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Great natural divisions of the western section of North America
Political divisions

Claims of Great Britain, Russia, the United States, and Mexico
General view of the whole coast

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Description of the northernmost territories of the western section
Description of the southern portion, or California.

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Expedition of Legaspi from Mexico to India; conquest of the Philippine Islands,
and discovery of the mode of navigating the Pacific from west to east, by Ur-
danete

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Establishment of the Spanish trade between America and India
Prohibitory measures of the Spaniards against the trade or settlement of other
nations in America

1578 80. Voyage of Francis Drake, who visits the northwest coast

1580.

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Year. 1587.

1588.

1592.

1594.

1596.

Voyage of Cermenon, who is wrecked on the Bay of San Francisco
Spanish Government orders colonies to be established in California
Voyage of Vizcaino in the Gulf of California

Attempts of the English to discover passages for ships between the Atlantic and
the Pacific Oceans, causing great uneasiness to the Spanish Government
Pretended northern voyage of Maldonado from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Voyage of Juan de Fuca along the northwest coast

Page.

39

40, 205 42, 207

44

44

44

1602.

Survey of the west coast to the 43d degree of latitude by Vizcaino

44

1603.

Supposed discovery of a great river, near the 43d degree, by Aguilar, in one of
Vizcaino's vessels

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Discovery of the navigation around Cape Horn, by Lemaire and Van Schouten 47
Supposed northern voyage of Fonte from the Pacific to the Atlantic
Voyage of De Vries in the Pacific, north of Japan

1669.

1697.

Charter given to the Hudson's Bay Company by King Charles II. of England 75
Unsuccessful attempts of the Spaniards to plant colonies in California
The Jesuits undertake the reduction of California for the King of Spain
The Russians conquer Kamschatka

1700.

Father Kuhn, a Jesuit, ascertains that California is connected with the Amer-
ican continent

1711.

1712.

Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, forms plans for exploring the seas east of Kam-
schatka, and for extending his dominion to America
Louis XIV., King of France, grants Louisiana to Crozat
Supposed extent of Louisiana at that time

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Treaty of Utrecht between Great Britain and France, no boundary-line estab-
lished in America agreeably to its provisions
Voyage of Beering, by order of the Empress Catherine of Russia, from Kam-
schatka into the Arctic Sea

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1741.

The sea east of Kamschatka ascertained to be a part of the Pacific
Voyage of Beering and Tschirikof to America

Beering discovers the American continent near Mount Saint Elias
Beering is wrecked on one of the Aleutian Islands, where he dies

Tschirikof discovers America near the 56th degree of latitude, and returns to
Kamschatka

The survivors of Beering's crew return to Kamschatka, and begin the fur trade
between that country and the islands eastward of it

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France cedes Canada to England

General peace; British and French voyages of discovery
Voyage of Synd

1766-'8. Journey of Carver through the country west of Lake Superior

1768.

1769.

Voyage of Krenitzin and Levashef from Kamschatka

Expulsion of the Jesuits from America

Establishment of the first colonies on the west coast of North America by the
Spaniards -

1769-72. Journeys of Hearne, west and northwest from Hudson's Bay, to the Arctic Sea
1770. Dispute between Great Britain and Spain about the Falkland Islands
1771. First voyage from Kamschatka to China, by a party of Polish exiles, under
Count Benyowsky

1774.

1775.

1776.

1778.

1779.

1783.

1784.

Voyage of the Spaniards, under Perez, along the northwest coast to the 53d de-
gree of latitude

Voyage of the Spaniards, under Heceta, Bodega, and Maurelle, to the 58th de-
gree of latitude

Heceta discovers the mouth of a river, named by him San Roque, now called
the Columbia

Captain Cook sails from England for the Pacific, in search of a northern pas-
sage from that sea to the Atlantic

Cook examines the northwest coast of America to the 70th degree
Death of Cook and of his successor Clerke

The English, under Gore, on their way to England, carry to Canton the first
furs which entered that place by sea

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Voyage of the Spaniards under Arteaga, Bodega, and Maurelle, to Prince Wil-
liam's Sound

Association of merchants in Siberia for carrying on the fur trade

Expedition under Shellikof, who establishes settlements on the Island of Kodiak
Publication of the Journals of Cook's Voyage

Preparations begun in many countries for carrying on the fur trade between
Northwest America and China

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Voyage of the French, under La Pérouse, from Mount Saint Elias to Monterey
Berkely discovers the Strai of Fuca

Voyages of Portlock and Dixon

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Sept. 30. The ship Columbia, Capt. Kendrick, and sloop Washington, Captain
Gray, sail together from Boston for the north Pacific

Formation of the Northwest Fur trading Company of Montreal

Captains Kendrick and Gray arrive at Nootka, where they spend the following
winter

Voyages of Meares and Douglas from Macao to the northwest coast

Meares attempts to find the River San Roque, and pronounces that none such
exists

Voyage of the Spaniards, under Martinez and Haro, to observe the progress of
the Russians on the north Pacific coasts -

Attempt of Ledyard to pass, through Russia and America, from Paris to the
United States

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Martinez and Haro sent by the Viceroy of Mexico to occupy Nootka
Complaints addressed by the Spanish Government to that of Russia against the
encroachments of Russians in America

1789.

The Spaniards occupy Nootka, and seize vessels which are said to be the prop-
erty of British subjects

104, 212

Captain Gray first sails around Queen Charlotte's Island, to which he gives the name of Washington Island

92

The Spaniards quit Nootka; which they, however, reoccupy in the following
spring, under the command of Elisa

117

.1790.

The owners of the vessels seized at Nootka complain to the British Government,
which demands satisfaction from that of Spain -

111

The King of Spain asks aid from Louis XVI. of France to resist the demand,
which is refused by the National Assembly of France

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Oct. 28. A convention is signed between those Powers, respecting the naviga-
tion of the Pacific and the right of occupying its vacant American coasts
Remarks made on that convention in the British Parliament

114

115

The Spaniards from Nootka endeavor to explore the northwest coasts
Voyages of Fidalgo and Quimper

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Observations on the nature and duration of the engagements entered into be-
tween Great Britain and Spain by the convention of October 28
Captain Vancouver sent from England with two ships to explore the northwest
coasts of America, and as commissioner to receive the lands and buildings at
Nootka, to be restored by the Spaniards according to the convention of 1790 118
Voyages of the Spaniards under Malaspina and Elisa
Voyage of Marchand in the French ship Solide

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Seven vessels arrive from the United States in the north Pacific, to be employed
in the fur trade

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118

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119

119

Captain Ingraham, in the Hope, from Boston, discovers the Washington Islands 119
Captain Gray, in the Columbia, from Boston, discovers the mouth of the great
river seen by Heceta in 1775, but cannot enter it

120

Captain Kendrick, in the Washington, from Boston, discovers a new passage from Nootka Sound to the sea, and purchases lands near Nootka from the savages

121

He commences the trade in sandal-wood

122

Unsuccessful voyage of the Russians from Kamschatka, under Hall and Sarets-
chef

122

1792.

Voyages of the Spaniards under Caamano, and Galiano and Valdes

122

The Spaniards endeavor, unsuccessfully, to establish a new settlement on the
Strait of Fuca

123

Queen Charlotte's, or Washington Island, explored and frequented by the
American fur-traders

92, 123

Captain Quadra arrives at Nootka as commissioner on the part of Spain to exe-
cute the convention of 1790

Vancouver arrives on the American coast, near Cape Mendocino

132 123

He examines the coast northward to the Strait of Fuca, and pronounces that
there is no large river or inlet there

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Gray, in the Columbia, on his way to examine the river which he had found in the preceding year, meets Vancouver near the Strait of Fuca, and informs him of the discovery, which Vancouver doubts

125

Gray discovers Pulfinch's Harbor, and enters the great river, (May 11,) which he
names after his ship, the Columbia

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Year.

1792.

Observations on this discovery

Vancouver surveys the Strait of Fuca, partly in company with the Spanish ves-
sels Sutil and Mexicana, under Galiano and Valdes
Observations on the Journal of the Voyage of the Sutil and Mexicana
Vancouver and Quadra meet at Nootka

Page.

129

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134

Letter addressed to Quadra by Gray and Ingraham, (August 3,) detailing the
occurrences at Nootka in the summer of 1789

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134

Negotiations between Vancouver and Quadra, as related by Howel
The commissioners agree to wait for orders from their Governments
Quadra communicates accounts and charts of Gray's discoveries to Vancouver 135
Survey of Bulfinch's Harbor by Vancouver's lieutenant, Whidbey
Survey of the Columbia by Lieutenant Broughton, who attempts to appropriate
to himself the merit of first entering the great river

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Vancouver winters at the Sandwich Islands; his proceedings there
Expedition of Rodman and a party of Americans from the mouth of the Missouri
across the continent, to the Pacific.

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1793.

Vancouver surveys the northwest Archipelago

137

He winters at the Sandwich Islands, the sovereignty of one of which is ceded to
Great Britain by Tamahamaha

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Expeditions of Mackenzie across the continent to the Pacific, which he reaches
near the 53d degree of latitude

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Vancouver completes his surveys of the northwest coast, and sails for England 141
The Spaniards abandon Nootka

Broughton arrives as British commissioner at Nootka, which he finds occupied
only by the savages

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140

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Whole of the direct trade in furs from the northwest coast to China carried on
by Americans, from 1796 to 1814

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Formation of the Russian-American Company, which receives a charter (1799)
from the Emperor Paul

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Foundation of Sitca, or New Archangel, by the Russians, under Baranof
Louisiana ceded by Spain to France, which (1803) cedes it to the United States
Observations on the extent of Louisiana
Voyage of Krusenstern and Lisiansky from St. Petersburgh to the north Pacific
Destruction of the ship Boston, of Boston, by the savages at Nootka Sound
Lewis and Clarke begin their expedition across the continent
They reach the mouth of the Columbia

Frazer, and others in the employ of the Northwest Trading Company, cross the
Rocky Mountains, and form the first British establishment in that part of
America on Frazer's Lake

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155

147

Krusenstern and Lisiansky complete their voyage of circumnavigation
Convention signed at London between the plenipotentiaries of Great Britain and
the United States, for the settlement of boundaries in America, but not con-
cluded

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Missouri Fur Company at Saint Louis

Henry establishes a trading post on the Lewis River

154

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156

156

Russian Government complains to that of the United States of the misconduct of
American fur-traders in supplying the natives on the northwest coasts with

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Formation of the Pacific Fur Company at New York, by J. J. Astor

156

Parties sent by sea from New York, and by land from Saint Louis, to establish factories on the Columbia

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Destruction of the ship Tonquin, which had carried out the other party, and her crew, by the savages near Nootka

The Russians establish themselves in California near Port San Francisco
Property of the Americans on the Columbia sold to the Northwest Company
Astoria taken by a British ship of war, and its name changed to Fort George
Peace of Ghent between Great Britain and the United States

158

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148

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160

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