Napoleon. It contained a large mass of information respecting the internal economy of the government of Napoleon, which was entirely new to English readers. The work was written with spirit, and was received with favor not only in his own country, but, what was then a rarity, in England, where it passed through four editions, and the Edinburgh gave a hearty endorsement to its merits in a leading article.

Robert Walsh

In 1811 he commenced with the year the publication of the first quarterly attempted in America, The American Review of History and Politics. Eight numbers appeared, carrying the work through two years. Most of the articles were from the pen of the editor.

In 1813 his Correspondence with Robert Goodloe Harper respecting Russia and Essay on the Future State of Europe appeared. He also furnished several biographical prefaces to an edition of the English poets, in fifty eighteenmo. volumes, then in course of publication in Philadelphia. In 1817 he became the editor of The American Register, a valuable statistical publication, which was continued for two years only. In 1818 he published, in Delaplaine's Repository, a long and elaborate biographical paper on Benjamin Franklin, which still remains one of the most interesting memoirs of the sage. In 1819 Mr. | Walsh published An Appeal from the Judgments of Great Britain respecting the United States of America. Part First, containing an Historical Outline of their Merits and Wrongs as Colonies, and Strictures upon the Calumnies of the British Writers. This work, forming an octavo volume of five hundred and twelve closely printed pages, was called forth by the long-continued calunnies of the British press, and particularly of the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews, in their endorsements of the foolish and unfounded slanders set forth by hasty, ignorant, and irresponsible travellers through the United States. These reviews,

Vide ante, vol. 1. 638.

representing the deliberate judgment of the two great political parties of their country, excited a resentment in American readers which has left its traces to the present day.

Mr. Walsh met these assailants with facts drawn from English testimony of undoubted authority, often from previous admissions of the assailants themselves. The work is divided into sections on the history of the British maladministration of the American colonies, "the hostilities of the British Reviews," and the topic of negro slavery. It is careful in its statements, calm in tone, and at the same time energetic. It was at once accepted as an able vindication by the Americans, and did much to mend the manners of the English journals.

In 1821 he commenced, with Mr. William Fry, the National Gazette, a small newspaper, published on alternate afternoons. It was soon enlarged, and published daily. Mr. Walsh remained connected with this journal for fifteen years, and during that period did much to enlarge the scope of the newspaper literature of the country by writing freely and fully upon books, science, and the fine arts, as well as politics, and by joining in his treatment of the latter topic a little of the suariter in modo, which had hitherto been somewhat lacking in the American press, to the fortiter in re, which required no increase of intensity.

Mr. Walsh was also connected with the editorship of The American Magazine of Foreign Literature, the forerunner of the Museum and Living Age of Mr. Littell, but in 1822 resigned that charge for the more agreeable task of the resuscitation of his original Review. The first number of the American Review was published in March, 1827. It was continued with great ability for ten years, and among its many excellent qualities is to be commended for its frequent and thorough attention to home literature and other subjects of national interest.

In 1837, Mr. Walsh finding the Gazette was failing to furnish its former support, retired from it. He published, about the same time, two volumes selected from his contributions to its columns, and from articles still in manuscript, under the title of Didactics. He removed in the same year to Paris, where he has since resided, filling, until a few years since, the post of United States Consul. He has maintained a constant and prominent literary connexion with his country by his regular foreign correspondence to the National Intelligencer, and more recently to the New York Journal of Commerce.

No American abroad has enjoyed more intimate relations with the savans and politicians of Europe, or has traced with greater interest the progress of government and science.

SENTENCES FROM DIDACTICS

We should endeavour to poetize our existence; to keep it clear of the material and grosser world. Music, flowers, verse, beauty, and natural scenery, the abstractions of philosophy, the spiritual refine ments of religion are all important to that end.

Liberty is a boon which few of the European When attempts to give it have been vainly made, nations are worthy to receive or able to enjoy let us, before we speak of them, inquire whether they were practicable.

We should keep acknowledged evil out of the way of youth and its fealty; as we would avert frost from the blossom, and protect vegetable or animal life of any kind in its immaturity, from perilous exposure.

Maxim for a Republic.-Let the cause of every single citizen be the cause of the whole; and the cause of the whole be that of every single citizen.

Real sympathy and gratitude show themselves, not in words and pageants, but acts, sacrifices, which directly afford "comfort and consolation."

Let none of us cherish or invoke the spirit of religious fanaticism:-the ally would be quite as pestilent as the enemy.

We should never inquire into the faith or profession, religious or political, of our acquaintance; we should be satisfied when we find usefulness, integrity, beneficence, tolerance, patriotism, cheerfulness, sense, and manners. We encounter every day really good men, practical Christians, and estimable citizens, belonging respectively to all the sects and classes.

There is nothing, however good in itself, which may not be converted into stuff,", by making a jumble of it, and interpolating trash; and there is no journalist who may not be represented as inconsistent, no allowance being made for difference of times and circumstances, and the just and vivid impressions of particular periods and events.

It is well observed that good morals are not he fruit of metaphysical subtleties; nor are good political constitutions or salutary government. Abstractions and refinements are far from being enough for human nature and human communities.

Truth should never be sacrificed to nationality; but it is a sort of treason to decry unjustly indigenous productions, exalting at the same time those of a foreign country, without due examination or real grounds-to pretend national mortification in cases to which the opposite sentiment is due. Good, instructive literature and general politics need, in our country, liberal treatment in every quarter. They are subject to obstacles and disadvantages enough, without precipitate, sweeping, quackish opinions.

The effusions of genius, or rather, the most successful manifestations of what is called talent, are often the effects of distempered nerves and complexional spleen, as pearls are morbid secretions. How much of his reputation for superiority of intellect did not Mr. J. Randolph owe to his physical ills and misanthropic spirit!

The more the heart is exercised in the domestic affections, the more likely it is to be sympathetic and active with regard to external objects.

There are some human tongues which have two sides, like those of certain quadrupeds-one, smooth; the other very rough.

Restraints laid by a people on itself are sacrifices made to liberty; and it often shows the greatest wisdom in imposing them.

Write as wisely as we may, we cannot fix the minds of men upon our writings, unless we take them gently by the ear.

Candour is to be always admired, and equivocation to be shunned; but there is such a thing as supererogation, and very bold and ingenuous avowals may do much more harm than good.

It is an old saying that it is no small consolation to any one who is obliged to work to see another

voluntarily take a share in his labour: since it seems to remove the idea of the constraint.

It would be well to allow some things to remain, as the poet says, "behind eternity;-hid in the secret treasure of the past."

A prudent man ought to be guided by a demonstrated probability not less than by a demonstrated certainty.

Men of wit have not always the clearest judgment or the deepest reason.

The perusal of books of sentiment and of descriptive poetry, and the frequent survey of natural scenery, with a certain degree of feeling and fancy, must have a most beneficial effect upon the imagination and the heart.

The true Fortunatus's purse is the richness of the generous and tender affections, which are worth much more for felicity, than the highest powers of the understanding, or the highest favours of fortune.

HENRY WHEATON.

HENRY WHEATON was a descendant from Robert Wheaton, a Baptist clergyman who emigrated in the reign of Charles I. to Salem, and afterwards removed to Rhode Island. He was born in Providence, November, 1785, and entered Brown University at the age of thirteen. After the completion of his course he studied law, and in 1806 went to Europe, to complete his education.

H. Wheaton

He resided for several months at Poitiers, engaged in the study of the French language, and of the recently established Code Napoleon. He afterwards devoted some time to the study of English law in London, and was an intimate of the American minister, Mr. Monroe. On his return he was admitted to the bar, and practised at Providence until 1813, when, in the meanwhile having married his cousin, the daughter of Dr. Wheaton of the same city, he removed to New York. Before his departure, he delivered a fourth of July oration, chiefly devoted to a consideration of the wars then raging in Europe, of which he spoke with detestation. After his establishment in New York he became the editor of the National Advocate, which he conducted for two years with marked ability. During this period he was appointed Judge of the Marine Court, and held for a few months the office of Army Judge Advocate. In 1815 he resumed practice, and in the same year published a Treatise on the Law of Maritime Captures and Prizes, regarded as the best work which had then appeared on the subject. In 1816 he was appointed Reporter of the Supreme Court at Washington, a position which he retained until 1827, publishing during his incumbency twelve volumes of Reports. In 1821 he was elected a member of the Convention called to revise the Constitution of the State of New York, and in 1825 was appointed by the Legislature one of the commissioners to revise, upon a new and systematic plan, all the statute

laws of the State, a work which engaged his attention until his appointment by President Adams, in 1827, as Chargé d'Affaires to Denmark. He resided at Copenhagen until 1835, when he was appointed Minister Resident to the court of Prussia by President Jackson. In 1837 he was made Minister Plenipotentiary to the same court by President Van Buren. He retained this position until 1846, when he was recalled by President Polk.

Mr. Wheaton had, previously to his departure for Europe, delivered an Address before the New York Historical Society in 1820, and in 1824 at the opening of the New York Athenæum, an institution afterwards merged into the Society Library. He also contributed to the North American Review, and in 1826 published the Life of William Pinkney, with whom he had become personally acquainted during his residence at Washington. He afterwards prepared an abridginent of the work for Sparks's American Biography. He also translated the Code Napoleon, the manuscript of which was unfortunately consumed by fire soon after its completion.

This valuable literary career, side by side with laborious professional and public services, was continued with still greater efficiency in Europe. In 1831 he published in London The History of the Northmen, a work of great research, and one of the first on its subject in the language. It was translated into French in 1842, and its author was engaged in preparing a new American edition at the time of his death. In 1836 his Elements of International Law appeared in England and the United States. It was republished in 1846 with additions. In 1841 he wrote a work in French, Histoire du Droit des Gens depuis la Paiz de Westphalie, which was complimented by the French Institute, republished at Leipsic in 1844, and translated in New York, with the title of History of the Law of Nations. It is regarded as a standard authority, and has received the highest commendations throughout Europe. In 1842 be published in Philadelphia. An Enquiry into the British Claim of a Right of bearch of American Vessels.

In 1946 Mr. Wheaton was made corresponding member of the bortion of Moral and Political More French Institute, and in 1844 of The Meaden bietes in Berlin. He took great intenst in these ascistions, and enjoyed Melotnany of their most eminent members.

Deed a onvention with Baron Boose the Promat. Misster of Foreign Affairs, the tertial intercourse between Start matka stud the Zollverein, on which he 1. Ny Te It was greatly to

public dinner was given him soon after his arrival. A similar honor was tendered him in Philadelphia, but declined. His native city had his portrait painted by Healy, and placed in her council hall. He delivered an address in September of the same year before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Brown University, on the Progress and Prospects of Germany. He was about to commence his duties as Professor of International Law at Harvard University, to which he had been elected soon after his return, when he was attacked by a disease which closed his life, on the eleventh of March, 1848.

ROBERT, the second son of the Hon. Henry Wheaton, was born in New York, October 5, 1826. His childhood was passed in Copenhagen, whither his father removed as Chargé d'Affaires of the United States shortly after his birth. In 1836 the family removed to Berlin, and in 1838, Robert, after a careful course of preliminary mental training by his father, was placed at school at Paris. In 1840 he lost his only brother Edward, a bereavement which afflicted him | deeply. In 1841 he left school, and devoted two years to the study of engineering with a private tutor. Owing, however, to apprehensions that his health was too delicate for the out-door exposure incident to the practical duties of the profession, he abandoned it in 1843, and entered the school of MM. Barbe and Masson at Paris. After a year spent in classical studies he attended lectures at the Sorbonne and the College de France. He was at the same time cultivating his fine musical taste, and became a proficient in the science. His summers were passed in visits to his family at Berlin, and to friends in a few other cities of central Europe. In April, 1847, after his father's recal, he returned with him to the United States, and in the following September entered the Cambridge law school. On the completion of his course in 1850, he became a student in the office of Messrs. Dana and Parker of Boston, and in July, 1851, was admitted to practice. In the September following, while on his way to visit his family at Providence, he took cold, owing to exposure in consequence of the cars running off the track. His illness rapidly increased, and on the ninth of October, isɔ̃i, he breathed his last.

A volume of Selections from the Writings of Robert Wheaton appeared in 1854. It contains a sympathetic memoir of his brief but interesting life, with extracts from his journals and correspondence, and articles on the Sources of the Divina Commedia, Jasmin, Cooper's Experimental Christianity, the Revolutions in Prussia and Sicily, and on a few other subjects, from the North American Review, and other periodicals, all ably and thoughtfully written

CHARLES & INGERSOLL.

CHARLES J. INGrnson was born at Philadelphia on the third of October, 1782. His father, Jared Ingersoll, though beweging to a family who for the most part sibered to the Royalists in the Revolutionary contest his father, Jired Ingersol of Connectient, being Stamiz ister-Genera under the Act of Parliamkei wäich provoked the Ame rican Revolutive i was an active aêvocate of the

popular side, and a member of the Convention which formed the Federal Constitution. He early settled in Philadelphia.

Mr. Ingersoll received a liberal education, and on its conclusion visited Europe, where he travelled in company with Mr. King, the American minister to London.

In 1801, a tragedy from his pen, Edwy and Elgica, was produced at the Philadelphia theatre, and published.

In 1808 he wrote a pamphlet on the Rights and Wrongs, Power and Policy of the United States of America, in defence of the commercial measures of Jefferson's administration.

In 1809 he published anonymously a work which created a sensation, Inchiquin's Letters.* The "Letters" are introduced by the ancient mystification of the purchase, at a bookseller's stall in Antwerp, of a broken picket of letters from America, which turn out to be sent from Washington by Inchiquin, a Jesuit, to his friends in Europe, who, in one or two introductory epistles, express the greatest anxiety touching his mission to a land of savages, with considerable curiosity respecting the natives. A burlesque letter from Caravan, a Greek at Washington, gives a ludicrous account of the perils of the capital, and the foreign minister hunting in its woods. Inchiquin describes the houses of Congress and their oratory; runs over the characters of the Presidents, from Washington to Madison; the literature of Barlow's Columbiad and Marshall's Washington; the stock and population of the country; its education, amusements, resources, and prospects. The Columbiad is shrewdly criticised. One remark will show the pretensions, at that time, of the author. "Critically speaking, Homer, Virgil, and Milton occupy exclusively the illustrious (epic) quarter of Parnassus, and time alone can determine whether Barlow shall be seated with them. The 'dearth of invention,''faintness of the characters,' 'lack of pathos,' and other constitutional defects,' are set off against the learned, benevolent, elegant style of the performance." The Abbé Raynal is quoted for a maximum calculation of the prospective population of America at ten millions. Among other patriotic hits there is a humorous account of the foreign prejudiced or disappointed travellers who, in those days, gave the world its impressions of America.

In 1812 Ingersoll was elected a member of the House of Representatives. He took his seat at the special session called in May, 1813, to provide for the conduct of the war. He was one of the youngest members of that body, and more youthful in appearance even than in years, so that at his first entrance the doorkeeper refused him admittance. He was an earnest advocate of every measure brought forward for the vigorous prosecution of the war. In 1814, in an elaborate speech, he proclaimed and enforced the American version of the law of nations, that

Inchiquin the Jesuit's Letters, during a late residence in the United States of America: being a fragment of a Private Correspondence, accidentally discovered in Europe; containing a favorable view of the Manners, Literature, and State of Society of the United States, and a refutation of many of the aspersions cast upon this country by former residents and tourists. By some unknown foreigner. New York: J. Riley.

"free ships make free goods," a doctrine which, now generally recognised as a great peace measure, had at that time few advocates. On the expiration of his term of service the same year he was not re-elected, but was soon after appointed by Madison District Attorney of the State of Pennsylvania, an office which he held for fourteen years, until his removal by General Jackson at the commencement of his first Presidential term. During his second term, his administration had the warm support of Mr. Ingersoll. In 1826, at a convention of the advocates of the internal improvements of his state, Ingersoll presented a resolution in favor of the introduction of railroads worked by steam-power, similar to those which had just made their appearance in England. The plan was rejected by a large majority. As a member of the Legislature, a few years after, in 1829-30, one of the first railroad bills in the United States was enacted on his motion and report.

In 1887, by a report on currency, presented to the convention for reforming the Constitution of Pennsylvania, he anticipated by some months President Van Buren's recommendation to Congress of the Independent Treasury. He was an active member of the House of Representatives from 1839 to 1849.

Ingersoll

In 1845 he published the first volume of his Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States of America and Great Britain, embracing the events of 1812-13, completing the work in three volumes. A second series, of the events of 1814-1815, appeared in 1852. The style of his history is irregular and discursive, but vivid and energetic. Its general character is that of a book of memoirs, strongly influenced by the democratic partisan views of the narrator. It contains numerous details of the principles and measures of public policy in which he was an eminent participant, with many matters of a more strictly personal character, especially in his account of the Bonaparte family, of whom, from his long friendship with Joseph Bonaparte, he had

original sources of information. Some three hundred pages of the "History" are thus occupied with the fortunes of the Napoleon dynasty. One of the most noteworthy of the American topics discussed is the defence of the system of privateering which has been since substantially set forth by President Pierce, in his Message of 1854. There are also, among other personal anecdotes, some animated descriptions of Washington and of Jefferson.

Mr. Ingersoll is at present engaged on a History of the Territorial Acquisitions of the United States.

Joseph Reed Ingersoll, the brother of Charles J. Ingersoll, a distinguished lawyer, for many years a prominent Whig in the House of Representatives,is the author of a translation of Roccus's treatise De Navibus et Nauto, of an address delivered in 1837 before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Bowdoin College on The Advantages of Science and Literature, which attracted much attention, and of several other discourses of a similar character.

Edward, a third brother of the same family, wrote poems on the times entitled Horace in Philadelphia, which appeared in the Port Folio, and was a writer on political subjects in Walsh's Gazette.

BOOK-MAKING TRAVELLERS IN AMERICA-FROM THE INCHIQUIN LETTERS.

The labors of this class of writing travellers in America have been seconded by those of another, who, as their writings are confined to bills of exchange and accounts current, have contented themselves with being oral haberdashers of small stories, and retailers of ribaldry. Swarms of noxious insects swept from the factories and spunging-houses of Europe, after enjoying a full harvest of emolument and importance in the cities of this country, return to their original insignificance at home, to buzz assertions through their " little platoons of society," and then come back again to bask in the sunshine they feign to slight. Apprentices and understrappers, mongrel abbés and gens d'industrie, in the course of their flight over the Atlantic, are transmuted into fine gentlemen and virtuosi, shocked at the barbarian customs of this savage republic; the hospitality of whose citizens they condescend to accept, while they commiserate and calumniate their hosts, and consider it their especial errand and office to vilify, disturb, and overturn the government. The time was when these sturdy beggars walked without knocking into every door, taking the chief seats in the synagogue, and the uppermost rooms at feasts, devouring widows' houses, reviling with impunity the food they fed on. But so many ludicrous and so many serious explosions have gone off of these transatlantic bubbles, so many individuals have been put to shame, so many respectable families to ruin, by their polluting contact, that the delusion is broke, and they begin to be seen in their essential hideousness. Persons of condition from abroad have so often proved to be hostlers and footmen, and men of learning mountebank doctors, that the Americans find it necessary to shake these foreign vermin from their skirts, and to assert a dignity and self-respect, which are the first steps to that consideration from others, hitherto by this excrescent usurpation repelled from their society. Hic nigræ succus loliginis, hæc est Erugo mera

At the inn, where I lodged on my first arrival, it

was my fortune to be assorted at every meal with half a dozen agents from the manufacturing towns of England, some Frenchmen exiled from St. Domingo, a Dutch supercargo, a Chinese mandarin—as a caitiff from Canton entitled himself-the young Greek, a copy of one of whose letters I sent you some time ago, and a countryman of mine; all of whom, after a plentiful regale, and drinking each other's healths till their brains were addled with strong liquors, would almost every day chime into a general execration of the fare, climate, customs, people, and institutions of this nether region. One of the Englishmen, a native of Cornwall, who was never out of a mist in his life till he left the parish of his birth, complained of the variableness of the weather, another of the beef, and a third of the porter, alleviations, without which they pronounced existence insupportable, taking care to accompany their complaints with magnificent eulogiums on the clear sky, cheap living, and other equally unquestionable advantages of their own country, with occasional intimations thrown in of their personal importance at home. The Creole French, in a bastard dialect, declaimed at the dishonesty and fickleness of the Americans, the demureness of their manners, and provoking irregularity of the language; winding up their philippic with a rapturous recollection of the charms of Paris; where in all probability no one of them ever was, except to obtain passports for leaving the kingdom.

They talk of beauties that they never saw,
And fancy raptures that they never knew.

The Chinese, who never was free from a sweat till he doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and who, when in Canton, never forgot in his prayers to implore the blessings of a famine or pestilence, catching the contagion of the company, and mechanically imitative, though he could not speak so as to be understood, endeavored, by signs and shrugs, to show that he suffered from the heat, and gave us to understand that an annual plague must be inevitable in such a climate. The Irishman, who swallowed two bottles of claret with a meal, besides brandy and malt liquors, swore the intemperate weather gave him fevers. The Hollander smoked his phlegmatic pipe in silence, looking approbation; and the complying Greek nodded assent, while at table, to every syllable that was uttered, though he afterwards coincided with me in a contradiction of the whole. When I was formerly in America, I knew several foreigners, then well stricken in years, who had resided here since the peace of 1783, always grumbling over the privations of this country, and sighing as usual; but fat and satisfied, and indulging not the least expectation of ever exchanging their for lorn state here for their brilliant prospects elsewhere. Like a well-fed curate, they dwell for ever on the fascinations of futurity, as contrasted with the wretchedness of mortality, recommending all good men to hasten from the one to the other, but without any wish for themselves to leave this world of tribulation.

LEWIS CASS.

Bewbap.

LEWIS CASS, the son of Jonathan Cass, a soldier of the Revolution, was born at Exeter, New Hampshire, October 9, 1782. He was a schoolfellow