SKIRMISH NEAR WINCHESTER.

369

vicinity, and to repair the Manassas Gap Railway, so as to have a rapid and direct communication with the Shenandoah Valley. Accordingly, on the retirement of Jackson up the valley, he put the first division of his corps. in motion for Centreville, under General Williams, leaving only the division. of Shields and some Michigan cavalry in Winchester.

Spies informed Jackson of the weakening of Banks's army in the Valley, and he immediately moved down to attack him at Winchester. General Shields, who was in immediate command there, had a force of about six thousand infantry, seven hundred and fifty cavalry, and twenty-four guns, well posted on a ridge, so as to cover the roads entering Winchester from the south. This position was about half a mile north of the village of Kernstown, and two and a half south of Winchester.

Toward the evening of the 22d of March, Ashby's cavalry drove in Shields's pickets, when the latter moved a small force to oppose the assailants. While directing it in person, his arm was shattered above his elbow by the fragments of a shell, which also wounded his side. He was prostrated, but was able to make dispositions for a vigorous encounter with his foe the next day. Under cover of the night he pushed forward the brigade of Colonel Kimball, of the Fourteenth Indiana, to Kernstown, supported by Daum's artillery, well posted. Colonel Sullivan's brigade was placed within supporting distance, as a reserve in Kimball's rear. In that order the troops reposed until morning, when a reconnoissance obtained no positive information of any Confederate force immediately in front, excepting Ashby's cavalry. General Banks believed General Jackson to be too weak or too prudent to attack Shields, and at ten o'clock that morning" he departed for Washington City by way of Harper's Ferry, in obedience to a summons from Head-quarters, leaving his staff-officers to start for Centreville in the afternoon. He was soon made to retrace his steps by the sounds of battle in his rear.

a March 22, 1862.

At the time when the National scouts saw nothing but Ashby's cavalry, Jackson's whole force was strongly posted in battle order, with artillery on each flank, in an eligible situation half a mile south of Kernstown, completely masked by woods, which were filled with his skirmishers; and within an hour after Banks left Winchester, Confederate cannon opened upon Kimball. Sullivan's brigade was immediately ordered forward to Kimball's support, and a severe action was commenced by artillery on both sides, but at too great distance to be very effective.

Jackson now took the initiative, and, with a considerable force of all arms, attempted to turn Kimball's left flank, when an active body of skirmishers, under Colonel Carroll, composed of his regiment (the Eighth Ohio) and three companies of the Sixty-seventh Ohio, were thrown forward on both sides of the Valley Turnpike, to oppose the movement. These were supported by four guns of Jenks's artillery. The Confederates were repulsed at all points, and Jackson abandoned his designs upon the National left, massed a heavy force on their right, and sent two additional batteries and his reserves to sup

1 Jackson had ten regiments of Virginia infantry, with 27 cannon and 290 cavalry. His force was, according to Pollard, 6000 men, with Captain McLaughlin's battery of artillery, and Colonel Ashby's Cavalry."-First Year of the War, 284.

VOL. II.-24

370

BATTLE OF KERNSTOWN.

port the movement. With this combined force he pressed forward to turn and crush his adversary's left. Daum's artillery could not check the move

JAMES SHIELDS.

ment, and imminent peril threatened the Union army. Informed of this,

Shields, who from his bed was in a measure conducting the battle, ordered Colonel E. B. Tyler's brigade' to the support of Kimball, and directed. the latter to employ all of his disposable infantry in an attempt to carry Jackson's batteries, and then to turn his left flank and hurl it back on its center. The execution of this important and perilous order was intrusted to the gallant Tyler and his fine brigade. The Confederates were pressed back to a stone fence, which gave them shelter, where a desperate struggle ensued with Jackson's fa

mous "Stonewall brigade." For a little while the result was doubtful, when the Fifth and Sixty-second Ohio and Thirteenth Indiana, of Sullivan's brigade, and the Fourteenth Indiana, Eighty-fourth Pennsylvania, and parts of the Eighth and Sixty-seventh Ohio, of Kimball's brigade, hastened to the support of Tyler. The combined forces dashed on the Confederates, forced them back through the woods, and sent them in full retreat up the Valley, with a heavy loss, but in good order, for their discipline was perfect. So ended the BATTLE OF KERNSTOWN.

The National troops bivouacked on the battle-field the night after the victory, and at an early hour in the morning began a vigorous pursuit of the Confederates toward Strasburg. Meanwhile, Shields, who was satisfied that re-enforcements for Jackson could not be far off, had sent an express after Williams's division, then far on its way toward Centreville. Banks, who was informed by telegraph of the battle, had already ordered it back. He also hastened to Winchester, took command in person, and followed the retreating Confederates up the valley almost to Mount Jackson. This demonstration of Jackson's, and information that he might instantly call reenforcements to his aid, caused the retention of Banks's forces in the Shenandoah Valley, and the appointment of General James Wadsworth to the command of the troops left for the immediate defense of the National Capital. He was made military governor of the District of Columbia.

In the mean time General McClellan had been forwarding his forces to Fortress Monroe, preparatory to an advance on Richmond. He left Washington on the 1st of April, on which day he sent to the adjutant-general a

1 The Seventh and Twenty-ninth Ohio, Seventh Indiana, First Virginia, and One Hundred and Tenth Pennsylvania.

2 Jackson left behind 2 cannon, 4 caissons, many small arms, and about 300 prisoners. He reported his killed to be 80, and his wounded at 342. Shields reported 270 of the Confederate dead found on the battle-field after the conflict, and estimated Jackson's entire loss at nearly 1500. The National loss, according to his report, was nearly 600 men, of whom 103 were killed, and 441 were wounded. Among the slain was Colonel Murray, of the Eighty-fourth Pennsylvania.

THE DEFENSE OF WASHINGTON SECURED.

371

statement of the number and intended disposition of the forces which he left behind: a part for the immediate defense of the Capital, and the remainder for other operations more remote, but whose chief business was to secure Washington City. The number left was a little more than seventy-three thousand. A few days later, he had under his command, at Fortress Monroe, one hundred and twenty-one thousand men (exclusive of the forces of General Wool), which had been sent thither within a little more than thirty days, in transports furnished by the Assistant Secretary of War, John Tucker.2

The movements of "Stonewall" Jackson, General Ewell, and other active commanders in the Upper Valley of the Shenandoah and its vicinity, had made it important to strengthen Fremont in the Mountain Department, and for that purpose Blenker's division of ten thousand men was withdrawn from the Army of the Potomac before McClellan left Washington. A further reduction of the force under his command was made at this time, in consequence of a report of General Wadsworth, that the troops left for the immediate defense of Washington were insufficient.3 This matter was referred to

a position, experts say, to perform the best service in such co-operation, while it would serve the other purpose of covering Washington, for it was to occupy a position to prevent Johnston turning back from the Rappahannock to sack the National Capital, and also to keep Confederate troops in that region and over the Blue Ridge from joining those at Richmond.

1 Of these 18,000 were to remain in garrison at and in front of Washington; 7,750 at Warrenton; 10.859 at Manassas; 85,467 in the Shenandoah Valley; and 1,350 on the Lower Potomac.-See McClellan's Report, page 66.

2 Report of Assistant Secretary of War Tucker, April 5, 1862. Besides the soldiers, these transports, consisting of 18 steamers, 183 schooners, and 88 barges, conveyed 44 batteries, 14,592 beasts, 1,150 wagons, 74 ambulances, several pontoon bridges, telegraph materials, and an immense amount of equipage. The only loss sustained in this work of transportation consisted of 8 mules and 9 barges, the cargoes of the latter being saved.

3 Wadsworth reported his force fit for duty at 19,022, nearly all of them new and imperfectly disciplined, and several of the regiments in a disorganized condition. At the same time he was under orders from McClellan to send three regiments to the Peninsula, one to Budd's Ferry, and 4000 men to Manassas and Warrenton. The absence of these would reduce the force in and around Washington to less than 15.000 men.

This was the appearance of the old Court-House (which was Magruder's head-quarters in Yorktown), with the ruins of buildings near it, in 1868. It stands a short distance from the famous mansion of the Nelson family, which was bombarded during the siege of Yorktown in 1781.

372

THE CONFEDERATES ON THE PENINSULA.

At this time General J. B. Magruder, whom we have already met at Big Bethel and the burning of Hampton, was in command of eleven thousand men on the Virginia Peninsula, between the James and York rivers, with his head-quarters at Yorktown, which he had fortified. Magruder had intended to make his line of defense as far down the Peninsula as Big Bethel, at positions in front of Howard's and Young's Mills, and at Ship Point, on the York River. But when he perceived the strong force gathered at Fortress Monroe, he felt too weak to make a stand on his proposed line, and he prepared to receive McClellan on a second line, on Warwick River. He left a small body of troops on his first line and at Ship Point, and distributed his remaining force along a front of about thirteen miles. At Yorktown, on Gloucester Point opposite, and on Mulberry Island, on the James River,' he placed fixed garrisons, amounting in the aggregate to six thousand men, so that along a line of thirteen miles in front of McClellan's great army, there were only about five thousand Confederate soldiers behind incomplete earth-works. General McClellan estimated Magruder's force at from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand men, while the eight thousand troops under Huger at Norfolk, he supposed to be fifteen thousand in number.

When General McClellan arrived at Fortress Monroe, he found fifty-eight thousand men and one hundred cannon of his army there. Large numbers of troops were continually arriving. Perceiving the importance of marching upon Magruder before he could be re-enforced by Johnston, and hoping by rapid movements to drive or capture him and press on to Richmond, McClel lan put his whole force then in readiness at Fortress Monroe in motion up the Peninsula, on the morning of the 3d of April. He had counted upon the co-operation of the remnant of the naval force in Hampton Roads in the reduction of the Confederate water-batteries on the York and James rivers, and Flag-officer Goldsborough had offered to extend such assistance in storming the works at Yorktown and Gloucester, provided the latter position should be first turned by the army. He was reluctant to weaken his force, for the Merrimack was hourly expected, with renewed strength, and the James River was blockaded by Confederate gun-boats on its bosom and Confederate batteries on its shore.

McClellan's invading force moved in two columns, one along the old Yorktown road and the other by the Warwick road. These were led respectively by Generals Heintzelman and Keyes. The former, on the right, led the divisions of Generals Fitz John Porter and Hamilton, of the Third Corps, and Sedgwick's division of the Second Corps; while Keyes led the divisions of Generals Couch and W. F. Smith, of the Fourth Corps. They pressed forward, and on the following day the right, accompanied by McClellan, was at Big Bethel, and the Commanderin-chief made his head-quarters at a house very near the spot where the gallant Greble fell, ten months

1 This was sometimes called Mulberry Point, for it is not actually an island now, the channel between it and the former main having been closed.

ARMY OF THE POTOMAC CHECKED.

373

before. The left was at the little village of Warwick Court House at the same time.

The army moved slowly on until the afternoon of the 5th, without any impediment excepting almost

impassable mud, when the ad

vance of each column was confronted and made to halt by Magruder's fortified lines, the right near Yorktown, on the York, the left near Winn's Mill, on the Warwick River. The latter stream heads within a mile of Yorktown, and, flowing across the Peninsula, falls into

1862.

the James River. In front of these lines McClellan's continually augmenting army remained a month, engaged in the tedious operations of a regular siege, under the direction of General Fitz John Porter, casting up intrenchments, skirmishing frequently, and on one occasion making a reconnoissance in force, which resulted in an engagement disastrous to the Nationals. This was by the division of General Smith of the Fourth Corps, who attacked the Confederates at Dam No. 1, on the Warwick," between the a April 16, mills of Lee and Winn. The movement was gallantly made, but failed. The vanguard of the Nationals (composed of four Vermont companies, who had waded the stream, waist deep, under cover of the cannon of Ayre's battery, and who were re-enforced by eight other companies) was driven back across the rivers with the loss of a hundred men, and was poorly compensated by inflicting upon the foe the loss of seventy-five men. This repulse confirmed McClellan in his belief that an immense force of Confederates was on his front, and Magruder (who had resorted to all sorts of tricks to mislead his antagonist) was enabled to write truly on the 3d of May, the day before he fled from Yorktown, "Thus, with five thousand men, exclusive of the garrison, we stopped and held in check over one hundred thousand of the enemy."

McClellan had reasons for being extremely cautious. His Government was evidently withholding from him its perfect confidence, and he began to fear that it might, in a degree, withhold its support also. The detachment of Blenker's division from his command disturbed him, but when McDowell's corps was also detached, and he was refused the control of the ten thousand

1 See page 508, volume I.

2 In this little sketch is seen the house, with two chimneys on the outside of the gable on the left, which was occupied by General Keyes on the night of the 4th of April.

3 Among the really brave men who fell at this time was private William Scott, of the Third Vermont, who, a few months before, had been sentenced by McClellan to be shot for sleeping on his post. Secretary Cameron pardoned him, and no braver soldier was found in the ranks of the patriots. He was among the first who crossed the Warwick River in this movement.

4 Magruder's report to Cooper, May 3, 1862. A British officer (Colonel Freemantle), who spent three months with the Confederate army, says Magruder told him the different dodges he resorted to to blind and deceive McClellan as to his strength," and said he was greatly amused and relieved" when he saw that general with his magnificent army begin to break ground before miserable earth-works defended by only 8,000 men."-Freemantle's Three Months in the Southern States.