reply satisfied them, that what Pandoo had alienated to the Deity would not be sold. The Rev. Mr. Burrows purchased the adjacent lands of Dongerwady (separated from Baboolnauth by a public road) and in the deed of conveyance Baboolnauth was included: nevertheless, the Pagoda was not mentioned. Mr. Burrows did not disturb the devotees; but, about the end of the mourning of Pandoo's family for his loss, he sold this property to the defendant. This deed of sale specified the Pagoda, and conveyed the whole, in clear terms. Ballambhutt Narronbhutt confirmed the testimony of Gopalbbutt. Had himself wor shipped, and had seen numbers of Hindoos at worship: Pandoo complied with the direc tions of the Bramins. Poonamund Bremchally was placed at the Pagoda as Bramin, about 20 years ago, and. officiated till displaced by the defendant. The Hindoos frequented the hill all the while he was there. He was allowed the produce of the hill for his support. On cross examination, admits that the Parsees drew toddy, in the last two years he was there, from 75 trees witness received the price of the pro duce for his maintenance: gave no part of received and paid received four gold mohurs for the grass, for his own use, solely. Some Ghauntwallees and their families lived at the Pagoda, for some time. Told Mulhar Row that he would pray for him, if he would release his God. Mulhar Row promised to restore him to his situation. Gopalbhut Putwarden, a Bramin, aged 55 years, proved, that the ceremony called Urche was performed at Baboolnauth, by ten emi-it to Pandoo; but an account of what he Dent Bramins about 27 years ago:-They went first in the morning to the spot, and first performed the ceremony and worship of Gunputty; then gave dress to the images; hung up a cup of water having a hole in the bottom of it over their heads; and remained on the spot all day and the following night. The next morning they washed their bodies, worshipped the images, pertorined the Holm, or ceremony of fire; presented victuals, and placed flowers on the images. They then proclaimed the presence of the God, and declared the place duly prepared for public worship. The Ling being an old Ling, did not require the ceremony of Prateeshta, i.e. original consecration. When the Ling is once fixed it cannot be removed while the sun and moon endure. Many other witnesses swore to the fact of worship: among them, Babojce Bhingee, living near to Baboolnauth swore that he, with his father, and other inhabitants of Girgon, used to go to the hill, before the Pagoda was built, to worship the hill; as well as since. Venaickbhutt Suranbhutt, Pundit to the Luder Adawlut Court, and Antoba Christna, Pundit of the Recorder's Court, swore, that the ceremony of Urcha described by Gopalb hutt, was the proper ceremony-that the founder of a Pagoda declaring in presence of three or four persons that he gives such a property to his God, divests himself of the property so given-that Mahadeo once fixed cannot be removed. That if Urcha be per. formed when Prateesha is necessary, it gives some divinity to the symbol; and if the ceremonies be continued many years, it be comes a good God. Several paragraphs from written authorities were quoted by these Pundits. One of which declares that "If an image be broken, or "burst of itself, or is burnt, or polluted, or Pandoo came on the second day, at noon; and being informed by the Bramins that the images were ready for worship, he took off his turban and having received some flowers from the Bramins, he placed them on the Ling; and declared that he gave the hill and ground to Baboolnauth; and the produce thereof to his use. A dinner was given to the Bramins, which was repeated, annually. The Pagoda was afterwards open to the wor ship of Hindoos of all castes. The image of the God was supposed to be concealed in the ground. He never had heard of any objection. On cross examination he acknowledged that a Bramin may tell a lie in defence of a Pagoda: as when endeavouring to save such a building from destruction by saying it is not a Pagoda: but he must not tell a lie by saying consecration had been performed," when it had not been performed. Examined by the Court. He would not be justified in telling a lie after being sworn in Court, even to save this Pagoda from being destroyed: by the dedication Pandoo gave up all right to the premises: if ever he exercised any right over them he committed a great offence: if he took ten Rupees, he would forfeit ten times that sum. Sunderbhuit Wiswanath Bhutt, spoke to the traditionary sanctity of Baboolnauth; and to his having worshipped there. too great or too small in any of its pro"portions, or has long remained unwor shipped, or has been touched by a quadru "ped, or has fallen in impure ground, or has been worshipped by persons of a "different religion, or touched by a criminal, "in any of these ten cases, the God ceases "to reside in it."-In such a case, a peculiar form is required, ending with the following prayer. For the sake of religion, the working out of salvation, and universal love, be established for our benefit. Be always at hand, O God! and deem this thy peculiar Urcha [image or worship and here abide, while the moon, the sun, and the earth endure, for the sake of thy worshippers."If the God have remained some time un ipped, the divinity departs-If the The counsel contended that the Ling was indisputably new, made by one Peer Mahomed-the Urcha performed, therefore, was insufficient. Moreover, the Hindoos admit that private temples may be sold or mort gaged: this was a private temple. If such alienations as this be suffered, a wide and fatal door may be opened to the Hindoo debtor for the commission of fraud on his creditors. The ceremony, performed at midnight, would be an easy deception. The estate may be conveyed to the God, by a juggle with a Bramin or two and a priest yet notwithstanding the rights of the dumb and patient God, the debtor may continue to enjoy the estate. This hill had been private property for centuries: and had been repeatedly conveyed as such: its re-consecration, therefore, should have been of the most solemn kind. It is in the immediate neighbourhood of the sepulchres of the Parsees the walls which inclose the remains of their dead are seen from its summit: the foot of the inclosure is within a few yards of the offensive symbol: and to the gaze of the worshippers of Mahadeo is exposed the private road of the Parsees, along which their processions move, that accompany the corpses to the last abode of mortality, and here they must winde their mournful way. en report stated, that Pandoo enter thoughts of erecting this Pagoda, the 5, whose burial ground was separated he spot only by a road, sent a message doo, stating their objections: he rehe was only building a shed; but he ded, delusively to build a Pagoda, and nish it with images. When the proof Pandoo was seized, and sold, not a was spoken by the Hindoos on behalf ir God: not a rupee was offered. defendant's object in purchasing the I was, to secure greater solitude around mbs: he therefore, properly, forbad rt of worshippers to this hill. CerBaboolnauth was sold at the sale. o had not divested himself of all proin it: the Urcha performed was not ent for that; for in truth, the Ling new one. These Bramins who confess allow themselves in falsity to answer a se, are not to be believed in any thing. did not the whole neighbourhood withe consecration? were none living, who it? Pandoo flagrantly violated the of his religion. He desecrated this place i conduct. He suffered, nay appointed, mon Hindoo to perform the ceremonies. uffered toddy to be drawn, and placed the smell of the God. He permitted caste Ghantwally girl to live in a state stitution, at the Pagoda. He suffered Vencastra Sastree, a Bramin, and Pundit arsees to feast on meat and wine, under from Benares, described two kinds of Pagory nose of his God; and exposed him das; one belonging to a town, the other to ly and incessant pollution. He appro- an individual, or a house: from the latter d to himself the produce of that hill the symbols may be removed; from the aitis affirmed he had solemnly renounced former they may not. Thinks the ceremony our of Baboolnauth. Why did not of Urcha not sufficient, unless the symbol , at the time of the sale, declare this had been found in one of the sacred rivers of ation? No consequence could be drawn India. Thinks the Pagoda in question very the resort of the Hindoos to this place improperly situated near the tombs: no good orship: how should they inquire, or Bramin would have assisted in consecrating whether it was duly consecrated? They it. The drawing of toddy so near it, pollutes dit, even after they knew it was polit. A Bramin was necessary for the ceremo nies the touch of a common Hiudoo pol It is part of the creed of the Parsees, that Gol has commanded them to build their places of burial in waste and desert spots & far from the resort of men they avoid these melancholy abodes with the utmost caution. Their religion, and nature, fill them with jealousy at the approach of strangers. These feelings are intitled to respect. It is the sentiment of all nations, and of all ages, wherever a future state has been believed. Every court of justice would deem the creation of a Pagoda under such circumstances, a nuisance. If this claim of the Hindoos should be established, what riots and insults would ensue! Rev. Arnold Burrows proved the sale, purchase and delivery, by the Sheriff: his drawing toddy there: the appearance of ruins on the ground: but he never heard they were in any estimation. lutes the images. Produced a book of autho-, rities from which he read-" If one sell the "temple of a town, it is a sin equal to the " murder of a Bramin: if one build a tem"ple at his own expence and fall into dis"tress, he may sell it. If one build a "temple, he has thereby a reward equal to "what he would have had from the exercise "of ten virtues: and he who sells one is guilty of the murder of a Bramin, every step he takes."-He has heard from good Pundits, that when an image of Vishnoo is defiled by the touch of one of a different religion, Urcha alone is necessary: but if defiled, and it remain polluted in the ground any length of time, Praceeta is absolutely necessary. The same for a Ling. Pillajee Majee had lived in Pandoo's service 20 years. Knows nothing of the origin of the Ling; witness performed the ceremony of Poojah by Pandoo's direction many years, the toddy was drawn by Balla, a Parsee, by Pandoo's direction, one year, and he placed the pots in the Veranda of the Pagoda. Bamajee Ragojee built the Pagoda. There was a Saloonkha but no Ling. The Ling was made by Peer Mahomed, a stonecutter: being too large, witness saw it reduced by Peer Mahomed: he fixed it, himself. Never saw Peer Mahomed before, or since: did not see him make the Ling. The offence taken by the Parsees at such objects, was proved by two witnesses of that sect. They read from a Pahlavee authority. "This is clearly understood in our religion, "that Mediomukh has said, a place of "sepulture should be in a waste place, remote from habitations, that persons of a "different faith may not walk about it, nor "go backwards and forwards on the road to ❝it, and that no one live near it. This is 65 an extremely essential rule." Kamdeen Shapoor was sent into Persia from India about 150 years ago to procure information concerning the rites and forms of the Parsees. "He asked, teach me how to make a place of sepulture." The learned replied-The place on which it is to be made must be waste, and be far from dwellings, near it must be no cultivation; nor the business necessarily attending the existence of dwellings; no habitation nor population must be near it.-Zertoosht asked of God, when a person dies, where is he to be carried, and Jeft? God answered, "a place of burial must be made on a hill remote from dwellings." Witness is a Dravid Bramin of the sect of Vishnoo, a Bhut, a reader of the Vedas, a begging Bramin; understands a little Sanscrit, has seen many ceremonies in his own country, described a Pracreeshta which he saw performed in the Carnatic, where a temple had been defiled above 50 years. Several hundred persons sat down to dinner: the ceremony occupied a day and a half. When the Ling is new more ceremonies are required they frequently occupy from four to nine days. The Ling stands out of the temple till the last day, when it is brough in. Mr. Advocate General was heard in reply. The Recorder gave judgment, Aug. 2If the spot in question was in April 180 vested in the Hindoo community, or in Pas doo, so it now continues. We do not affec to tolerate the religions of our subjects: w protect them. We protect them equally an vigorously: from insult, and levity..... persuaded, that there never was any disaffes tion among the Hindoos; and that a submi sive and gentle nation which has yielde passive obedience to so long a succession tyrants and persecutors, feel nothing but g titude towards those who protect their propert and their religion. No grounds for such de affection were, most certainly, ever furnishe by those persons, respectable for their blam less lives, intitled to the veneration of men for their disinterested purpose, who has sacrificed all the ordinary pleasures and a vantages of life to the hope, well or ill four ded, of spreading Christianity in the east who would spurn with horror the aid coercion if it were offered, who disclaim ert the favour and countenance of authority, an who desire only that toleration, or rath obscurity, which a Christian government ma justly affords to its Hindoo and Mahomet subjects...... The testimony of the Bramins must taken strictly on the principle of Indian st "that a witness is not to be believed, unle his testimony be supported by other circus stances." Other circumstances support testimony. A consecration did actually tal place. Evidence establishes a public Paga the As to the sufficiency of consecration, th sentiments of the Pundits of the Court m be received with the greatest attention. Th foreign Bramins produced are of other sec They are of no authority. Our Pundits knos the usages of our country. Pandon migh allow acts that profaned his temple, but h did not thereby resume his property. Th judgement against Pandoo could only affe what was his property. No imputation at taches to the defendant.. It is supposed that as this case is volves important considerations to the parties it will undergo further discussion, before higher tribunal. The patronage of Govern ment manifested in this case, leads to a sup position that it may be considered as a se off against the orders unhappily issued at Vellore. Comp. Panorama, Vol. II, p. 61, Vol. III. P. 436. NCISE, AND COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS IE UNITED KINGDOM, DURING THE T THREE YEARS: DISTINGUISHING PRINCIPAL ARTICLES. OFFICIAL. following Tables are of very great imce in our endeavours to obtain a just of the Commercial Transactions of our ry, and would have been inserted in II. of our NATIONAL AND PARLIAARY NOTICES, had we received them in -During the last three years, opinhave differed essentially as to the real of our trade with distant parts. Some hought, that the mandates of the Cortyrant were so authoritatively enforced, despondingly submitted to, that it was sible for the mercantile interest of Britain rvive the shock: others affirmed that ower did not extend so far as to do us ajury; and that, in fact, his edicts a mere brutum fulmen. Truth, as , has lain between the two extremes : aparte's violence has produced some effect; o proportion of what he had hoped, intended: not enough to break British : not more than about five per cent. of ution of exports: and a somewhat er diminution of imports. The exports 307 appear to have amounted in real value 43,242,176, in 1808 to £40,479,865, ; a diminution amounting to about 62,311. The Exports in 1809 are at £40,881,671, being a diminution 2,360,505 from 1807, but an increase 401,806 in 1808, notwithstanding the nued resistance of America, her embargo, non-importations. at in order to understand the relative tion of Britain with foreign parts, we examine and compare the statements ese years. The imports for 1807 amount £50,621,707, but from this should be cted all Irish produce and manufactures, hought rather to be described as goods ed coastwise, and merely as articles reed from one part of the same kingdom to her. This being £6,485,119, would the amount of imports £44,136,588. ppears also, that these imports from Ire, in 1808, increased to £6,785,274, so Ireland was far from being cramped in trade to Great Britain: and indeed, we that in 1809, her trade was still further mented to £7,978,910, being an increase two years, of about £1,493,791. So ch for the distressed state of that part of united kingdom! he imports for 1808 stated at £53,500,990, the same process give about £46,815,716, the imports from the East during this r, are more than those during the former I, about £890,459. [For 1809 they | cannot be made up.] The imports for 1809, taken at £45,718,698, are, when adjusted as the former, about £37,739,788. Thus it appears, that the imports for 1809 experienced a diminution of £9,075,928: being about four times as much decrease in value of goods brought from foreign parts, as of goods sent to foreign parts. For every guinea, therefore, which foreign parts have withheld from the pocket of the British nation, they have prevented their own population from receiving four guineas. To understand by which of those distant states this has been most severely felt, we must consult the tables, for the article; and must inquire from whence that commodity was supplied. Anotto, for instance, has fallen off, from 74 to 72, to 13, this surely must be felt in the places that furnished this drug: the difference being nearly five-sixths of the import. Oak bark is reduced from 66, and 69, to 2, the proportion is about thirty to one! We cannot, pass without remarking the comparative import of corn and meal, because, great apprehensions of straitnesses, if not of scarcity, were entertained, when the detention of and flour, in America, was first understood among us. The import, which in 1808, was £1,878,521, in 1809, was only, £330,958, considerably under one-fifth part of the former, yet our markets have shewn no symptom of want. Corn has, no doubt, been something higher; but not enough to justify the most distant fear of starvation; and though we might have wished them lower on behalf of the labourer, yet on behalf of the farmer we believe not many have thought the profit on the commodity exorbitant. corn, The manufactured articles of foreign parts have been diminished also: straw hats from 26, to 19, to 5. Isinglass from 102, to 6. Linen, cambrics, from 63, to 56, to 3. Hessens from 67, to 42, to 5. Many other diminutions of articles which are either not necessaries of life, or of which substitutes may easily be raised, and, probably, are now raising, among us, will easily be observed by the reader. But, there are other articles which have increased, in spite of all restrictions: Barilla from 122, to 259: Cochineal from 133, to 266: Cortex Peruvianus from 34, to 176: Salt fish from 126, to 351 with sundries beside. It is most probable, had we time to trace the inquiry, that those very parts which have prohibited British goods, are the same as those from which Britain has received. these smaller quantities of goods: so that their edicts might with propriety enough be called prohibitions of their own commerce. To this we may add, that it is not likely, that these places can have sent to other parts additional quantities beyond their customary demand to compensate for the loss of British | confusion into mercantile speculations, that purchasers. By sea, we are certain, they a merchant would be afraid to commission have not been able: by land, it is scarcely foreign productions, not knowing what their credible.. Those labourers, therefore, who cost would be, 'ere they were in his warehouse. were employed in the manufacturing, the We shall pursue these thoughts no further, transit, &c. of these goods, and those states at this time: neither shall we add any reflec which drew revenues from the duties they tions on the tables shewing the trade of Bri paid, are sufferers in proportion to their di- tain with America. The report, in fact, is minished incomes. deficient; inasmuch as it does not shew what the exports to other parts of America, exclusive of the United States, were for the three years previous to 1809. We have, therefore, from this table, no assistance in forming a comparison of the preceding years with the last and though we know, in general, that from £18,173,056, we are to make great deductions, yet whether it should be, eight millions, teu millions, or twelve millions, this communication does not inform us. We must add, that the exports of foreign productions from Britain have decreased, froin £9,198,774, to £8,252,520; while the export of Irish produce has increased, from £587,931, to £835,555. No doubt, but what a considerable portion of this is in favour of the staple commodity of Ireland, linen. We refer to the tables for other arti cles: observing, that, in general, what we may call our own productions, or those in which we are interested, by means of our colonies, &c. have maintained themselves, not far from stationary, and in some instances have increased. : We ought to add, that speculation is un usually active on the Continent,at the present moment. If Buonaparte rescinds the Berlin decree and its coadjutors, then, say the speci latists, Europe will be inundated with British goods by means of American vessels: then too, all hopes of raising the French manu factories, or those of such parts of the Conti neat as are under the dominion of France, vanishes: since they cannot compete with British merit. On the other hand, if Ame rica should become inimical to France, then will every hope of the Corsican to maintain any respectability, or even existence, on the Ocean, issue in despair. Not to anticipate what a few weeks will explain, we merely state this problem which now strongly occu pies the minds of continental négocians. We have only room to add, a remark on the very great, and indeed unreasonable, difference between the official value of sundry articles, and their real value. This appears to us to be more than ought to be tolerated; and what, if not clearly understood, and guarded against, would become the source of inextricable misunderstandings. We must indeed confess, that we suspect some error in the report of Aches, pearl and pot, for 1807, of which the official value exceeds the real: 160,460, to 135,965, [we presume it should be, £235,965,] whereas the proportion for 1808 is £189,975 to £279,941, and for 1809 it is £150,806, to £214,079. Juniper These Tables furnish points of comparison, berries valued at £13,498 are worth only with those extracted froin Mr. Rose's "Brief £6,074 and a few other things are valued Examination into the Revenue, &c. of Great officially at more than their actual worth. Britain," &c. in our first volume, p. 57. The But, in general, the official value is much result is truly interesting; for, although it below the real value;—as Almonds £15,507, may be true, ihat some parts of our trade are to £42,334, almost triple: Elephants' teeth conducted under great disadvantages, (as the more than quadruple; £11,440, to £47,668.West-India trade, compare Panorama, Vol. II. Indigo nearly five times its official value: £32,848, to £12,063. These great differences must proportionably affect the duties, paid by the importer; who when he discharges the demand according to the official value, pays but one third, one fourth, or one fifth part of what the law intended. Or, rather, the fluctuation of the market, which raises the price of some commodities, and depresses that of others, has introduced such anomalies into the rates, as could not be foreseen and provided against. This, however, may not prove permanent: that article which is very much in demand, and fetches a great price at sales, this year, may next year beome heavy, perhaps unsaleable. So that, if the duty were raised equal to what would be equitable this year, it must be lowered again next year, by the same rule of equity. But this would introduce such of p. 457, &c.) yet the whole as a whole, is top little affected to satisfy our enemy. For par ticulars of the East-India Company's receipts and payments, consult Panorama, Vol. IV. p. 631. The latest reports hitherto made on the trade of Ireland, will engage our attention very speedily. It is certainly in the power the British Nation to render our commerce an effectual weapon of Defence, if not of Hostility against the enemy. Where commodities are exchanged, though the mode of exchange be circuitous, we would not interrupt mutual accommodation: yet the angry passions should meet with some check :-but what shall we say to payments in Cash, made by this Coun try to France, for Brandy, in three years, to the amount of £1,565,629, while every atom of British productions is seized and burnt in France, and in those parts on the Continent, which are under French despotism! ! ! |