One of the most interesting of the author's publications (in Philadelphia, 1851) is his Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers; with brief notices of passing events, facts, and opinions,

1812 to 1842.* This book is written in the form of a diary, and has the flavor of the time, with its motley incident on the frontier, with Indian chiefs, trappers, government employés, chance travellers, rising legislators, farmers, ministers of the gospel, all standing out with more or less of individuality in the formative period of the country. No man was, then and there, so humble or so insignificant as not to be of importance. With an instinct for the poetry of the past, and a vigilant eye for the present and the future, Mr. Schoolcraft has employed his pen in writing down legend, noting anecdotes of manners, chronicling personalities, recording adventure, and describing nature the result of which is a picture which will grow more distinct and valuable with time, when the lineaments of this transition age-the closing period of the red man, the opening one of the white-will survive only in this and similar records.

The latest literary employment of Mr. Schoolcraft is his preparation, under a resolution of the government, of the series of five quarto volumes, printed in a style of great luxury, and illustrated by the pencil of Lieutenant Eastman, entitled Ethnological Researches respecting the Red Man of America. Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. The comprehensive plan of this work covers a wide range of subjects in the general history of the race; their traditions and associations with the whites; their special antiquities in the several departments of archæology in relation to the arts; their government, manners, and customs; their physiological and ethnological peculiarities as individuals and nations; their intellectual and moral cultivation; their statistics of population; their geographical position, past and present. The work, gigantic as it is, is mostly from the pen of Mr. Schoolcraft; but it also contains numerous important communications from government officials and others relating to the topics in hand.t

Mr. Schoolcraft has been twice married; in 1823 to a daughter of Mr. John Johnston, an Irish gentleman, who married the daughter of Wabo

To this is prefixed "Sketches of the Life of Henry R. Schoolcraft:" a careful narrative, from which the facts of this notice have been derived.

+ In addition to the works we have mentioned, Mr. Schoolcraft has published Cyclopædia Indiaensis, a specimen number. New York: Platt & Peters, 1842.-Alhalla, the Lord of Talladega. Ib. Wiley & Putnam. 1843. pp. 116.-Report on Aboriginal Names, and the Geographical Terminology of New York. Ib. Van Norden. 1845, pp. 43.-An Address at Aurora, Cayuga County, New York, before an association of young men for investigating the Iroquois history. Auburn, 1846, pp. 35.-Historical Considerations on the Siege of Fort Stanwix in 1777, delivered before the New York Historical Society. New York: Van Norden. 1-46, pp. 29. Plan for investigating American Ethnology. Ib. Jenkins. 1846, pp. 18.An Address before the New York Historical Society on the Incentives to the study of the ear.y period of American History. Ib.

Van Norden. 1847, pp. 38.-Notices of Antique Earthen Vessels from Florida. 16. 1847, pp. 15.-Literature of the Indian Languages. Washington: C. Alexander. 1849, pp. 28. Mr. 8. has also been a contributor to most of the periodicals of the country, including Silliman's Journal, the North American Review, the Democratic Review. Helderbergia: or the apotheosis of the Heroes of the Anti-Rent War-a poem. Albany, N.Y. 1855. 8vo. pp. 54.

jeeg, an Indian chief. This lady, with whom he passed the whole of his frontier residence in Michigan, died in 1842. In 1847 he married Miss Mary Howard of Beaufort, South Carolina. Being deprived by a partial paralysis of the ready use of his hand, his wife acts as his amanuensis. Beyond his confinement to his room this difficulty has not affected his health, while it has concentrated his attention, never relaxed, still more on his literary pursuits. It is satisfactory to see a pioneer in a branch of science and investigation not usually very highly rewarded by the public, thus pursuing-under the auspices and with the resources of Government-the studies commenced nearly half a century before.

THE WHITE STONE CANOE-FROM THE TALES OF A WIGWAM.

There was once a very beautiful young girl, who died suddenly on the day she was to have been married to a handsome young man. He was also brave, but his heart was not proof against this loss. From the hour she was buried, there was no more joy or peace for him. He went often to visit the spot where the women had buried her, and sat musing there, when, it was thought, by some of his friends, he would have done better to try to amuse himself in the chase, or by diverting his thoughts in the warpath. But war and hunting had both lost their charms for him. His heart was already dead within him. He pushed aside both his war-club and his bow and arrows.

He had heard the old people say, that there was a path that led to the land of souls, and he determined to follow it. He accordingly set out, one morning, after having completed his preparations for the journey. At first he hardly knew which way to go. He was only guided by the tradition that he must go south. For a while, he could see no change in the face of the country. Forests, and hills, and valleys, and streams had the same looks, which they wore in his native place. There was snow on the ground, when he set out, and it was sometimes seen to be piled and matted on the thick trees and bushes. At length, it began to diminish, and finally disappeared. The forest assumed a more cheerful appearance, the leaves put forth their buds, and before he was aware of the completeness of the change, he found himself surrounded by spring. He had left behind him the land of snow and ice. The air became mild, the dark clouds of winter had rolled away from the sky; a pure field of blue was above him, and as he went he saw flowers beside his path, and heard the songs of birds. By these signs he knew that he was going the right way, for they agreed with the traditions of his tribe. At length he spied a path. It led him through a grove, then up a long and elevated ridge, on the very top of which he came to a lodge. At the door stood an old man, with white hair, whose eyes, though deeply sunk, had a fiery brilliancy. He had a long robe of skins thrown loosely around his shoulders, and a staff in his hands.

The young Chippewayan began to tell his story; but the venerable chief arrested him, before he hal proceeded to speak ten words. "I have expected you," he replied, "and had just risen to bid you welcome to my abode. She, whom you seek, passed here but a few days since, and being fatigued with her journey, rested herself here. Enter my lodge and be seated, and I will then satisfy your enquiries, and give you directions for your journey from this point." Having done this, they both issued forth to the lodge door. "You see youder gulf," said he, "and the wide stretching blue plains beyond. It is the land of souls. You

stand upon its borders, and my lodge is the gate of entrance. But you cannot take your body along. Leave it here with your bow and arrows, your bundle and your dog. You will find them safe on your return." So saying, he re-entered the lodge, and the freed traveller bounded forward, as if his feet had suddenly been endowed with the power of wings. But all things retained their natural colours and shapes. The woods and leaves, and streams and lakes, were only more bright and comely than he had ever witnessed. Animals bounded across his path, with a freedom and a confidence which seemed to tell him, there was no blood shed here. Birds of beautiful plumage inhabited the groves, and sported in the waters. There was but one thing, in which he saw a very unusual effect. He noticed that his passage was not stopped by trees or other objects. He appeared to walk directly through them. They were, in fact, but the souls or shadows of material trees. He became sensible that he was in a land of shadows. When he had travelled half a day's jour ney, through a country which was continually becoming more attractive, he came to the banks of a broad lake, in the centre of which was a large and beautiful island. He found a canoe of shining white stone, tied to the shore. He was now sure that he had come the right path, for the aged man had told him of this. There were also shining paddles. He immediately entered the canoe, and took the paddles in his hands, when to his joy and surprise, on turning round, he beheld the object of his search in another canoe, exactly its counterpart in every thing. She had exactly imitated his motions, and they were side by side. They at once pushed out from shore and began to cross the lake. Its waves seemed to be rising and at a distance looked ready to swallow them up; but just as they entered the whitened edge of them they seemed to melt away, as if they were but the images of waves. But no sooner was one wreath of foam passed, than another, more threatening still, rose up. Thus they were in perpetual fear; and what added to it, was the clearness of the water, through which they could see heaps of beings who had perished before, and whose bones lay strewed on the bottom of the lake. The Master of Life had, however, decreed to let them pass, for the actions of neither of them had been bad. But they saw many others struggling and sinking in the waves. Old men and young men, males and females of all ages and ranks were there; some passed, and some sank. It was only the little children whose canoes seemed to meet no waves. At length, every difficulty was gone, as in a moment, and they both leapt out on the happy island. They felt that the very air was food. It strengthened and nourished them. They wandered together over the blissful fields, where everything was formed to please the eye and the ear. There were no tempests-there was no ice, no chilly winds-no one shivered for the want of warm clothes: no one suffered for hunger-no one mourned for the dead. They saw no graves. They heard of no wars. There was no hunting of animals; for the air itself was their food. Gladly would the young warrior have remained there for ever, but he was obliged to go back for his body. He did not see the Master of Life, but he heard his voice in a soft breeze: "Go back," said this voice, "to the land from whence you came. Your time has not yet come. The duties for which I made you, and which you are to perform, are not yet finished. Return to your people, and accomplish the duties of a good man. You will be the ruler of your tribe for many days. The rules you must observe, will be told you by my messenger, who keeps the gate. When he surrenders back your body, he will tell you what to do.

Listen to him, and you shall afterwards rejoin the spirit, which you must now leave behind. She is accepted and will be ever here, as young and as happy as she was when I first called her from the land of snows." When this voice ceased, the narrator awoke. It was the fancy work of a dream, and he was still in the bitter land of snows, and hunger, and tears.

WILLIAMS COLLEGE

OWES its name and original foundation to a soldier of the old French War, Colonel Ephraim Williams, once a valiant defender of the region in which it is situated. He was a native of the state, born in 1715 at Newton, and in early life was a sailor, making several voyages to Europe, and engrafting a knowledge of the world on his naturally vigorous powers of mind. He visited England, Spain, and Holland. In the war with France from 1740 to 1748 his attention was turned to military life, and he served as a captain in a New England company raised for the service against Canada. On the conclusion of peace he received from the General Gourt of Massachusetts a grant of two hundred acres of land in the town of Hoosac, with the command of the Forts Hoosac and Massachusetts, frontier posts, which then afforded protection from the Indians to the settlers of the fertile districts around and below.

On the breaking out of the war anew in 1755 he had command of a regiment for the general defence, which was ordered to join the forces then raising in New York by General Johnson against the French. On his way to the army he made, on the 22d July, 1755, his will at Albany, by which he bequeathed his property in Massachusetts as a foundation "for the support of a free-school in a township west of Fort Massachusetts; provided the said township fall within Massachusetts, after running the line between Massachusetts and New York, and provided the said township, when incorporated, be called Williamstown."

Proceeding with a large body of soldiers in the following autumn, September 8, 1755, to attack the advanced guard of Dieskau's invading force, the party was entrapped in an ambuscade in the neighborhood of Lake George, when Colonel Williams fell, mortally wounded by a musket ball in

the head.

His bequest for the purposes of education seems to have grown out both of his respect for learning and his affection for the settlers, among whom his military life was passed. He was of a warm, generous disposition, with a winning ease and politeness; and though he was not much indebted to schools for his education, is said to have had a taste for books, and cultivated the society of men of letters.*

By the will of Colonel Williams his executors were directed to sell his lands, at their discretion, within five years after an established peace, and apply the interest of the proceeds, with that of certain bonds and notes, to the purposes of the free-school. The lands were sold, the money loaned, and the interest again invested till 1785, when an act of the legislature was procured incorporating a body of trustees "of the

Mass. Hist. Coll., First Series, viii. 47.

donation of Ephraim Williams, for maintaining a free-school in Williamstown." William Williams was elected president, and the Rev. Seth Swift, treasurer.* Additional funds were solicited, and in 1788 a committee was appointed to erect a school-house, which, completed in 1790, is now the "West college" building of the institution. A good choice was made of a preceptor in the Rev. Ebenezer Fitch. This scholar and divine, who was to bear a prominent part in the establishment of the college, was born at Canterbury, Connecticut, September 26, 1756. He received his degree at Yale in 1777, and passed two years at New Haven as a resident graduate. He then was school teacher for a year in New Jersey, and from 1780 till 1783 was tutor in Yale College. An interval of mercantile business followed, in the course of which he visited London, again returning to Yale, as tutor, from 1786 to 1791, the year of his engagement at Williamstown. With this preparation he opened the free-school in October, with John Lester as assistant. Two departments were organized-a grammar-school or academy, with a college course of instruction, and an English free-school. In 1793 the school, by an act of the legislature, became Williams College, with a grant from the state treasury of four thousand dollars for the purchase of books and philosophical apparatus. To the old trustees were added the Rev. Dr. Stephen West, Henry Van Schaack, the Hon. Elijah Williams, Gen. Philip Schuyler, the Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer, and the Rev. Job Swift, the charter allowing to the board seventeen members, including the college president. A grammar-school was at once provided for in connexion with the college, and the terms of admission to the latter required that the applicant "be able to accurately read, parse, and construe, to the satisfaction of the president and tutor, Virgil's Eneid, Tully's Orations, and the Evangelists in Greek; or, if he prefer to become acquainted with French, he must be able to read and pronounce, with a tolerable degree of accuracy and fluency, Hudson's French Scholar's Guide, Telemachus, or some other approved French author."

Mr. Fitch was unanimously elected president, and the first Commencement was held, a class of four, in 1795. The numbers rapidly increased with the resources of the college, which were augmented by a new grant of land from the state in 1796. Dr. Fitch held the presidency for twenty-one years, retiring from the office in 1815, after which he became pastor of a church in West Bloomfield, New York, where he died at the age of seventy-six in 1833.

The Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore, then Professor of Languages at Dartmouth, was the successor of Dr. Fitch in the college presidency, and held the office from 1815 to 1821. The question was at this time discussed of the removal of the college to the banks of the Connecticut, an agitation which did not repair its fortunes. Dr. Moore, on his resignation, was chosen president of the collegiate institution at Amherst, which he had

William Williams, Theodore Sedgwick, Woodbridge Litfle, John Bacon, Thompson J. Skinner, Israel Jones, David Noble, the Rev. Seth Swift, and the Rev. Daniel Collins, were the first body of trustees named in the act.

greatly favored, and which drew off many of the students from Williamstown.*

The Rev. Dr. Edward Dorr Griffin was then chosen president. He brought with him the prestige of an influential career in the ministry at Newark, New Jersey, and in the Park Street Church at Boston. He had also been professor of pulpit eloquence in the Theological Seminary at Andover. He was inaugurated president and professor of divinity at Williams College, November 14, 1821. His reputation and influence revived the college interests, which had become much depressed, and it was enabled to bear up successfully against the rivalry of Amherst. Various advantages of gifts and bequests, which gave the means of improvement and increase of the college library, apparatus, and buildings, were secured during Dr. Griffin's efficient presidency, which he was compelled to resign from ill health in 1836. He died at Newark, New Jersey, November 8 of the year following, at the age of sixty-eight.

The Rev. Dr. Mark Hopkins was inaugurated president of the college on the 15th of September, 1836. Dr. Hopkins is a native of Berkshire, Mass. He was born at Stockbridge, February 4, 1802; was educated at the college of which he is president; studied medicine, and received a medical degree in 1828. In 1830 he was elected professor of moral philosophy and rhetoric in Williams College, a position which he held at the time of his election to the presidency.

The college during his administration has increased steadily in its resources and the number of its students. It is due to his efficient exertions that astronomical and magnetical observatories have been erected and well supplied with scientific apparatus.

Dr. Hopkins has also rendered services to general literature by the publication of his Lowell Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity in 1846, and by the collection of his Miscellaneous Essays and Discourses the year following.

Among the papers preserved in the latter is the author's Inaugural Discourse at Williams College. Its review of the subject of education is sound in philosophy and practical in its suggestions. In a wise spirit he speaks of the principle now settled among all thinking men, that we are to regard the mind

not as a piece of iron to be laid upon the anvil and hammered into any shape, nor as a block of marble in which we are to find the statue by removing the rubbish, nor as a receptacle into which knowledge may be poured; but as a flame that is to be fed, as

Amherst College grew out of the academy at that place which was incorporated in 1812, and of which Noah Webster was one of the chief promoters. Further provision was required for the education of young men for the ministry. A college was resolved upon, and the question of union with Williams College agitated, in view of the removal of the latter. Dr. Moore was chosen the first president in 1821. He died two years after, when the Rev. Heman Humphrey was elected. A charter was obtained in 1825. Dr. Humphrey held the presidency till 1845, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Edward Hitchcock, who occupied the post till 1854, when the Rev. William A. Stearns was chosen in his place. The institution has preserved its distinct religious character in connexion with the Congregational Church. Its number of graduates, up to 1854, was over one thousand. It has a large charitable fund, from which the expenses of a numerous body of students preparing for the ministry are annually paid.-Holland's History of Western Massachusetts, i. 505-512.

an active being that must be strengthened to think and to feel-to dare, to do, and to suffer. It is as a germ, expanding under the influence certainly of air and sunlight and moisture, but yet only through the agency of an internal force; and external agency is of no value except as it elicits, and controls, and perfects the action of that force. He only who can rightly appreciate the force of this principle, and carry it out into all its consequences, in the spirit of the maxim, that nature is to be conquered only by obeying her laws, will do all that belongs to the office of a teacher.

With the same good sense he remarks:

There is a strange slowness in assenting practically to that great law of nature, that the faculties are strengthened only by exercise. It is so with the body, and it is so with the mind. If a man would strengthen his intellectual faculties, he must exercise them; if he would improve his taste, he must employ it on the objects of taste; if he would improve his moral nature and make progress in goodness, he must perform acts of goodness. Nor will he improve his faculties by thinking about them and studying into their nature, unless by so doing he is enabled and induced to put them into more skilful and efficient action.

This practical mode of philosophizing, seeing moral and intellectual truth in connexion with its individual adaptations, is a marked habit of the author's mind, and admirably adapts him for the chair of the professor or the government of a college.

By the triennial catalogue of Williams College of 1853, it appears that there have been one thousand four hundred and forty-four alumni to that date of whom four hundred and forty have followed the profession of divinity; three hundred and eighty-one the law; one hundred and seven medicine; and ninety-eight have become teachers.

Besides the usual branches of instruction, the physical sciences receive particular attention.

EDWARD HITCHCOCK was born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, May 24, 1793. In consequence of ill health, he was compelled to leave College before taking his degree. He commenced a literary career by the preparation of an almanac for four years, from 1815 to 1818; and by the publication of a tragedy extending to one hundred and eight pages, The Downfall of Buonaparte, in 1815. In 1816, he became principal of the Academy in Deerfield, where he remained for three years, when he was ordained minister of the Congregational

Édurend. Hitchcoch

church at Conway, Mass. He resigned this post in 1825 to accept an appointment to the Professorship of Chemistry and Natural History in Amherst College, an institution which had been

* Sketches of Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1847. An interesting contribution to the history of the region, by D. A. Wells and S. H. Davis.

founded four years before. He continued his connexion with the college, having been appointed to the presidency, with the professorship of Natural Theology and Geology, in 1844, until his resignation in 1854.

In 1823, he published Geology of the Connecticut Valley, and in 1829 a Catalogue of Plants within Twenty Miles of Amherst. These works, with other scientific investigations, gave him such repute that, in 1830, he was appointed by the legislature to make a geological survey of the state of Massachusetts. He was re-appointed to the same service in 1837; and in 1850, commissioner to visit the Agricultural schools of Europe. In fulfilment of these trusts he published in 1832 a First Report on the Economic Geology of Massachusetts; in 1833, Report on the Geology, Zoology, and Botany of Massachusetts; in 1838, Report on a Re-examination of the Geology of Massachusetts; and in 1841, Final Report on the Geology of Massachusetts; and in 1851, Report on the Agricultural Schools of Europe.

He has also published Elementary Geology, 1840; Fossil Footmarks in the United States, 1848; and an Outline of the Geology of the Globe, in 1853.

In addition to these purely scientific volumes, President Hitchcock is the author of The Religion of Geology and its Connected Sciences, in 1851, and of Religious Lectures on the Peculiar Phenomena of the Four Seasons; works in which he has shown the harmony of science with the records of the Bible, and its religious uses in the increase of reverence for the Almighty consequent on the devout study of the wonders of creation, and its adaptation to the wants of man. These works have been largely circulated in this country and in England.

Dr. Hitchcock has also been a prominent writer on Dietetics. In 1830, he published in this connexion Dyspepsia Forestalled and Resisted, and An Argument for Early Temperance.

His other separate publications have been, A Wreath for the Tomb, 1839, and Memoir of Mary Lyon. He has contributed about forty scientific papers to Silliman's Journal; three elaborate articles on the connexion between Religion and Geology to the Biblical Repository, from 1835 to 1838. He is also the author of two Addresses delivered before the Mount Holyoke Female Seiminary in 1843 and 1849; two before the Hampshire Hampden and Franklin Agricultural Society in 1827 and 1846; one on his inauguration as president in 1845; one before the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists (now the American Scientific Association) in 1841; one before the Mechanical Society of Andover in 1830; and one before the Porter Rhetorical Society in Andover in 1852-all of which were published.

He is also the author of several sermons, of four tracts Argument against the Manufacture and Sale of Ardent Spirits, Cars Ready, The Blind Slave in the Mines, Murderers of Fathers and Murderers of Mothers-which have been issued by the American Tract Society, and of numerous contributions to the press.

The utilitarian writings of Dr. Hitchcock, and his peculiarly scientific labors, executed under onditions of the deepest public trust and confi

dence, speak for themselves. In his discussion of the relation of science with scripture he has shown a liberal appreciation of the necessities of the former, in a philosophical view, without derogating from the claims of the latter. As a writer on natural philosophy his works are not only stored with original research, but his observations are presented in a pleasing, animated style.

HENRY C. CAREY.

HENRY C. CAREY, one of the prominent writers on Political Economy of the day, is the son of Mathew Carey, and was born in Philade!phia in 1793. He was brought up in the business of his father, and succeeded him on his retirement in 1821. He conducted, with his

Henry Mary

partner Mr. Lea, one of the most extensive pablishing houses in the United States, until 1838, when he retired, and devoted his leisure to the prosecution of authorship, a career he had commenced in 1835, by the publication of an Essay on the Rate of Wages. This was followed, in 1837-8-10, by three octavo volumes on the Principles of Political Economy; in 1838, The Credit System in France, England, and the United States appeared; and in 1848, The Past, the Present, and the Future, a further refutation of the statements of the ordinary school of political economists.

We may indicate the spirit of these volumes by two or three of their prominent theorems, which are in most marked contrast with the dogmas prevailing in Europe.

First, in time, was the demonstration that the progress of social wealth is in the normal order concomitant with and more rapid than that of population.

This proposition was connected with one even more adverse to the faith in the fixed demarkation of rank, class, and privilege, which the traditions of a social life founded on and adapted to military activity have sanctioned for so many ages, that it has grown into credence as a providential law. The doctrine to which we allude may be termed the law of Distribution, of a distribution, however, not mechanical, but organic, and as inseparable from growth as the distribution of sap in the branches, leaves, and buds, is from the life of a tree. It is, that in the natural growth of population and wealth, the share of the laborer in each successive increment increases, both relatively and absolutely, in proportion as well as in amount; while that of the capitalist, though increasing in amount, diminishes in proportion. In other words, there is in the growth of capital-the machinery by which man subordinates to his service the gratuitous powers and agencies of nature-a constant accelerating force, which, steadily increasing the productiveness of any given amount of toil, and therefore cheapening the result, or what in the converse is precisely equivalent, enhancing the value of labor,(