who, like himself, after a long series of destructive Corps of the General of Cavalry Count Belleachievements, experienced the vicissitudes of for-garde.-Count Bellegarde, having received a mes tune. The charm of his invincibility was d solved. No longer the spoiled child of fortune; by posterity he will be characterized as the sport of the fickle goddess. New hopes begin to anmate the oppressed nations. To the Austrian army the 21st of May was a grand and glorious epoch, that must inspire it with a consciousness of its strength, and a confidence in its energies. Napoleon's glory was obviously at stake. New efforts were to be expected the following day; but he was also obliged to fight for his existence.By means of fire-ships sent down the Danube, the Archduke had caused the enemy's bridge on the Lobau to be broken down, and its repairs would take up several hours. Meanwhile Napoleon had already in the evening been joined by the corps of General Oudinot, and all the disposable troops followed from Vienna and the Upper Danube, and were transported across the river in vessels as fast as they arrived. The Archduke, on his part, ordered the grenadier corps which had not had any share in the first engagement, to advance from its position near Gerasdorf to Brietenlee; and the short night was scarcely sufficient to complete the respective preparations for the commencement of a second tragedy. Battle of the 22d of May. Corps of Lieutenant-General Hiller.-With the morning's dawn the enemy renewed his attacks, which far surpassed in impetuosity those of the preceding day. It was a conflict of valour and mutual exasperation. Scarcely had the French guards compelled General Vacquant to abandon Aspern, when the regiment of Klebek again pe. netrated into the burning village, drove back the choicest troops of the enemy, and engaged in a new contest in the midst of the conflagration, till, at the expiration of an hour, it was also obliged to give way. The regiment of Benjovsky now rushed in, and, at the first onset, gained possession of the church-yard, the walls of which Field-Marshal Lieut. Hiller immediately ordered the first division of pioneers to pull down, and the church, together with the parsonage, to be set on fire. Thus was this regiment, supported by some battalions, commanded by Gen. Bianchi, at length enabled to maintain itself at the entrance of the village, after overcoming the resistance, bordering on despair, opposed by the flower of the French army. Neither could the enemy produce any farther effect upon the bushy meadow, after LieutenantGen. Hiller bad ordered the force there to be supported by two battalions of Anton Mittrowsky's and a battery; on which the Jagers, St. George's, and two battalions of Vienna volunteers, drove him from his advantageous position, which he never afterwards attempted to recover. Also about this time the left wing of the corps was likewise placed in security by three batteries sent by the lieutenant-general, to support the general of cavalry, Count Bellegarde, and the latter maintained his ground against the most desperate attacks of the enemy: the Lieutenant-general Hiller kept his position on the left flank of the enemy, and the victory was decided in this quarter. The corps was therefore again formed in two lines, and thus awaited the approaching event. sage from General Vacquant that the enemy was assembling in force before Aspern towards the bushy meadow, and apparently had in view an assault upon that point, was just going to throw a fresh battalion of Argenteau's into Aspern, when the enemy, in heavy columns of infantry and cavalry, supported by a numerous artillery, began to advance upon the centre of the corps in thre plain. The troops stationed at Aspern, exhausted as they were with the incessant fire kept up during the night, were unable to withstand the impetuosity of the attack: their ammunition both for artilery and musquetry began to fail, and Gen. Vacquant retreated in good order to the churchyard. This post, gained at so dear a rate, was again taken from him, after several attacks sustained in conjunction with Lieut.-General Hiller; the place was alternately taken and lost, till at length the superiority of our fire obliged the enemy to abandon the houses, and a last assault of Hiller's corps prevented all further attempts. From the moment of the retaking of Aspernit became possible to oppose an offensive movement to the enemy advancing upon the centre, and to operate upon his left flank and communication. The defence of Aspern was therefore left entirely to Hiller's corps, and while Count Bellegarde appuied his right wing on Aspern, he formed his left and the centre in the direction of Esslingen, in such a manner that, by degrees, he gained the right flank of the enemy, compelled him to retreat, and, by the complete effect of the artillery, brought to bear upon the left wing, which commanded the whole space from Aspern to Esslin gen, gave him a most severe defeat. Corps of Lieutenant-General the Prince of Ho henzollern. The dawn of morning was with this corps also the signal for the renewal of the gigantic conflict. The enemy's infantry was drawn up in large divisions, and between it the whole of the heavy cavalry was formed in masses. The general of cavalry, Prince Lichtenstein, on observing this order of battle, perceived the necessity of keeping up a close communication with the infantry placed near him; he therefore drew up his right wing en echiquier, behind the corps of infantry, but kept his left wing together, with reserves posted in the rear. A prodigious quantity of artillery covered the front of the enemy, who seemed desirous to annibilate our corps by the murderous fire of cannon and howitzers. Upwards of 200 pieces of canon were engaged on both sides, and the oldest soldiers never recollect to have witnessed so tremendous a fire. Vain was every effort to shake the intrepidity of the Austrian troops. Napoleon rode through his ranks, and, according to the report of the prisoners, made them acquainted with the destruction of his bridge, but added that he had himself ordered it to be broken down, because in this case there was no alternative but victory or death.-Soon afterwards the whole of the enemy's line put itself in motion, and the cavalry made its principal attack on the point where the corps of cavalry of Prince Lichtenstein communicated with the left wing of Lieut.-general the Prince of Hohenzollern. The engagement now became general; the regiments of Rohan, D'Aspre, Joseph Colloredo and Stain, repulsed all the attacks of the enemy. The generals were every where at the head of their troops, and inspired them with courage and perseverance. The Archduke himself seized the colours of Zach's; and the battalion, which had already begun to give way, followed with new enthusiasm his heroic example. Most of those who surrounded him were wounded; his Adjutant-general, Count .Colloredo, received a ball in his head, the wound from which was at first considered dangerous; a squeeze of the hand signified to him the concern of his sympathizing Commander, who, filled with contempt of death, now fought for glory and for his country. The attacks of our impenetrable corps, both with the sabre and the bayonet, so rapidly repeated, and so impetuous, as to be unparalled in military annals, frustrated all the intentions of the enemy. He was beaten at all points, and astonished at such undaunted intrepidity, he was obliged to , abandon the field of battle. lage of Esslingen with the Archduke Charles's regiment of infantry, to push forward his other troops in battalions, and in particular to go and meet the enemy, who was advancing in the open country between Esslingen and the nearest arm of the Danube. Favoured by a fog, which suddenly came on, the enemy's heavy cavalry ventured to attack en all sides the corps formed by Sztarray's and Hiler's regiments of infantry. These brave fellows received him with fixed bayonets, and at the last moment poured in their fire with such effect, that the enemy was compelled to betake himself to flight with considerable loss. Five times were these attacks on Sztarray's and Hiller's regi ments repeated, and each time were they repelled with equal courage and resolution. The cavalry contributed all that lay in their power to the pursuit of the enemy and the support of the infantry. Coburg's, the Archduke Louis's, and Czatorisky's regiments belonging to the division of Lieut.-General Dedovich, stationed on the right, renewed the exertions of the preceding day with the same distinction and the same success. After this severe conflict, the enemy seemed to have no inclination to expose himself to any fresh disaster, and confined himself merely to the operation of his superior artillery. About eleven; A.M. Prince Rosenberg received orders from the Archduke, commander-in-chief, to make a new attack upon Esslingen, and a message to the same effect was sent to Lieut.-General Dedovich, who commanded the right division of this corps. About this time, Lieut.-general the Prince of › Hohenzollern observed on his left wing, near Esslingen, a chasm, which had been formed during the heat of the engagement, and afforded an advantageous point of attack. Frelich's regiment, commanded by Col. Mecsery, was ordered thither in three corps, and repulsed four regiments of cavalry, accompanied with infantry and artillery. The corps remained in the position which they had taken, till the grenadiers of the -reserve, which the Archduke had ordered forward from Brietenlee, arrived to relieve the battalions exhausted with the sanguinary conflict, and continued the attack upon the centre of the enemy's position.-Lieut.-general d'Aspre penetrated with the four battalions of grenadiers of Przezinsky, Pureany, Scovaux, and Scharlach, without firing The attack was made with redoubled bravery, a shot, to the enemy's cannon, where he was and our troops rushed with irresistible impetuosity flanked by such a destructive fire from Esslingen, into the village. Still, however, they found it that nothing but the presence of the Archduke, impossible to maintain this post, into which the who hastened to the spot, could have induced enemy kept continually throwing new reinforcehis grenadiers to maintain their ground. Captainments, which was of the utmost importance for Count Dombasle had already reached the enemy's battery, when he was wounded by two balls, and quitted the field. About noon the Archduke ordered a new assault upon Esslingen, which was immediately undertaken by Field-Marshal-Lieutenant D'Aspre with the grenadier battalions of Kirchenbetter and Scovaux on the left, and Scharlach and Gregory in front. Five times these gallant troops rushed up to the very walls of the houses, burning internally, and placed in a state of defence; some of the grenadiers thrust their bayonets into the enemy's loop-holes; but all their efforts were fruitless, for their antagonists fought the fight of despair. Corps of Field-Marshal Lieut. Prince Rosenberg. Both divisions of this corps, which, in advancing to the engagement, had composed the 4th and 5th columns, were formed before break of day for a new attack, for which the enemy likewise made preparation on his side, but with a manifest superiority in numbers. Prince Rosenberg resolved to attack the vil Prince Rosenberg immediately formed two columns of attack under the conduct of LieutGenerals Princes Hohenlohe and Rohan, while Lieut-General Dedovich advanced against the citadel of the place, and the magazine, surrounded with walls and ditches. covering his retreat, which he had already re solved upon, and which he defended with an im mense sacrifice of lives. Prince Rosenberg therefore resolved to confine himself to the obstinate maintenance of his own position, to secure the left flank of the army, and to secure the embarrassment of the enemy by an incessant fire from all the batteries. In the night between the 22d and 23d, the enemy accomplished his retreat to the Lobau, and at three in the morning his rear guard also had evacuated Esslingen and all the points which he had occupied on the left bank of the Danube Some divisions pursued him closely, and took possession as near as possible of the necessary posts of observation. Thus terminated a conflict of two days, which will be ever memorable in the eyes of the world, and in the history of war. It was the most obstinate and bloody that has occurred since the comment of the French revolution. Three pieces of cannon, seven ammunition waggons, 17,000 French muskets, and about 3000 Lieut.-Generals Prince Rohan, Dedovich, Weber, and Frenel, Generals Winzingerode, Grill, Neustadter, Siegenthal, Colloredo, May, Hohenfeld, and Buresch, 663 officers, and 15,651 subalterns and privates were wounded. Of these Field-Marshal-Lieutenant Weber, 8 officers, and 829 men were taken prisoners by the enemy. The loss of the enemy was prodigious, and exceeds all expectation. It can only be accounted for by the effect of our concentric fire on an ex-ceedingly confined field of battle, where all the batteries crossed one another, and is calculated by the following authentic data. Generals Lasnes, D'Espagne, St. Hilaire, and Albuquerque are dead; Massena, Bessieres, Molitor, Boudet, Legrand, Lasalle, and the two brothers Legrange wounded; Durosnel and Fouler taken. Upwards of 7000 men, and an immense number of horses were buried on the field of battle; and 5000 some hundred wounded lie In our hospitals. In Vienna and the suburbs there are at present 29,773 wounded; many were carried to St. Polten, Enns, and as far as Linz; 2,300 were taken. Several hundreds of corpses floated down the Danube, and are still daily thrown upon its shores; many met their death in the island of Lobau, and since the water has fallen in the smaller arms of the river, innumerable bodies, thus consigned by their comrades to everlasting oblivion, have become visible. The burying of the sufferers is not yet over, and a pestilential air is wafted from the theatre of death. All eyes are now fixed on the result of those numerous battles which have afflicted various parts of the continent of Europe. The most remarkable of these we have thought it our duty to record, at large, by way of commemoration. It is evident that humanity has to regret the sufferings of more than fifty thousand men, destroyed, or maimed for life, in the course of this sanguinary conflict. What recompense can the iron-crowned Chief make to the mothers and families of the Wirtemburghers, the Bavarians, the Hessians, the Saxons, and others, whom he had ordered to the slaughter? What can compensate the loss of these supports to their connexions, and to their country?-Military honour?-what is it? Did they fight for their country? No: they fought to extend desolation, at the voice of cruelty and ambition. Did any one principle which usually irritates the human mind urge them to the bloody field? No: they blindly obeyed; they desperately lost their lives; themselves the unfeeling tools of arbitrary power, they assisted to rivet the yoke of despotism on the neck's of others: they were resisted, and fell in the resistance. If it be possible to imagine any reasonable cause that might animate the French troops, other than that of mere desperation and despondency, yet it seems to be impossible to suggest adequate motives that might induce Germans to combat against fellow Germans, aud to increase the carnage perpetrated by those who have long been held in abhorrence as the executioners of the earth. Why did they not remonstrate to their sovereigns 'ere the fatal list was made out, and fairly express their sentiments: "No conscription to gratify a foreign tyrant." Report affirms that parts of Holland have held this language in very intelligible terms; that the conscripts have struggled against the power of the horses of the gens d'armes to draw them; and that, being boys, they interested their compatriots in their behalf, by whose assistance nearly a hundred out of one string [Compare Panorama, Vol. I. p. 1376.] made their escape in a scuffle that ensued. In fact, the greatest wonder of this most wondrous age is, the non-resistance made to the conscription among the nations once free. As to the French, they have so long been sunk to the very dregs of in sensibility; it is so long since they exchang ed liberty for philosophic licentiousness, the mask of the most disgusting slavery, that use and habit has reconciled us to the spectacle of that fettered nation. They have long ceased to be men: and the pity due to our species scarcely adniits them within its contemplation; but, that others should so far suffer their domination, proves, that there are powers capable of eradicating the first principles of the human heart; the feelings, the instincts, which nature has implanted even in brutes. A paper attached to this article proves, indeed, that individuals practise every mode of evasion, that ingenui ty and abhorrence can devise: but why does not the nation assert its freedom? Can the resistance to upstart authority lead to greater loss of lives than has taken place in Germany? Could the Seine or the Loire, roll down their streams a greater number of dead bodies than the Danube has done? Fifty thousand opponents to the conscription, speak ing out, would prevent millions from falling a sacrifice-to what ?—to whom ?— In the mean while the blessings bestowed by nature and Providence on the fertile and highly pleasant fields of France, are unim proved. Private misery can never lead to public prosperity. Strange indeed are the notions which some affix to national glory! From all such perversions of human intellect and human language may Britain ever maintain the most irreconcileable distance ! We sincerely sympathize with the sufferings of Germany. On the political propriety of breaking with France, at the present period, it will be recollected that we have never given any opinion. Desolation spreading in all directions, must affect the heart of the Emperor Francis, who is reported to be a man of humanity: even victories won by the loss of his subjects, must call forth his sympathies as a man, and a sovereigh. He is no match for Buonaparte in hardness of heart! It is likely that he will endeavour to .prevent further losses of battalions and squadrons, thousands falling in a day! of villages, towns, and cities, consumed by conflagration, and their inhabitants driven to seek shelter, wherever accident may lead them. He must wish the cessation of these calamities. We do not learn that great events have distinguished the contest between Russia and Sweden, since the Summer began to admit of military operations. The late king is confined on an island in a lake, the situation of which is pleasant enough, and the conveniencies sufficient for a private gentleman. We do not think that here he will live and die. Russia is become like a province of France. Caulincourt (the murderer of the Duke d'Enghien) follows Alexander about more constantly than his shadow. He disposes of every thing. Every thing at court is French: and we expect, that before long, Petersburgh will be announced as another département.—Are ail the Russians then dead to a sense of shame, or to a feeling of patriotism? no: but the time is to come, in which they may balance the promises of hope against the sensations of actual suffering. While their commodities fetch great prices on the exchange at London, the rigour of the endurance they really suffer will be disregarded by the Russians. Nothing can less resemble truth than the stories lately circulated by our newspapers about pretended plots against the Emperorhe almost every where goes unattended, or 'with only one servant. The French armies in Spain are mouldering away: each of the French generals acknowledges a great proportion of sick in his army; in fact, the mere boys who are forced into the service have not attained to sufficient maturity of constitution, to support the fatigues of a campaign. They therefore must perish in multitudes. What the Spaniards are really doing we know not: they may like Fabius wear out their assailing Hannibals by delay; but we own that we wish they were more alert, to take advantage of an interval which once lost may never return. The Spanish colouies continue firm: they will not as we apprehend follow the fate of their parent stite, if that should merge into the Corsican empire. They will clude the grasp of the tyrant of Europe and if they are wise, they will interdict all intercourse with every part of the globe where a Frenchman has either : command or influence. How else can they be secure against treachery? North America has lately ordered a Report from her treasury, by which we learn, that her revenue before her dispute with Britain, exceeded sixteen millions of dollars: that last year it produced but ten millions: that in one quarter it was only one million; and that three or four millions must be borrowed to discharge the current expences. Affairs are not yet settled between her and Britain; but the general opinion indulges itself in the hope that peace may be maintained. America his negotiated a treaty of commerce with France: to admit American flour into the ports of France will be found but little advantageous to French agriculture. Britain is intent on her internal resources, Yet the armies she has in activity abroad are considerable :-in Sicily, whence a movement has been made;-in Spain, where a British force has joined the Spanish army of the south; and a formidable force is commanded for an Expedition (or more than one), at no great distance from home. The vesse's amount to thirty-six sail of the line: the number of troops to about 40,000: and the whole force, including all descriptions, is, or will be, not less than ninety-five thousand men. That the object is worthy of this exertion, we hope; and that success may attend our countrymen, we heartily wish! We do not hear any thing amiss from the Cape of Good Hope. In India the Rajah of Travancore has set himself in opposition to the British interests, and several of his forts have been stormed: but, of the immediate causes of this unlooked-for erent, we confess our want of information. Those who know, report in general terms, that affairs on the side of Persia look brighter than they did, and indeed, are almost satisfactory: this is good news. In China, the British force that entered Macao to hold it for the Portuguese has been withdrawn: the Chinese having engaged that the French shall not acquire that port. It cannot be supposed that we attach the fate of the Christian Religion to that of Popery, or to that of the Pope, as head of the Catholic Church; it is however proper to notice the degradation which he has lately suffered in being reduced to the rank of a local bishop only. What further awaits this personage, once so important in Christendom, must be left to the disclosure of events. The following papers explain what we have asserted. ........ Rome, June 10. This morning, at ten o'clock, the following Imperial Decree, dated Vienna, the 17th of May, 1809, was proclaimed in all the public squares and market. paces of the city, accompanied by the firing of cannon from the Castle of St. Angelo "Napoleon, Emperor of the French, &c. taking into consideration that when Charlemagne, Emperor of the French, and our sublime predecessor, endowed the Bishops of Rome with various lands, they were given as fiefs to maintain the peace of his subjects, and that Rome did not therefore cease to form a part of his empire: considering further, that since that time the union of spiritual and temporal power has been, and still is, the source of dissension; that the Popes have but too frequently availed themselves of the one to support their pretensions to the other; and that with spiritual concerns, which are in their nature nutable, have been confounded worldly af fars, which change with the circumstances and patres of the times :-considering finally, that it is in vain to attempt to reconcile with the temporat pretensions of the Pope all that we have coneerted for the security of our army, the repose and prosperity of the nations over which we reign, and the dignity and inviolability of our empire: We have decreed, and do decree as follows: "Art. 1. The Papal territory is united with the French empire.-2. The city of Rome, illustrious for the recollections it recals, and for the monuments which it contains, is declared to be a free and imperial city. Its government and administration shall be fixed by a particular decree.-3. The monuments of Roman greatness shall be maintained and preserved, at the expence of our treasury.-4. The public debt is declared to be the debt of the empire.-5. The revenue of the Pope shall be fixed at two millions of francs, free from all charges and contributions.-6. The property and palaces of his Holiness, shall be subject to no imposition, jurisdiction, or visitation, and shall besides enjoy especial prerogatives. --7. An extraordinary Consulta shall, on the 1st of June, take possession in our name of the Papal dominions, and adopt measures that on the 1st of January, 1810, the constitutional government take effect. Another Decree, of the same date, establishes an extraordinary Consulta, consisting of the following members:-Miollis, governor-general, president; Salcette, minister of the king of Naples; Degerando, Jamet, Del Pozzo, and Debalde, secretaries. This Consulta is ordered to take possession of the Papal territory, so that the transition from the old to the new order of things may be unperceived.—As soon as it was organised and installed, the Extraordinary Consulta issued the following proclamation, addressed to the city and dominions of Rome, dated Rome, 10th June, 1809. "Romans!-The will of the greatest of heroes unites you with the greatest of empires. It was just that the firs: people of the world should share the blessing of its laws, and the honour of its name, with the people which preceded it in former ages in the path of glory. Then your ancestors conquered the world. Such were the reColves of their magnanimity, and the effect of their glory. The desire to promote your pros perity alone has dictated this decree of re-union. The moment chosen for the adoption of it, discovers the motives which have produced it. You become a part of the French empire, at the moment when all the sacrifices which were requisite to establish it, had been made. You are called to the triumph without sharing in the danger. Look over the annals of your history. They have long contained nothing but the story of your misfortunes. Your natural weakness made you an easy prey to all the warriors who chose to cross over the Alps.--With France united, her power becomes yours. All the misery which sprung from your weakness has ceased.Wretched as a nation, you were not less so as citizens. The misery and disease which reigned among your towns and villages, have long taught Europe and yourselves, that your princes, distracted by opposite cares, were unable to secure you the felicity you are now to obtain.-Romans! Not conquered, but united; fellow-citizens and not subjects: our power not only becomes yours, but our laws will secure your repose, as they have secured ours.-While this re-union gives you all the advantages you wanted, it takes from you none you possess. Rome remains the seat of the visible head of the church; and the richly endowed Vatican, raised above all foreign influence, and not less above all vain earthly considerations, shall exhibit to the universe the purest -and most splendid worship of God. The inheritance of our ancient glory shall be preserved in your monuments: and the arts, under the protection of a great man, and enriched by every model, shall not be necessitated to seek elsewhere for the encouragement, employment, or reward of their divine inspiration.-Tnis, Romans, is the futurity which is opened to you, and the basis of which is to be laid by the extraordinary consulla. To guarantee your public debts; to revive agriculture and the arts; in every way to improve your condition; and finally, to reform all abuses, and anticipate your wishes; these are the commands, this is the aim of your illustrious sovereign.-Romans, by aiding our endeavours, you may secure yourselves, more rapidly and easily, the blessings we are charged, and ourselves no less desire, to provide for you. (Signed) "Count MIOLLIS, &c. &c." STATE OF FRANCE, JULY, 1809. FROM AUTHENTIC INFORMATION. The partial raising of the embargo in the ports of France has enabled us to procure from that country some intelligence on which we can depend; although not sồ extensive as what we used to receive through our former channels of correspondence. We shall form a kind of abstract of the information we have obtained, and for the sake of order shall class it under distinct heads. State of the Public Mind. We have often had occasion to remark with regret, that the crimes of Buonaparte did not |