nerations would be required before the migratory habits of the rein-deer could be got rid of, and possessing as we do the best venison, and the finest breed of horned cattle and horses, there seems no very good reason for repeating the experiments which have already been tried and have failed. Upper antlers alone compressed. THE FALLOW-DEER. (Daims, of the French.) Example. The common Fallow-deer. This well-known ornament of our parks is the Hydd (Buck), Hyddes (Doe), Elain (Fawn), of the antient British: Le Daim (Buck), La Daime (Doe), Faon (Fawn), of the French; Daino (Buck), Damma (Doe), Cerbietto, Cerbietta (Fawn), of the Italians; Gama, Corza (Buck), Venadito (Fawn), of the Spanish; Corza (Buck), Veado (Fawn), of the Portuguese; Damhirsch, of the Germans; Dof, Dof Hjort, of the Swedes; Daae, Dijr, of the Danes; Dama vulgaris, of Gesner; Cervus palmutus, of Klein; Cervus platyceros, of Ray; and Cervus Dama, of Linnæus. It is not certain whether the common fallow-deer is the πρó of Aristotle. Buffon and others are of that opinion; but M. Camus, who seems very well disposed to coincide with such opinion if he could, gives good reasons for doubt. Pennant considers the Platycerata of Pliny (book xi., c. 37), and the Eurycerata of Oppian (Cyneg. lib. ii., lin. 293) to have been our fallow-deer. Pennant, speaking of the two varieties, the spotted and the deep brown, says, on the authority of Collinson, that they were introduced into this country by James I. from Norway, where he passed some time when he visited his intended bride, Anne of Denmark, and he remarks (citing Llywd) that one of the Welsh names of the animal, Geifr Danys, or Danish goat, implies that it was brought from some of the Danish dominions. James, who observed their hardiness, brought them first into Scotland and thence to Enfield Chace and Epping, to be near his favourite palace, Theobalds. When Pennant wrote, they were, according to him, scarcely known in France, but were sometimes found in the North of Europe. In Spain, he observes, they are extremely large, and that they are met with in Greece, the Holy Land, and in China. For the two latter localities he quotes Hasselquist, who says he saw it in Mount Thabor, and Du Halde. Pennant goes on to state that, in every country except our own, these deer are in a state of nature uncon fined by man; but they are, and for some time have been, confined in parks on the continent as they are in England. In Moldavia and Lithuania they are said to be found wild. Cuvier observes that they have become common in all the countries of Europe, and that they appear to have come originally from Barbary. In a note to his last edition of the Règne Animal' he states that since the publication of the second edition of his Ossemens Fossiles he had received a wild fallow-deer (Daim) which had been killed in the woods to the south of Tunis. The species is so well known that a lengthened descrip tion of the animal, its habits, &c., would be needlessly occupying space in a work of general reference. Besides the varieties above mentioned, there are many others, as is generally the case with reclaimed or half reclaimed animals: one variety is milk-white. Pennant remarks that in the old Welsh laws a fallow-deer was valued at the price of a cow, or, as some say, a he-goat. Example. The Common Stag, or Red Deer; Caru (Stag), Ewig (Hind), Elain (Young or Calf), of the antien: British; Le Cerf (Stag), La Biche (Hind), Fuon (Young Calf), of the French; Cervio, Cervia, of the Italians. Ciervo, Cierva, of the Spanish; Cervo, Cerva, of the Pertuguese; Hirtz, Hirsch (Stag), Hind (Hind), Hinde Kab (Calf), of the Germans; Hart (Stag) and Hinde, of the Dutch; Hjort, Kronhjort (Stag) and Hind, of the Swedes, Kronhjort, Hind, Kid or Hind kalv, of the Danes. This noble species is doubtless the apos of Aristotle, and was well known to the antients generally. It is a native of the forests of the whole of Europe and Asia, where the climate is temperate. In England it is intimately blended with the old oppressive forest laws which valued the life of a man at less than that of a stag, and with some of our legends of deadly feud: Chevy Chace for instance. Of the hunting we could say much, and of the old southern and stag-hounds that were employed in the more dilatory pursuit, and of the gallant grey-hounds, especially those of the north, that were wont to pull it down, nor do we forget the tinchel, identified with rebellion. But we must not indulge in a treatise on the forest-laws or on wood-craft here, and shall only observe that in the south of England his Majesty's pack now stands alone. The stag-hounds that formerly roused the deer on the moors of the west of England, are at present dispersed and if this noble sport is to be again enjoyed in Somerset and Devon, we fear some time must elapse before a pack can be got up. In Scotland it is the rifle of the deer-stalker principally that now brings the stag down. The red-deer is so well known that we need not repeat here the description of the animal and its habits, which will be found in most books of natural history. It has canine teeth in the upper jaw. Of the size to which the species sometimes grow the following record will serve as an example: When I was at Invercauld,' says Pennant, Mr. Farquharson assured me that he knew an instance of one that weighed eighteen stone Scots, or three hundred and fourteen pounds, exclusive of the entrails, head, and skin.' The same author states that in the old Welsh laws a stag was valued at the price of an ox. New Continent. Example.-The Wapiti Stag, of Pennant, Arctic Zool.; Wewaskiss, of Hearne; Waskeesews, or Red-deer, of Hutchins; Red-Deer, of Umfreville; the Elk, of Lewis and Clark; the American Elk, of Bewick; Wapiti, of Barton and Warden; Le Wapiti, of F. Cuvier; the Wapiti (C. Strongyloceros), of Smith; Red-deer, of the Hud son's Bay Traders; La Biche, of the Canadian Voyagers; Wawaskeesho, Awaskees, and Moostosh, of the Cree Indians (Richardson). It is also Le Cerf du Canada, of Cuvier, who makes it the Cervus Canadensis, of Gmelin (Buffon), and C. Strongyloceros, of Schreber; and Cerf Wapiti, of Lesson, who states it to be Cervus Wapiti, of Mitchell, and Cervus major, of Ord. It may be also the Stag of Carolina, of Lawson, but he describes it as not so large as in Europe, but much larger than any fallow-deer,' and he says they are always fat with some delicate herbage that grows on the hills, whereas the modern travellers describe the Wapiti as frequenting the savannahs or the clumps of wood that skirt the plains. There is hardly any doubt that it is the Stag of America (Cervus major Americanus) of Catesby. This beast,' says the author last named, nearest resembles the European red-deer, in colour, shape, and form of the horns, though it is a much larger animal, and of stronger make. Their horns are not palmated, but round, a pair of which weighs upwards of thirty pounds. They usually accompany buffaloes (Bisons), with whom they range in droves in the upper and remote parts of Carolina, where, as well as in our other colonies, they are improperly called elks. The French in America call this beast the Canada Stag. In New England it is known by the name of the Grey Moose, to distinguish it from the preceding beast (the true Elk), which they call the Black Moose.' Dr. Richardson states that it is without doubt the Canada Stag, of various authors, but, as M. F. Cuvier has observed, the want of a pale mark on the rump in Perrault's figure is sufficient to excite a doubt of its being the Cervus Canadensis, of that author. Indeed he does not think it at all improbable that this figure is that of the Cervus Macrotis, which may hereafter prove to be an inhabitant of Upper Canada. Geographical Distribution.-Dr. Richardson says that this animal does not extend its range farther to the north than the 56th or 57th parallel of latitude, nor is it found to the eastward of a line drawn from the south end of Lake Winipeg to the Saskatchewan in the 103rd degree of longitude, and from thence till it strikes the Elk River in the 111th degree. To the south of Lake Winipeg he thinks it may perhaps exist farther to the eastward. He adds that they are pretty numerous amongst the clumps of wood that skirt the plains of the Saskatchewan, where they live in small families of six or seven individuals, and that they feed on grass, on the young shoots of willows and poplars, and are very fond of the hips of the rosa blanda, which forms much of the underwood in the districts which they frequent. Description.-Height at the shoulders 44 feet, more than a foot exceeding that of the common stag. All the upper parts and the lower jaw of a somewhat lively yellowishbrown; a black mark from the angle of the mouth along the side of the lower jaw; a brown circle round the eye. The first antlers depressed in the direction of the facial line. Neck, mixed red and black, with coarse black hairs descending from it like a dewlap, deeper in colour than the sides. From the shoulders to the hips French grey; a pale yellowish patch on the buttocks, bounded on the thighs by a black line; tail yellowish, 2 inches long, whereas it is nearly seven in the European stag. The hair of a mean length on the shoulders, the back, the flanks, the thighs, and the under part of the head; that on the sides and limbs shorter, but the hair is very long on the sides of the head posteriorly and on the neck, particularly below, where they form the kind of dewlap above alluded to. On the posterior and outer aspect of the hind leg there is a brush of tawny hair which surrounds a narrow long horny substance. Ears white within and clothed with tufted hair, externally of the same colour as the neighbouring parts. A naked triangu lar space round the larger lachrymal sinus near the inner angle of the orbit. Hoofs small. Like the common stag, the wapiti has a muzzle, upper canine teeth, and a soft tongue. The quality of the hair is brittle, and there is a short wool beneath it. Dr. Richardson thinks that the Crees give it the name of 'Stinking Head' on account of the large suborbital opening. Habits.-Hearne gives them a character for stupidity surpassing that of all the deer kind. He says that they frequently make a shrill whistling and quivering noise, not very unlike the braying of an ass. Mr. Drummond, who saw many in his journeys through the plains of the Saskatchewan, informed Dr. Richardson that it does not bell like the English deer. F. Cuvier describes the cry as prolonged and acute, consisting of the successive sounds a, o, u, (French), uttered with so much strength as to offend the ear. Utility to Man.-Dr. Richardson describes the flesh of the wapiti as coarse, and little prized by the natives, principally on account of the fat being hard like suet. It seemed to Dr. Richardson to want the juiciness of venison, and to resemble dry but small grained beef. Its hide, when made into leather after the Indian fashion, is said not to turn hard in drying after being wet, and in that respect to excel moose or rein-deer leather. The velvety covering of the horns, according to the same author, shrivels and is rubbed off in the month of October, at the commencement of the rutting season, but the horns themselves do not fall until the month of March or April. The pair shed by Monkey,' (one of the wapiti kept by the Zoological Society of London in the Regent's Park) on the 4th March, 1837, weighed 264lbs. [Wapiti.] Example.-The spotted Axis, "Ag, of the antients (Ctesias); Cervus Axis, of authors; Axis maculatus, of Smith. Description.-Size and general form nearly resembling that of the common fallow-deer. The skin is at all times of a rich fawn colour spotted with white; but, as Mr. Bennet observes, it is only during the summer that any similarity exists in the colours of the two species, for the fallowdeer changes in winter to a uniform brown, while the axis retains its spotted livery throughout the year. Height at the shoulder two feet six or seven inches. The distribution of the spots varies in different individuals. The ground colour changes to nearly black along the back; the under parts are snow white. Flanks, sides, shoulders, hind quarters, and part of the neck, spotted as above mentioned. There is a broad dusky spot on the forehead, and a line of the same colour extends along the middle of the nose. The male has no canine teeth, nor has the female any horns; she is generally less in size than the male, and resembles him much in colour, but may be distinguished, it is said, by a white longitudinal line on the flanks. The young resemble the parents. Geographical Distribution.-India and the larger islands of the Indian Archipelago; very abundant in Bengal and on the banks of the Ganges. Habits, &c.-The axis haunts the thick jungles in the vicinity of water, and the British sportsmen hunt it under the name of the Spotted Hog Deer. It feeds in the night, and is timid, indolent, and mild, excepting when the females have young, and then the male is bold and fierce. | In winter its colour is of a greyish brown more or less deep; in summer it is of a brighter and more golden brown. Th croup is a pale yellow, and the tail is brown terminated by rather long hair. Locality-Supposed to be Bengal and Sumatra ; probably the islands of the Indian Archipelago. This is supposed to be the Hippelaphus of Aristotle; but G. Cuvier who once was of that opinion, seems in the last edition of his Règne Animal' to consider that another species, Cervus Aristotelis, Cuv., living in the north of India, is the animal alluded to by the Greek Zoologist. Example.-Cervus Hippelaphus, ot Cuvier; Cerf noir du Bengale, ou Hippelaphe, of F. Cuvier; Cerf d'eau, ou Mejanganbanjoe, of the Malays of Java, according to Duvaucel; Rusa or Roussaitan (Black Stag), of the Javanese and Sumatrans; Rusa Hippelaphus, The Great Rusa, of Smith. Description.-Size and proportions about those of the common stag, but its hair is rougher and harder, and when adult, that of the upper part of the neck, of the cheeks and of the throat is long, and forms a sort of beard and mane. Example.-The Roe, or Roebuck, probably the Aoprác, of Aristotle; Iorcas and Dorcas, of Oppian; Caprea, of Pliny (Book xi. c. 37); Caprea, Capreolus, Dorcas, of Gesner: Capreolus, of Ray and of Sibbald; Cervus Capreolus, of Linnæus; Cervus minimus, of Klein; Iurch (male), lyrche (female), of the antient British; Le Chevreuil, of the French; Capriolo, of the Italians; Zorlito, Cabronzillo montes, of the Spanish; Cabra montes, of the Portuguese; Rehbock (male) Rehgees, of the Germans; Radiur, Rabock, of the Swedes; Raaedijr Raaebuk, of the Danes. Description.-Length about 3 feet 9 inches; height before, about 2 feet 3 inches; behind, 2 feet 7 inches Weight from about 50 to 60lbs. Length of horns from $ to 9 inches; they are erect, round, and divided into three branches above; their lower part is deeply furrowed longitudinally. Those of a young buck in its second year are simple; in the third year a branch appears; the head is complete in the fourth year. In the winter the hair on the body is long, the lower part of each hair is ash-coloured, there is a narrow bar of black near the end, and the tip is yellow. Oa the face the hair is black tipped with yellow. The ears are long, of a pale yellow on the inside, and covered with long hair. In summer the coat is short and smooth, and of a bright reddish colour. The chest, belly, legs, and inside of the thighs, are yellowish white; the rump is pure white, and the tail very short. On the outside of the hind leg, below the joint, is a tuft of long hair. Geographical Description.- The Roebuck was formerly very common in Wales, in the north of England, and in Scotland, but at present the species no longer exists in any part of Great Britain, except in the Scottish Highlands.' Such is the locality given by Pennant when he wrote; and he adds, that, according to Dr. Mouffet, it was found in Wales as late as the reign of queen Elizabeth, and in great plenty in the Cheviot hills, according to Leland, in that of Henry the Eighth. That, at one time, the Roe inhabited the southern parts of the kingdom is clear, if the information given to the Editor of the last edition of the British Zoology is correct, for that states the discovery of seven or eight horns of the Roe in the peat beds near Romsey, in Hampshire, together with the complete head of a beaver, with the teeth entire. In Ireland, the animal is not known. They are frequent in France, and are found in Italy, Sweden and Norway, and Siberia. Pennant, who gives these localities, says that the first that are met with in Great Britain are in the woods on the south side of Loch Rannoch, in Perthshire; the last in those of Langwal, in Caithness; but that they are most numerous in the beautiful forests of Invercauld, in the midst of the Grampians. They are still comparatively plentiful in Scotland. Sir James Carnegie not long ago had a battue, in which forty were killed. Sir William Jardine states, that, south of the Forth, it is now very rare, one or two wilder parks only possessing a few; but frequent traces of its former abundance are found in the border counties, remains and skeletons being almost yearly disinterred from most of the larger peat mosses: in the rugged woods of Westmoreland and Cumberland it still abounds. The same author speaks of its frequency in many European countries, Germany, Silesia, &c. (Naturalist's Library, Mammalia, vol. iii.) Habits, &c. The Roe does not keep in herds, but only congregates in families in the lower coverts and less wild woods. The female goes with young five months, and produces two fawns at a birth, and these she conceals from the buck. They are said to live twelve or fifteen years, and to be able to reproduce the species at the age of eighteen months. Pennant observes, that it is a tender animal, and quotes Buffon, who says, that in the hard winter of 1709 the breed was almost extinguished in Burgundy, and many years passed before it was restored again. It is generally killed, either in the covert, or by the sportsman, who waits outside while the copse or wood is driven, with shot. It falls very readily, and often without being apparently severely struck: we have heard instances of their being knocked over with comparatively small shot. As soon as it is down the throat is cut, and the animal is hung up by the hind legs on the fork of some tree to bleed. Examples, the Guazapuco deer, Mazama paludosa of Smith, Cervus paludosus of Desmarest and Lichtenstein, Güazú-pucú of D'Azara: and the Guazuti of D'Azara, Maama campestris of Smith, Cervus campestris of F. Cuvier and Desmarest, Cervus leucogaster of Schreber. The former is nearly as large as the common stag of Europe, and of a reddish-bay, excepting the inside of the ears, the lower part of the breast, and the inside of the limbs, which are white. side of the lips; the eyebrows and cheeks are paler, and the A dark-brown stripe runs irregularly down the face on each muzzle is large. Locality, the lower districts of Paraguay. The horns of the latter are more slender than those of the former, generally with two snags only, and the animal is much less than the Guazapuco, being hardly more than two feet six inches at the shoulder." It frequents the open plains, and is so swift, that D'Azara says that a horse cannot overtake it. He adds, that the venison of the young deer is delicate, but that the flesh of the old is strong. There is a legend that if the flesh be applied to a wound inflicted by the bite of a poisonous serpent it will cure it. There is nothing remarkable about the colours, which are distributed as in the majority of the Cervidae; but it is said sometimes to vary almost to white. Horns sessile, simple, and in form of a stiletto. Example.-The Guazu-pita of D'Azara, Coassou? Subulo rufus (Pita Brochet) of Smith, Cervus rufus of F Cuvier and Desmarest. Description.-Height about twenty-nine inches; general colour reddish-brown; inside of ears (hairs short), space round the lips, lower part of head and tail, hind part of belly, buttocks, and inside of fore-legs to knees, whitish. Females without horns, nearly of the same reddish tint, with a white spot above the nose and on the upper lip. Locality.-The low moist woods of South America, where it lives in large herds, and as ten females are seen for one male, it is supposed that their appearance gave currency to the report of a form of deer on the New Continent without horns. They are very fleet only for the first burst, for they are soon run down by dogs, and are sometimes captured by the lasso and balls. [THE PENNY CYCLOPÆDIA.] VOL. VIII.-3 A deer is only twenty-six inches in length, and its aspect is said to approach that of the sheep, and to be less deer-like than that of the Pita Brochet. The ears are not so pointed at the extremity as those of the latter, and the lacrymal sinus is said to be nearly imperceptible. Description. Lower part of head and lips whitish. Space round the eyes, inside of fore-legs, and from lower part of Sreast to buttocks, whitish-cinnamon. Neck and all the other parts brownish, approaching to greyish, each hair being tipped with white. Horns short. Locality the same as that of the Guazu-pita. [Subulo nemorivagus.] n Horns supported on a long osseous pedicle rising from the os frontis. THE CERVULES (Cervules of the French, Stylocerus of Smith.) [Skull of Muntjak.] Example. The Muntjak, Chevreuil des Indes of Allamand. (Buffon, Dutch edition.) Dr. Horsfield gives the following as the synonyms of this species. Cervus Muntjak, der Muntjak, Zimmerman, Geographische Geschichte des Menschen und der vierfüssigen Thiere,' Leipzig, 1780. (From the communication of Pennant). Cervus Muntjak, Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert, 'Elen. Anim.' Rotterdam, 1785. Cervus Muntjac, Schreb., Säugthiere., Gmel., Fischer, Zoognos., Shaw, Gen. Zool.; Cervus moschatus, Cervus subcornutus, Blainv., 1816, 1822; Cervus Muntjak? Raffles's Cat. Linn. Trans.; Cervus Muntjac, Cervus Moschus, Desm. Description.-About one-fifth larger than the roebuck. Height at shoulders about two feet two inches; head pointed; eyes large, with lacrymal sinuses; ears rather large; tail short and flattened. In the living animal there are on the face two rough folds of the skin, considerably distended and elevated, about an inch and a half apart above; and, following the direction of the prominent part of the forehead, they unite below, so as to mark the face with the letter V. In the dried subject the folds are contracted, and three distinct ribs appear, which, observes Dr. Horsfield, suggested to Pennant th name of rib-faced deer. General colour reddish-brow above; belly and front of the thighs pure white. The male has large canines in the upper jaw; the female ha none, nor has she horns. Locality, Habits, Chase, &c.-Dr. Horsfield states the the Muntjak selects for its retreat certain districts, to which it forms a peculiar attachment, and which it neve voluntarily deserts. Many of these are known as the fa vourite resort of our animal for several generations. The consist of moderately-elevated grounds, diversified by ridg and valleys, tending towards the acclivities of the mon considerable mountains, or approaching the confines of ex tensive forests. Such districts are by no means uncommet in Java: they are covered with long grass, and shrubs and trees of moderate size, growing in groups or small thickets and they generally intervene between cultivated tracts and the deep forests. Their vegetation is peculiarly adapted t afford to our animal a very abundant supply of nourishment their surface is covered with long grass, Saccharum spicatum, well known to persons who have visited the interior of Java by the name of Allang-Allang, and the groves and thickets abound with Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn. these two plants constitute its principal food. They also produce many spe cies of Hibiscus, Grewia, Urena, and other malvaceous plants, all which are greedily eaten by the Kidang. Abou the middle of the dry season, in the Javanese winter, just before the foliage is renewed, the shrubs and herbaceous plants covering the plains and small woods are, according to an old and universal custom in Java, set on fire; and thus these tracts are prepared for a new vegetation, which ap pears shortly before the annual rains, in a period that may be compared with an European spring. After the lapse of a few weeks, the ground and shrubs are covered with fresh verdure, and a most abundant supply of food is ready f: the Kidang. These districts, being in most cases sparing! supplied with water, do not invite an extensive population the Kidang is not molested by a few solitary hamlets, but the leaves of the Convolvulus Batatas, and of many leguminous and cucurbitaceous plants, which always surround the dwellings of the natives, afford it an occasional repast Many of these hamlets might be enumerated, which would afford a pleasant recollection to those persons who have visited the native courts, or the eastern capitals. Jebres, Kayu-urib, and Pring-ombo near Surakarta, and Kaiwungu near Samarang, are among the most favourite. The native inhabitants of the hamlets dispersed through the districts in which the Kidang is found, do not possess means to undertake the chase; but it affords amusement both t Europeans and natives of rank, who engage in it in differ ent modes with great ardour. The Cervus Muntjak has a strong scent, and is easily tracked by dogs. When pur sued, it does not go off, like the stag, in any accidenta direction: its flight indeed is very swift at first, but it soon relaxes, and taking a circular course, returns to the spot from which it was started. The natives, acquainted with the character of our animal, describe it as possessing a great portion of craftiness, combined with much indolence. After several circular returns, if the pursuit be continued, the kidang thrusts its head into a thicket, and in this situation remains fixed and motionless, as in a place of security, and regardless of the approach of the sportsmen. If it remains unobserved, it is still unwilling to quit its haunts; and experienced hunters, acquainted with its natural disposition, after an unsuccessful pursuit, return the following day, and in many cases find the kidang near the same spot. The chase of the kidang, by means of dogs, affords occasionally a favourite amusement to the natives of rank in Java. Many of these, especially in the more distant provinces, keep large packs for this purpose, which are regularly trained. The dogs, vulgarly denominated pariahs, are the indigenous breed of the island, in a state of imperfect mestication: there are several varieties: one of these great resembles the Sumatran dog, of which a description, accom panied by a figure, is given by General Hardwicke, in the 13th volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society. the body is lank, and the ears erect: they are ferocious in their disposition, and rarely show any attachment to their masters. The natives of Java, like other Mahommedans. entertain prejudices unfavourable to dogs: they rarely treat them with kindness, or allow them to approach their per sons; and it is only in extraordinary instances, or whet they contribute to their amusement, that they feed or care |