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the Island.-Canal cut by the enemy across the Peninsula.-Two gunboats pass
the Island.-Mackall's surrender.-Wretched management of the evacuation of
the Island.--Great loss of Confederate artillery.-The Battle of Shiloh.-Concen-
tration of Confederate forces at Corinth.-Grant's lines at Pittsburg.-Buell
advancing from Nashville.-Design of the Confederates to attack before the
junction of these forces.-Unfortunate loss of a day in the march.-The Confed-
erate plan of battle.-The enemy driven from his encampments.-Splendid and
irresistible charge of the Confederates.-Tragical death of Gen. Johnston.-The
Confederates press on in their career of victory.-Grant in the last extremity of
defeat. He retreats to the banks of the Tennessee.-Beauregard's order for a
cessation of the conflict.-A fatal halt.-Explanation of it.-Beauregard's great
mistake.-Demoralization of his troops by plunder.-Buell's forces across the
Tennessee. The second day's action.-The Confederates fall back.-Overwhelm-
ing force of the enemy.-Odds of the second day's battle.-The enemy does not
attempt a pursuit.—A frightful sum of carnage.—Beauregard's claim of success.
-Federal interpretation of the battle.-Exultation at Washington.-Death of
Johnston, a serious loss to the Confederacy.-Sketch of his military life.-
President Davis' tribute to the fallen hero.-His obsequies in New Orleans......232
CHAPTER XV.
The military situation of the lower Mississippi.-The fall of New Orleans.-A long
train of secret history of the Confederate Administration.-Sense of security in
New Orleans. Strange errour of the Richmond authorities.-Gen. Lovell's corres-
pondence with the War Department.-Startling disclosures.-Naval structures for
the defence of New Orleans.-Secretary Mallory's statement to the Confederate
Congress.-Testimony of Gov. Moore, of Louisiana. His interposition with the ship-
builders. The ironclads Mississippi and Louisiana.-Condition of the defences of
New Orleans in April, 1862.-The river obstructed by a raft.-Farragut's fleet at
the mouth of the Mississippi. -Festivity in New Orleans.-Bombardment of Forts
Jackson and St. Philip.-Passage of the forts by the enemy's vessels.-The Con-
federate gunboats all destroyed.-Confusion and panic in New Orleans. -Great
conflagration in the city.-A scene of terrible grandeur.-Lovell's evacuation of
New Orleans.-Disorder in New Orleans.-Farragut's correspondence with Mayor
Monroe. Why the Mayor protracted the correspondence.-A new hope of de-
fence.-Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip.--Gen. Duncan's speech on
the Levee.-Farragut's ultimatum.-Hoisting of the Stars and Stripes over New
Orleans. What the fall of New Orleans involved.--Note:--Gen. Lovell's reasons
for evacuating New Orleans.-Rule of Butler in the conquered city.-Character
and person of "The Tyrant of New Orleans."-" The woman-order."-Arrest of
Mayor Monroe and of various citizens.-Butler on female secessionists.-His
opinion of "she-adders."--Confiscation, fines, and plunder. -Butler's decoy for
assassins. The hanging of Mumford.- His speech on the gallows.-General ex-
perience in the Confederacy of the enemy's atrocity.-New codes and methods
of war.-Progress of Federal cruelty...
CHAPTER XVI.
245
More than one-third of the Federal forces operating against Richmond.-M'Clellan's
opinion of his army.-Its numerical strength.-Official statement of Confederate
forces in North Virginia.-Lincoln's order of the 22d February.-M'Clellan's dis-
sent. When Johnston determined to change his line on the Potomac.-His prepa
rations for retreat.-How it was accomplished.-M'Clellan's advance.-Discovery
of Johnston's evacuation of Manassas and Centreville.-He crosses the Rappahan
nock and waits for the enemy. He penetrates M'Clellans's designs -Federal
council of war at Fairfax Court-house.-Shifting of the scenes of war in Virginia.
-The Battle of Kernstown.-How "Stonewall" Jackson came to fight this battle.
-Great numerical superiourity of the enemy.-The contest at the Stone Fence.-
Jackson falls back to Cedar Creek.-Magruder's line on the Peninsula.-A fearful
crisis. M'Clellan held in check by eleven thousand Confederates.-Outwitted again
by Johnston.-Retreat of the Confederates up the Peninsula.-Strategic merit of the
movement. Battle of Williamsburg.-Longstreet's division engaged.-Success of
the Confederates.-M'Clellan's whole army in peril.-His flank movement on
Johnston's retreat.-Engagement at Barhamsville.-The line of the Chickahominy.
Johnston's brilliant strategy.-Evacuation of Norfolk.-Destruction of the Virginia.
-Her last challenge to the enemy.-A galling spectacle.-Commodore Tatnall
orders her destruction.-A court of inquiry.-Naval engagement at Drewry's
Bluff. A feeble barrier to Richmond.-Repulse of the Federal fleet.-What it
proved.—M'Clellan's investment of the line of the Chickahominy.-Defences of
Richmond.-Scenes around the Federal capital.-Alarm and excitement of its
people. The exodus from Richmond.—Public meeting in the City Ilali.-Noble
resolution of the Legislature of Virginia.-Re-animation of the people and the
authorities.—President Davis' early opinion of the effect of the fall of Richmond.
-Appeals of the Richmond press.-Jackson's campaign in the Valley of Virginia.-
Jackson determines on the aggressive.-Disposition of the Federal forces west of
the Blue Ridge.-Affair at M'Dowell.-Jackson deceives Banks-Surprises his
rear-guard at Front Royal.—Banks' race to Winchester.-Scenes of retreat through
Winchester.-Banks' quick time to the Potomac.-Extent of Jackson's success.—
Fruits of two days' operations of the Confederates.-Jackson passes between the
columns of Fremont and Shields.-Death of Turner Ashby.-Jackson's tribute to
him.-Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic.-Ewell defeats Fremont.-The
field of Port Republic.-Ewell's arrival saves the day.-Critical and splendid
action of two Virginia regiments.--Close of the Valley campaign.-Jackson's
almost marvellous success.-His halt at Weyer's Cave..
CHAPTER XVII.
261
The tardiness of McClellan.-How the Confederates availed themselves of it.-Their
concentration of forces at Richmond.-Strength of these forces.-Position of the
two armies.—The Chickahominy and the roads crossing it.-Battle of "Seven
Pines."-Failure of Gen. Huger to attack.-Gallant charge of the troops of Long-
street and Hill.-Gen. Johnston wounded.—The affair of the next day.-Important
change of military command.-Secret history of the attempt to limit the military
power of President Davis.-A plan of Confederate politicians.-Plot against the
President's power.-The new affice of Commanding-general of the Confederates.—
How made nominal by President Davis.-Gen. Robert E. Lee appointed to this
office. His appearance and manners.-The Seven Days' Battles around Richmond.-
Lee's plan of operations.-Jackson's withdrawal from the Valley masked.-Battles
of Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam.-Repulse of the Confederates at Beaver Dam
Creek.-Jackson flanks the enemy's position.-McClellan's retreat to Gaines'
Mills. Its strategic design.-Extraordinary strength of the new position.-Gen.
Lee waiting for the great battle.-Battle of Gaines' Mills.-Heroic fight of Hill's
division. The enemy gains ground.—An urgent message to Longstreet.-Jackson
appears.-Final charge of the day. Its fierce grandeur.-Victory of the Confed-
erates.-McClellan retreats towards the James River.-Failure of Magruder and
Huger to intercept him.-The great errour which they committed.-Battle o
Savage Station.-McClellan crosses White Oak Swamp.-Failure of Huger's attack.
-Another opportunity lost.-Battle of Frazier's Farm.-Hill and Longstreet's
troops only engaged.-Battle of Malvern Hill.-McClellan's position on the Hill.--
His numerous artillery.-The attack of the Confederate left not supported.---
Magruder's impetuous and desperate charge.-The sublime scenery of the contest.
-Failure of the attack.-McClellan continues his retreat to Harrison's Landing.—
Fruits of the Confederate success.-Gen. Lee's explanation of McClellan's escape.—
Estimate of the victory by Lee and Stonewall Jackson.-Richmond erect and
exultant .... 278
CHAPTER XVIII.
Effect of McClellan's defeat in the North.-Organization of another Federal army
under Gen. Pope.-Political significance of Pope's appointment.-New measures of
violence in the war.-McClellan's ideas of the conduct of the war.-His "Harri-
son-Bar Letter."-Divisions of sentiment in the North as to the character and
measures of the war.-Position of the Democratic party.-The Radicals in Congress.
-Their Anti-slavery design.—Their theory of revenge upon the South.-Cardinal
errour of this political school.-Declaration of Wendell Phillips.-System of
spoliation and disfranchisement in the South.-Gen. Pope's address to his army in
Virginia. His war upon non-combatants.-Legalization of plunder.-Irruption of
the Northern spoilsmen into Virginia.-Pope's military lines.-Gen. Lee between
two forces-He sends Jackson against Pope.-He threatens McClellan's communi-
cations. Battle of Cedar Run.-Banks again deceived by Jackson.-A rapid and
severe engagement.-Gen. Lee moves out to the lines of the Rappahannock.--Ad-
venturous movement of Jackson to reach Pope's rear. His perilous position.-
He is apparently in the jaws of destruction.-The affair of Manassas and Bristoe
Station. The second battle of Manassas.-Longstreet's march to reinforce Jackson.
-His passage of Thoroughfare Gap.-His timely and critical arrival on the field
of battle.-A close contest.-Fighting at ten baces.-The battle of the first day
not decisive.-Disposition of the two armies for the great contest of the second
day.-Jackson at close quarters.-He drives the enemy.-The whole Confederate
line of battle advancing.-A sublime spectacle.-Scenes on the banks of Bull Run.
-Pope retreats to Centreville and thence towards Washington.-Jackson strikes
him again.-Engagement at Ox Hill.-Pope's immense losses.-His absurd claim
of victory. Ludicrous correspondence between Pope and Halleck.-Rapil and
brilliant change in the fortunes of the Confederacy.-The war transferred from the
interiour to the frontier.-Alarm in the North.-Popularity in the Confederacy of
an offensive war.-A true statement of Gen. Lee's designs in crossing the Upper
Potomac and invading Maryland.-Why he did not move upon Washington and
Alexandria. His proclamation at Frederick.-Weak response of the Marylanders,
-Explanation of this.-Capture of Harper's Ferry, &c.-How Jackson invested it.
-M'Clellan at the head of the Federal army.-His inactivity. He becomes
acquainted with Lee's plans by a curious accident.-He presses forward to relieve
Harper's Ferry-Fight in Boonesboro' Gap.-Gen. Lee retires to Sharpsbarg.—
Meanwhile Jackson completes the reduction of Harper's Ferry.-Battle of Sharps-
burg. Comparative strength of the two armies.-Fluctuation of the tide of
battle on the Confederate left.-Repulse of the enemy.-The Confederate centre is
broken and recovers.—The enemy gets possession of the bridge over the Antietam.
-The day closes with the enemy repulsed at all points, and a victory for the Con.
federates. Why Gen. Lee did not renew the battle the next day.-Why he
retreated.—M'Clellan's claim of victory.-How it was an afterthought.—Lee's
army recruiting in Virginia...
CHAPTER XIX.
295
The Western theatre of the war.-Valley of the Mississippi.-Evacuation of Corinth.-
Important objects of the movement.-Its success.-The Halleck-Pope dispatch.-
An enormous falsehood.-Gen. Beauregard's comments on it.-Capture of Memphis.
-An unequal fight on the river.-Bombardment of Vicksburg.-Great importance
of this point.-Preparations for its defence by Van Dorn.-The ironclad Arkansas.
-She runs the gauntlet of the enemy's fleet.-Thrilling scene of the adventure.
-Failure of the first attempt of the enemy upon Vicksburg.-Engagement at
Baton Rouge.-Success of Breckinridge's attack.-He waits for the iron-clad
Arkansas. She becomes unmanageable and is fired by her crew.-Withdrawal of
Breckinridge from Baton Rouge.-Confederate occupation of Port Hudson.—The
Kentucky campaign.-Gen. Bragg in command of the Confederate army in the
West.-How Gen. Beauregard was retired.-Bragg's plan of operations against
Kentucky. Morgan's raid.-Disposition of the Federal forces west of the Alle-
ghany Mountains.-Co-operation of Kirby Smith with Bragg's column.-Battle of
Richmond.-Kirby Smith in a position to threaten both Cincinnati and Louisville.—
Bragg's movement to intercept Buell.-The latter concentrating at Bowling Green.
-Great success of Bragg's movements so far.-His boastful dispatch to Richmond.
-His political object in invading Kentucky.-His proclamation at Glasgow.-Sur-
render of the Federal garrison at Mumfordsville.-Bragg's whole army between
Nashville and Louisville.-His splendid opportunity.-He does not use it.-He
permits Buell to pass to Louisville without a battle.-His weak excuse for a fatal
errour-The Federals now able to resume the offensive in Kentucky.-Bragg's
uncertain movements.-His disarranged plan of battle.-Gen. Polk's disobedience
of orders. Battle of Perryville.-Bragg's unfortunate distribution of forces.-
Misapprehension of Kirby Smith.-Withers' division not in the fight. The enemy
driven.-Arrival of another of his corps upon the field.-Bragg retires upon
Bryantsville. He determines to evacuate Kentucky.-Retreat through Cumberland
Gap.-Disappointment at Richmond.-Errours of the Kentucky campaign.-How
far it was a Confederate success.—Its large captures.-North Alabama and Middle
Tennessee redeemed.-Bragg in front of Nashville.-Operations in the Southwest.
-Battle of Corinth.-Movements of Van Dorn and Price.-The affair of Iuka.-
Van Dorn's reasons for attacking Corinth.-Gallant and impetuous charge of Price's
troops. The second day's fight.-Mismanagement of the attack on the enemy's
works. Terrible slaughter at College Hill.-The Confederates repulsed.-Affair
on the Hatchie River.-Van Dorn's retreat.-Review of the summer and autumn
campaigns of 1862.-Glory of the Confederate arms.-Reflection of the London
Times on the "New Nationality.". 819
CHAPTER XX.
The two main theatres of the war.-Operations in Virginia.-Battle of Fredericksburg.
-Preliminary movements of the two armies.-Expedition of Stuart's cavalry into
Pennsylvania.-Removal of M'Clellan.-The true reasons for it.-Gen. Burnside's
"On to Richmond."-His movement towards Fredericksburg.-The surrender of
the town demanded. It is abandoned by the citizen-population.-Sorrowful scenes.
-Burnside forces the passage of the Rappahannock.-The Confederate position.—
Burnside's hope to surprise Gen. Lee.-How disappointed.-The Confederate line
of battle. The attack on the Confederate right.-Young Pelham's gallantry.--
The Confederate right broken.-The battle restored.-Interest of the field on the
left. The attack on Marye's and Willis' Hills.-Gallantry of the Federals.-They
make six attacks.-A terrible scene of carnage.-Burnside's army driven into
Fredericksburg.-His appalling extremity.-Expectations in Richmond of the des
truction of his army. He escapes across the Rappahannock.-Gen. Lee's own
explanation of his failure to follow up his victory.-Comparative losses in the
battle.-Death of Gens. Gregg and Cobb.-Gen. Lee's sentiment with respect to
the objects of the war.-Operations in Tennessee.-Battle of Murfreesboro'.-The
situation in the West.-The lines in Tennessee and Mississippi.-Rosecrans' advance
from Nashville.-Conflicting statements of his force.-Position of Gen. Bragg's
army around Murfreesboro'.-Bragg anticipates the Federal attack.-Hardee com-
mences the battle.-He drives the entire right wing of the Federals.-Desperate
situation of Rosecrans. His sang-froid.-He developes a new line of battle.-
The Confederates renew the attack.-How Bragg lost an opportunity.-Splendid
charge of the Confederates.-The day undecided, but the advantage with the Con-
federates.-Bragg's "Happy New-Year."-Breckinridge attempts to dislodge the
enemy. "The bloody crossing of Stone River."-Repulse of Breckinridge. Why
Bragg determined to retreat.—The results of the Battle of Murfreesboro' in favour
of the Confederates.-A peculiarity of Gen. Bragg.-His eloquent tribute to the
private soldier of the Confederacy.-Operations in the Trans-Mississippi.-The cam-
paign West of the Mississippi feeble and irregular.-Gen. Hindman's command.-
His extravagant Address to his Soldiers.-Battle of Prairie Grove.-Hindman's first
success and unfortunate delay.-His blunders and extraordinary retreat.-Con-
dition of the Trans-Mississippi country.-Hindman's "Government ad Interim."—
His despotic orders.-An extraordinary list of outrages.-Virtue and fidelity of
the Confederate States West of the Mississippi River. 338
CHAPTER XXI.
Review of political questions in the war.-The thread of Anti-slavery legislation.-
President Lincoln's hesitation.-The opposition to his administration.-Scheme of
compensated emancipation.-How visionary.-Mr. Lincoln's motives in suggesting
it. The President and the Chicago Deputation. His characteristic discourse on
slavery. His reference to the Pope's Bull against the Comet.-Political importance
of the battle of Sharpsburg.-The mask dropped.-The Proclamation of Emancipa-
tion. Misrepresentations of it.-An act of malice towards the master, not one of
mercy to the slave.-Pretence of "military necessity."-Dishonour of the plea.-
Proof of its falsehood.-Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation on the Confeder-
ates.-President Davis' commentary.-Spirit of the press and people of the Con-
federacy.-Effect of the proclamation in the North.-Analysis of the Northern
elections of 1862.-The Democratic protest against President Lincoln's administra-
tion.-Speech of Mr. Cox in the Federal Congress.-Supposed design of "recon-
struction " of the Union.-How the idea was treated in Richmond.-Savage de-
nunciations of it.- Vice-President Stephens' Declaration of Independence or death.
-Military operations in the early months of 1863.-General character of the war
in the winter season.-The recapture of Galveston by the Confederates.-Fight
between the Cottonboats and the Federal Fleet.-The Harriet Lane captured.-The