Five Forks.-The situation in front o Petersburg.-Lee's lines broken in three places.--Capture of Fort Mahone by the enemy.--General Lee loses his entire line of defence, and the Southside Railroad. -THE EVACUATION OF RICHMOND.-Great surprise in the Confederate capital.-The news in the churches.-Dr. Hoge's address.-Consternation and uproar in the

streets. The city on fire. A reckless military order.-Scenes of horror.-Mobs of plunderers. The scene at the commissary depot.--Weitzel's entry into Richmond. -Suffering of the people.-Scene on Capitol Square.--Devastations of the fire.The burnt district.-Weitzel's and Shepley's general orders.-Yankee rejoicings over the fall of Richmond.-Bell-ringings, hymns, and dancing in the streets of New York.-A grand illumination in Washington.-Yankee mottoes.-A memorable speech. PAGE 487

CHAPTER XXVI.

What the Confederates anticipated on the fall of Richmond.-Two opinions.-Prophetic words of the Richmond Examiner.-Disintegration of Lee's army.-The line of his retreat.-Grant's pursuit.-Sheridan captures prisoners, guns, and wagons. Sheridan's dispatch.-Change in the movements of both armies.-The situation at Appomattox Court-house.-How Lee was surrounded.-SURRENDER OF THE ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA.—A frightful demoralization of the army.-More than two-thirds of the men deserted.--Pickett's division.-Reasons to suppose that General Lee had predetermined a surrender on moving from Richmond and Petersburg. Straggling of his soldiers.-Official correspondence concerning the surrender.-Interview between General Lee and General Grant at McLean's house. -How General Lee looked.-Grant's generous conduct.-Scenes between the lines of the two armies.--An informal conference of officers.-How the news of surrender was received in the Yankee army.-How received at Washington.--Secretary Stanton's dispatch.-President Lincoln's speech." Dixie" in Washington.-General Lee's farewell address to his army.-His return to Richmond.--Effect of Lee's surrender. --General Johnston's department.--MOVEMENTS IN THE SOUTHWEST.--FALL OF MOBILE.-Wilson's cavalry expedition through Alabama and Georgia.-SURRENDER OF JOHNSTON'S ARMY.--Sherman's "basis of negotiations" repudiated at Washington. The policy of the Northern Government unmasked.-Sherman's reply.SURRENDER OF TAYLOR'S ARMY.-SURRENDER OF KIRBY'S SMITH'S ARMY.-" War meetings" in Texas.-Want of public resolution.-The last act of the war.-A sudden peace, and what it implied....... PAGE 503

APPENDIX No. I.

I.

'olitical Iconoclasm in America.-The two idols of "the Constitution" and "the Union."-Extravagant praises of the Constitution.-Its true value.-It contained a noble principle and glaring defects.- Character of the founders of the Constitution. -Hamilton.-Franklin.-His cookery-book philosophy.-His absurdities in the Convention. The call for the Convention that formed the Constitution.-Three parties in the Convention.-The idea of a "national" government.-Conflict be tween the small and large States.-The result of this, the distinguishing feature of the Constitution.-That feature an accident, and not an a priori discovery.— Enumeration of defects in the Constitution.-The weakness and ignorance of its framers. -Its one conspicuous virtue and original principle.-Combination of State-rights

with a common authority.-How involved in the construction of the Senate. -Hew made more precise in the Amendments.-Particulars in which the element of the States was recognized.-A new rule of construction applied to the American Union. -The necessity which originated it.-The Constitution of the United States not a political revolution.-The creature of the States.-True interpretation of its moral grandeur.-The bond of the Union a voluntary one.-No mission apart from the States. Why coercion of the States was not necessary.-How the Union stood for an American nationality.—Its power to reach individuals.—The Union, in practice, rather a rough companionship than a national identity.-Right of secession. Not necessary to discuss it.-The development of the Union a North and South, and not disintegrated States.-Profound invention of Calhoun of South Carolina.-How it was a Union measure, and not "Nullification.". 529

II.

What the American colonies contended for.-Burke's idea.-The first American Congress.--Its demands.--How the question of independence was developed.-Virginia the first to move for independence.-The Declaration of Independence.-The Articles of Confederation.-Diverse character and circumstances of the colonies.The gentry of Virginia and the Carolinas.-Early type of the Yankee.-Difference of races. Its value in historical inquiries.-Commercial spirit of New England in the revolution.-The nature and the value of "the Confederation."-John Adams' idea." Perpetual Union."-The Confederation a makeshift of the war."State-rights" in the treaty of 1788.-How the revolution succeeded.—Its illustration of the value of endurance.-Liberty invariably the fruit of rebellion.-The two conditions of all history....

544

III.

The times of Thomas Jefferson.-Manners and appearance of the man.-His Demonracy. Its application to the relations of the States and Federal Government.-Origin of the Republican or Democratic party.-The idea of consolidation.-New York, and the New England States.-Early political preaching in New England.— The Alien and Sedition laws.-How the latter infringed the rights of the States.The Kentucky Resolutions.-A fact not in the record.-Mr. Jefferson on "nullification."Why the Kentucky Resolutions were modified.-The Virginia Resolutions. -The replies of the New England States, and of New York.-Jefferson's triumph. -A new era at Washington..... 558

IV.

The slavery question.-A libel on political nomenclature.-A brief moral defence of negro servitude in the South.-The history of its establishment.Accommodation of the slavery question in the Constitution.-Political history of the question.-The Hartford Convention. Two blows aimed at the Sonth.-Development of the slavery controversy.-Mr. Jefferson's opinion as to slavery in the territories.-The Missouri restriction.-The initial point of the war of sections.Mr. Jefferson's alarm.-The trace of disunion.-Real causes of conflict between the North and the South.-The slavery question subordinate and yet conspicuous.-Why so?-How it was bound up in the conflict between State-rights and consolidation.-Northern civilization.-An insolent democracy.-Yankee "gentlemen."-Plainness of the South.-A noble type of civilization.-Effect of slavery on the political and social character of the South.-Yankee vulgarity.-Why the South was the nursery of American statesmen..

562

V.

Contrast between the North and South in material progress.-The times of Andrew Jackson. The tariff controversy.-Calhoun and Webster as representat. ve men -The latter a sophomore in American politics.-Mr. Webster's private correspon dence and poetry.-His superficial accomplishments.-"Nullification," another libel of political nomenclature.-A true explanation and analysis of Mr. Calhoun's scheme to save and perpetuate the Union.-Jefferson Davis' defence of Calhoun. New England's regard for the Union.-The veneration of the Union peculiarly a Southern sentiment.-Mr. Calhoun's Fort Hill speech.-The ignorance or hypocrisy of Webster and his party.-How the South was driven to "disunion."... 570

VI.

A Fourth of July sentiment in 1851.-Slavery not the Cause of Disunion.-The War of 1861.-What it has decided.-The incense of weak minds to the Yankee.Last sentiment of President Davis...

580