Hopkins's "End of Controversy' Controverted," or "Refutation of Milner's 'End of Controversy.'" He has also prepared Concilia Provincialia, Baltimori habita. Ab anno 1829 usque ad annum 1849. Baltimori: 1851. CHARLES PETTIT M'ILVAINE. CHARLES PETTIT M'ILVAINE was born at Burlington, New Jersey, near the close of the last century. After being graduated at Princeton in 1816, he studied theology under the direction of the Rev. Dr. Charles Wharton, of Burlington. He was ordained and settled at Georgetown, D. C. While in this place he became acquainted with the Hon. John C. Calhoun, at whose instigation he received, and was induced to accept the chaplaincy at West Point, where he passed several years, until he received a call to the rectorship of St. John's Church, Brooklyn. In the winter of 1831-32 Dr. M'Ilvaine delivered a series of lectures as a part of the course of instruction of the University of the City of New York, which had then just commenced operations. In these lectures, which were collected and published in 1832,* the writer confines himself to the historical branch of his subject, the chief topics dwelt upon being the authenticity of the New Testament, the credibility of the Gospel history, its divine authority as attested by miracles and prophecy, and the argument in favor of the truth of the Christian faith, to be drawn from its propagation and the fruits it has borne. In 1832 Dr. M’Ilvaine was consecrated Bishop of Ohio, where he has since remained, his residence, when not occupied in the visitation of his diocese, being at Cincinnati. Bishop M'Ilvaine is the author of several addresses and other productions condemnatory of the doctrines commonly known as those of the "Oxford Tracts," and has recently, at the request of the Convention of his diocese, published a volume of sermons.† STEPHEN H. TYNG. STEPHEN HIGGINSON TYNG, one of the most energetic and popular preachers of the day, was born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, March 1, 1800. His father, the Hon. Dudley Atkins Tyng, an eminent lawyer of that state, married a daughter of the Hon. Stephen Higginson, of Boston, a member of the Convention which framed the Constitution of the United States. He was graduated at Harvard at the early age of seventeen. He at first engaged in mercantile pursuits, but after a short period commenced the study of theology, was ordained deacon in 1821 by Bishop Griswold, and took charge in the same year of St. George's Church, Georgetown, D. C. In 1823 he removed to Queen Ann's Parish, Prince George County, Maryland, and in 1829 became rector of St. Paul's Church, Philadelphia, a charge he resigned in 1833, when he was invited to the Church of the Epiphany in the same city. In The Evidences of Christianity in their external division, exhibited in a course of lectures delivered in Clinton Hall, in the winter of 1881-82, under the appointment of the University of the City of New York. By C. P. M'Ilvaine, D.D. G. and C. and H. Carville. 1882. The Truth and the Life: Twenty-two Sermons by the Rt. Rev. C. P. M'Ilvaine. Carters. 1855. 8vo. pp. 58. 1845 he removed to New York, in acceptance of a call to the rectorship of St. George's Church, a position which he still retains. Since his incumbency the congregation have removed from the venerable edifice in Beekman street, long identified with the labors of the late highly respected Dr. James Milnor, which has again become one of the chapels of Trinity parish, to one of the largest and most costly edifices devoted to public worship in the city. The activity of the parish is in proportion to its wealth and numbers--a missionary whose field of action is among the poor of the neighborhood, and a Sunday school of over one thousand scholars, forming a portion of its parochial system. These results are due in a great measure to the activity of the rector, who is also a prominent member of many of the religious societies of the country, and an earnest advocate of the temperance and other social movements of the day.* Dr. Tyng has long maintained a high reputation as a pulpit orator. His style of writing is energetic and direct. His readiness and felicity as an extempore speaker on anniversary and other occasions are also remarkable. His chief publications are his Lectures on the Law and the Gospel; The Israel of God; Christ is All; Christian Titles, an enumeration of the appellations applied to believers in the Scriptures, with appropriate comments. He has also published Recollections in Europe, drawn from personal observations during a brief tour abroad. Dr. Tyng has recently become associated in the editorship of the Protestant Churchman of this city. ALEXANDER YOUNG, ONE of the most useful and accomplished historical scholars of New England, was born in Boston, September 22, 1800. After a careful preliminary training at the Latin School, he entered Harvard College, where he completed his course in 1820. He next became an assistant teacher in the school in which his own education had been obtained, under the same principal, Benjamin A. Gould. After a short period of service he returned to Cambridge to devote himself to preparation for the ministry. Immediately after his ordination he became, in 1824, pastor of the New South Church, one of the leading Unitarian congregations of Boston, a position he filled with great success for the long period of twentynine years the connexion closing only with life. In 1839 he commenced his editorial labors by the preparation of a series, the Library of the Old English Prose Writers, in nine volumes. It was the first attempt in the United States to emulate the example of the best scholars of the day in England in the revival of the treasures of the Elizabethan literature, and did much to extend a knowledge of writers like Owen Felltham, Selden, Fuller, Izaak Walton, and Latimer, among general readers. In 1841 Dr. Young published The Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth, In November, 1852, Dr. Tyng delivered an oration at the centennial anniversary of the initiation of Washington as a member of the Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons, in which, after passing several points of his character in review, he closed with a special tribute to his religious profession. SAMUEL SEABURY; JOHN O. CHOULES; GEORGE P. MARSH. from 1602 to 1625; now first collected from Original Records and Contemporaneous Documents. This was succeeded, in 1846, by The Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, from 1623 to 1636; now first collected from Original Records and Contemporaneous Manuscripts, and Illustrated with Notes. SAMUEL SEABURY. SAMUEL SEABURY, the son of the Rev. Charles Seabury, and grandson of Bishop Seabury, was born in the year 1801. He entered at an early age on the preparation for a mercantile careery but his taste for study, although little fostered by educational advantages, disinclined him for business pursuits. By great diligence and economy he fitted himself for the duties of a schoolmaster, and while thus occupied devoting his leisure hours to hard study, gradually, by his unaided efforts, made himself a learned man. In acknowledgment of these exertions, the complimentary degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by Columbia College. Having completed a course of theological study, he was ordained Deacon by Bishop Hobart, April 12, 1826, and Priest, July 7, 1828. He commenced his ministerial labors as a missionary at Huntington and Oyster Bay, Long Island, and was afterwards transferred to Hallet's Cove, now Astoria. In 1830 he became Professor of Languages in the Flushing Institute, afterwards St. Paul's College, where he remained until he removed to New York in 1834, to take charge of the Churchman, a weekly religious newspaper. He conducted this journal with great energy and ability until 1849, when, in consequence of his engrossing parochial duties as rector of the Church of the Annunciation, a parish founded by him in 1838, he resigned his position as editor, and has since devoted himself entirely to ministerial labors. Dr. Seabury is the author of The Continuity of the Church of England in the Sixteenth Century,* a work designed to show "that the Church of England, in renouncing the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, and reforming itself from the errors and corruptions of Popery, underwent no organic change, but retained the ministry, faith, and sacraments of Christ, and fulfilled the conditions necessary to their transmission." The work consists of two discourses delivered by the author, to which he has added an appendix of far greater length, enforcing the positions of his connected argument. Dr. Seabury has published other discourses, and his articles, if collected from the Churchman and elsewhere, would occupy several volumes. JOHN O. CHOULES. THE Rev. John Overton Choules, a clergyman of the Baptist denomination, was born in Bristol, England, Feb. 5, 1801. He came to the United States in 1824, and for three years was principal of an academy at Red Hook, on the Hudson, New York. He has since filled several parish relations The Continuity of the Church of England in the Sixteenth Century. Two Discourses: with an Appendix and Notes. By Samuel Seabury, D.D. Second edition. New York: 1858. Svo., pp. 174. 317 at New York, in the neighborhood of Boston, at Jamaica Plains, and is at present pastor of the Second Baptist Church, at Newport, R. I. 8.0 charly His literary publications have been, apart from numerous contributions to the periodicals and newspapers, several successful compilations, editions of other authors, and a book of travels. In 1829 he edited J. Angell James's Church Member's Guide, published by Lincoln and Edmonds, at Boston, 1829; in 1830 The Christian Offering; and in 1831 The Beauties of Collyer, for the same publishers. A History of Missions, in two volumes, quarto, with plates, prepared by Dr. Choules, was published by Samuel Walker of Boston. In 1843 he edited for the Harpers an edition of Neal's History of the Puritans; and in 1846 furnished a preface and some notes to Mr. John Forster's Lives of the Statesmen of the Commonwealth. He has also edited Hinton's History of the United States, in quarto. Young Americans Abroad, or Vacation in Europe, is the title of a volume in which Dr. Choules describes an excursion tour with several of his pupils. In 1853 he accompanied Capt. Vanderbilt, with a select party of friends, in his notable pleasure excursion to Europe in the North Star, a steamer of twenty-five hundred tons, which visited Southampton, the Baltic, and the waters of the Mediterranean to Constantinople. Of this unique voyage Dr. Choules published an account on his return, in his volume-The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star; a Narrative of the Excursion of Mr. Vanderbilt's Party to England, Russia, Denmark, France, Spain, Italy, Malta, Turkey, Madeira, &c. One of the specialities of Dr. Choules is his acquaintance with the sterling old literature of the Puritans, of which he has an admirable collection in his library. His taste in books is generally excellent, and few men, it may be remarked, have mingled more with living celebrities, or have a better stock of the unwritten personal anecdote of the present day. It was Dr. Choules's good fortune to enjoy the personal friendship of the late Daniel Webster, of whom, in an obituary sermon delivered at Newport, November 21, 1852, he presented a number of interesting memorials. GEORGE P. MARSH Is a native of Vermont, born in Woodstock, in 1801. He was educated at Dartmouth, and shortly after settled in Burlington, in the practice of the law. In 1843 he was elected to Congress, and remained in the House of Representatives till 1849, when he was appointed by the administration of President Taylor Resident Minister at Constantinople, an office which he held till 1853. Mr. Marsh's literary reputation rests upon his scholarship in an acquaintance with the Northern languages of Europe, in which he is a proficient, his Compendious Grammar of the Old Northern or Icelandic Language, compiled and translated from the Grammars of Rask (Burling ton, 1838); several articles on Icelandic Literature, in the American Whig and Eclectic Review, and two Addresses, in which he has pursued the Gothic element in history. One of these discourses, entitled The Goths in New England, delivered in 1836 at Middlebury College, traced in a novel manner the presence of the race in the Puritans, who settled that portion of the country. In 1844 he delivered an address before the New England Society of the City of New York, in which he sketched, from his favorite point of view of the superiority of the Northern races, the influences at work in the formation and development of the Puritan character. The style of these addresses is animated, and their positions have been effective in securing public attention. ANGLO-SAXON INFLUENCES OF HOME.* In the sunny climes of Southern Europe, where a sultry and relaxing day is followed by a balmy and refreshing night, and but a brief period intervenes between the fruits of autumn and the renewed promises of spring, life, both social and industrial, is chiefly passed beneath the open canopy of heaven. The brightest hours of the livelong day are dragged in drowsy, listless toil, or indolent repose; but the evening breeze invigorates the fainting frame, rouses the flagging spirit, and calls to dance, and revelry, and song, beneath a brilliant moon or a starlit sky. No necessity exists for those household comforts, which are indispensable to the inhabitants of colder zones, and the charms of domestic life are scarcely known in their perfect growth. But in the frozen North, for a large portion of the year, the pale and feeble rays of a clouded sun but partially dispel, for a few short hours, the chills and shades of a lingering dawn, and an early and tedious night. Snows impede the closing labors of harvest, and stiffening frosts aggravate the fatigues of the wayfarer, and the toils of the forest. Repose, society, and occupation alike, must, therefore, be sought at the domestic hearth. Secure from the tempest that howls without, the father and the brother here rest from their weary tasks; here the family circle is gathered around the evening meal, and lighter labor, cheered, not interrupted, by social intercourse, is resumed, and often protracted, till, like the student's vigils, it almost "outwatch the Bear." Here the child grows up under the ever watchful eye of the parent, in the first and best of schools, where lisping infancy is taught the rudiments of sacred and profane knowledge, and the older pupil is encouraged to con over by the evening taper, the lessons of the day, and seek from the father or a more advanced brother, a solution of the problems which juvenile industry has found too hard to master. The members of the domestic circle are thus brought into closer contact; parental authority assumes the gentler form of persuasive influence, and filial submission is elevated to affectionate and respectful observance. The necessity of mutual aid and forbearance, and the perpetual interchange of good offices, generate the tenderest kindliness of feeling, and a lasting warmth of attachment to home and its inmates, throughout the patriarchal circle. Among the most important fruits of this domesticity of life, are the better appreciation of the worth of the female character, woman's higher rank as an object, not of passion, but of reverence, and the reciprocal moral influence which the two sexes exercise over each other. They are brought into close com From the Address before the New England Society. munion, under circumstances most favorable to preserve the purity of woman, and the decorum of man, and the character of each is modified, and its excesses restrained, by the example of the other. Man's rude energies are softened into something of the ready sympathy and dexterous helpfulness of woman; and woman, as she learns to prize and to reverence the independence, the heroic firmness, the patriotism of man, acquires and appropriates some tinge of his peculiar virtues. Such were the influences which formed the heart of the brave, good daughter of apostolic JOHN KNOx, who bearded that truculent pedant, JAMES I., and told him she would rather receive her husband's head in her lap, as it fell from the headsman's axe, than to consent that he should purchase his life by apostasy from the religion he had preached, and the God he had worshipped. To the same noble school belonged that goodly company of the Mothers of New England, who shrank neither from the dangers of the tempestuous sea, nor the hardships and sorrows of that first awful winter, but were ever at man's side, encouraging, aiding, consoling, in every peril, every trial, every grief. Had that grand and heroic exodus, like the mere commercial enterprises to which most colonies owe their foundation, been unaccompanied by woman, at its first outgoing, it had, without a visible miracle, assuredly failed, and the world had wanted its fairest example of the Christian virtues, its most unequivocal tokens, that the Providence, which kindled the pillar of fire to lead the wandering steps of its people, yet has its chosen tribes, to whom it vouchsafes its wisest guidance and its choicest blessings. Other communities, nations, races, may glory in the exploits of their fathers; but it has been reserved to us of New England to know and to boast, that Providence has made the virtues of our mothers a yet more indispensable condition, and certain ground, both of our past prosperity and our future hope. The strength of the domestic feeling engendered by the influences which I have described, and the truer and more intelligent mutual regard between the sexes, which is attributable to the same causes, are the principal reasons why those monastic institutions, which strike at the very root of the social fabric, and are eminently hostile to the practice of the noblest and loveliest public and private virtues, have met with less success, and numbered fewer votaries in Northern than in Southern Christendom. The celibacy of the clergy was last adopted, and first abandoned, in the North; the follies of the Stylites, the lonely hermitages of the Thebaid, the silence of La Trappe, the vows, which, seeming to renounce the pleasures of the world, do but abjure its better sympathies, and in fine, all the selfish austerities of that corrupted Christianity, which grossly seeks to compound by a mortified body for an unsubdued heart, originated in climates unfavorable to the growth and exercise of the household virtues. THOMAS COLE. THOMAS COLE, the artist, with whom the use of the pen for both prose and verse was as favorite an employment as the handling of the pencil, though so thoroughly identified with American landscape, was a native of England. He was born at Bolton-le-Moor, Lancashire, February 1, 1801. His father was one of those men who seem to possess every virtue in life, and still to be separated by some "thin partition" from success. He was a manufacturer; and the son, in his very boyhood, became a kind of operative artist, engraving simple designs for calico. He had, as a youth, a natural vein of poetry about him which was en couraged by an old Scotchman, who repeated to him the national ballads of his country; while his imaginative love of nature was heightened by falling in with an enthusiastic description of the beauties of the North American states. In 1819, the family came to Philadelphia, where Cole worked on rude wood-engraving for a short time, with an episode of a visit to the island of St. Eustatia, till they left for the west, settling at Steubenville, Ohio, where the young artist passed a life of poverty and privation, travelling about the country as a portrait painter; groping his way slowly, but effectually, in the region of art. His love of nature and the amusements of his favorite flute alleviated the roughness of the track. Finding, in spite of prudence and economy, a near prospect of starvation before him in that country, at that time, he turned towards the great cities of the Atlantic. An anecdote of this period is curious, but perhaps not uncommon on such occasions. He was taking a solitary walk, unusually agitated by a recent conversation with his father. "Well," said he to himself, aloud, at the same moment picking up a couple of good-sized pebbles, "I will put one of these upon the top of a stick; if I can throw and knock it off with the other, I will be a painter; if I miss it, I will give up the thought for ever." Stepping back some ten or twelve paces he threw, and knocked it off. He turned and went home immediately, and made known his unalterable resolution.* At Philadelphia he patiently struggled and suffered, selling a couple of pictures for eleven dollars, and ornamenting various articles, such as bellows, brushes, and japan-ware, with figures, views, birds, and flowers. In 1825, at New York, a better fortune awaited him. His first saccess identified him with his chosen scenery of the Catskills. He had visited that region, and painted on his return a view of the Falls. This was purchased by Colonel Trumbull, who made it a theme of liberal eulogy; and, with the friendship and appreciation of Dunlap and Durand, Cole made the acquaintance of the public. He was a prosperous painter at once. His pictures, from that time, may be divided into three classes: his minute and literal presentations of wild American scenery; his Italian views of Florence and Sicily, the result of his two European visits; and his moral and allegorical series, as the Course of Empire and the Voyage of Life. In 1836, and subsequently, he resided on the Hudson, near the village of Catskill, where his death took place February 11, 1847, at the age of fortysix. Though no separate publications of his numerous writings have appeared, they are well represented in the congenial life by his friend, the Rev. Mr. Noble. He wrote verses from his boyhood. Without ever possessing the highest inevitable tact of poetic invention, to fix the enthusiastic conception in permanent classic expression, and lacking the advantage of that early scholastic training which might greatly have helped him to supply this deficiency by condensation, his numerous poems are never wanting in feeling and delicacy. They were not offered to the public for judgment; and when they are withdrawn from Life by Noble, p. 42. Thomas Cole. the sanctity of his portfolio, they should be judged for what they were, private confessions and consolations to himself, to his love of nature and the devotion of the religious sentiment. The entire narrative of his life is studded, in his biography, with passages from these poems as they occur in his journals; fragments artless, simple, and sincere, always witnessing to the delights of nature, and expressing the fine spirituality which he sought in his ideal pictures, and which beamed from his eye and countenance. In 1835 he composed a dramatic poem in twelve parts, called The Spirits of the Wilderness, the scene of which is laid in the White Mountains. It was further prepared for the press in 1837, but still remains unpublished. His biographer speaks of it as "a work of singular originality and much poetic power and beauty." He was also, at the period of his death, collecting a volume of miscellaneous poems for publication. Cole was also a good writer of prose. He once, in early life, wrote for the Philadelphia Saturday Evening Post a tale called "Emma Moreton," which embraced incidents and descriptions drawn from his recent visit to the West Indies. He projected a work on Art. His letters are easy and natural. Several of his sketches of travel, A Visit to Volterra and Vallombrosa in 1831, and an Excursion to South Peak of the Catskills, in 1846, have been published in the Literary World from the pages of his autobiographical diary which he entitled Thoughts and Reminiscences.* His Eulogy was pronounced by his friend Bryant, in an elaborate and thoughtful oration delivered before the National Academy of Design, at the church of the Messiah in New York, in May, 1848. During his life the poet had dedicated to him a fine sonnet on occasion of his first journey to Europe. But different-everywhere the trace of men, Paths, homes, graves, ruins, from the lowest glen To where life shrinks from the fierce Alpine air. Gaze on them, till the tears shall dim thy sight, But keep that earlier, wilder image bright. A SUNSET. I saw a glory in the etherial deep; Bryant. A glory such as from the higher heaven Must have descended. Earth does never keep In its embrace such beauty. Clouds were driven As by God's breath, into unearthly forms, And then did glow, and burn with living flames, And hues so bright, so wonderful and rare, That human language cannot give them names; And light and shadow strangely linked their arms In loveliness: and all continual were In change; and with each change there came new charms. Nor orient pearls, nor flowers in glittering dew Nor golden tinctures, nor the insect's wings, Nor purple splendors for imperial view, Nor all that art or earth to mortals brings, Be ceaseless thanks to God that, in his love, TWILIGHT. The woods are dark; but yet the lingering light THE TREAD OF TIME. Hark! I hear the tread of time, Underneath his mantle dark, Gathers up the sheaves of corn, SONG OF A SPIRIT. An awful privilege it is to wear a spirit's form, And see its cloudy billows over the craggy ramparts break; To hear the hurrying blast The desolating floods; The crackling pines expire; To list the earthquake and the thunder's voice Round and beneath my everlasting throne; Meanwhile, unscathed, untouched, I still rejoice, And sing my hymn of gladness, all alone. First to salute the sun, when he breaks through the night, I gaze upon him still when earth has lost her light. And darkness deepest cast; And dew is settling fast; Far through the azure depth above is heard my clarion sound, Like tones of winds, and waves, and woods, and voices of the ground. I spread my shadeless pinions wide o'er this my calm domain: A solitary realm it is; but here I love to reign. ALEXANDER H. EVERETT. ALEXANDER HILL EVERETT was the second son of the Rev. Oliver Everett, and elder brother of the Hon. Edward Everett. He was prepared for college at the free-school of Dorchester, entered Harvard University the youngest member of his class, and was graduated at its head in 1806. He passed the succeeding year as an assistant teacher in the Phillips Academy at Exeter, N. H., and in 1807 commenced the study of the law in the office of John Quincy Adams at Boston, where he soon after began his literary career as a contributor to the Monthly Anthology. In 1809, on the appointment of Mr. Adams as Minister to Russia, Mr. Everett accompanied him as attaché to the legation, and resided at St. Petersburg for two years. In 1811 he passed through Sweden to England, where he remained during the winter, and after a short visit to Paris returned home in 1812. Alexander H. Everett Soon after his arrival he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice. The stirring nature of the public events which then agitated the country soon, however, drew him into politics. He published a series of articles in the year 1813 in the Patriot, the leading democratic paper of |