government examinations, which all who intend to become journalists must pass.

The monograph habit exhibits its influence once more in the Staats- und Völkerrechtliche Abhandlungen, the publication of which, under the editorial charge of Professors Jellinek and Meyer, was begun last year (Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot). The first three numbers, which are before us, fully justify, if anything can, the new enterprise in this field. Dr. Rudolf Treumann's Die Monarchomachen is a very scholarly study of the political theories of that group of sixteenth-century writers for whom Gierke resurrected the collective name by which the author designates them. The second number of the series deals also with the history of political theories, but more especially on the constitutional side. It is by Professor Jellinek himself, and its title is Die Erklärung der Menschen- und Bürgerrechte. The author's reputation as a publicist makes especially gratifying his assignment to the men of the American Revolution of the chief credit for the development of that most useful constitutional practice- the formulation of bills of rights. Dr. Jellinek adopts and clearly sets forth the genesis of such written declarations in the history of the English Puritans, and the transfer of the idea to America. His treatment of the subject is on the historical side largely on the lines laid down by Borgeaud and Osgood (POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY, vol. vi). He particularly combats the idea that the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man was based on Rousseau's Contrat Social, and shows by parallel columns its similarity to the early American documents. The third number of the series, by Professor Meyer, is on Der Staat und die Erworbenen Rechte. This is a clearly written presentation of certain questions on the border line between public and private law. To the American reader the solutions appear so easy and simple as to excite wonder that they should have to be given at all. It is evident, however, from the adversaries cited by Professor Meyer, that many German jurists are very far from lucidity in their conceptions of state and of rights.

The translation of Rousseau's Social Contract put forth, with an introduction and notes, by Henry J. Tozer (London, Sonnenschein ; New York, Scribners, 1895) is a good and useful piece of work. The rendering into English is faithful and intelligent; the historical and critical introduction is adequate and for the most part accurate; and the notes excellently fulfill the functions of illustration, sugges tion and comparison. Mr. Tozer assigns at least all due importance

to the influence of Rousseau on the French Revolution.

Perhaps

a little more care should have been taken to indicate that he furnished the phrases and formulas rather than the ideas and motives of the revolutionists. It is easy to create the impression that the Contrat Social and the Revolution were related more as cause and effect than as joint effects of common causes.

The History of Modern Europe, since the outbreak of the Revolutionary wars, has never, on the whole, been better or more succinctly told than by Mr. C. A. Fyffe. His publishers, Messrs. Holt & Co., have therefore done good service to the student in issuing the whole of the work in a single volume. While certain parts might have been abridged without loss, any considerable condensation would inevitably have marred an account, which is, so to speak, already reduced to its lowest terms. The publishers have therefore wisely chosen to include the whole text of the original edition.

At his death Professor Tuttle, of Cornell, left an installment of his History of Prussia ready for the printer. The publishers, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., recognizing that any attempt to continue the work from the author's notes would practically turn over the continuation to new hands, determined to publish the present section in a separate volume. It includes but one hundred and fifty pages, covering the brief but important period from the seizure of Saxony (August, 1756) to the battles of Rossbach and Leuthen at the close of the next year. The volume is preceded by a biographical sketch of the unfortunate historian, written by Professor Herbert B. Adams. Those unacquainted with Professor Tuttle's brilliant career will find much of interest in the description of his early life as a newspaper correspondent in Europe.

In a third volume Mr. Sharpe completes his History of London and the Kingdom (Longmans, Green & Co., 1895). The period covered in this part of the work is from the accession of the House of Hanover to the Reform Bill of 1832. Its character is the same as that of its two predecessors, which were reviewed in this QUARTERLY, vol. x, p. 350. The most valuable matter contained in this volume is in the appendix, in which is printed a selection of documents from the archives of the city falling between the beginning of the fifteenth and the close of the eighteenth century.

An ambitious History of the Scandinavians in the United States (Minneapolis, O. N. Nelson) is being compiled and edited by Mr. O. N. Nelson, assisted by a large corps of contributors, assistant editors and revisers. To the first volume, which is already pub

lished, the editor contributes interesting accounts of Scandinavian characteristics and history, of the migration to America and of Scandinavians in Minnesota, a chapter of statistics relating to the Scandinavians in America, and two bibliographies. Other contributors write of such subjects as "The Icelandic Discoveries of America," "The First Swedish Settlement in America," "Scandinavians in the Sioux War in 1862"; and give historical sketches of the principal religious bodies among the Scandinavian-Americans. The second half of the volume is devoted to biographical notices of the more successful Scandinavians in Minnesota. Inhabitants of other states are to be similarly dealt with in the succeeding volumes. Le Homestead aux États-Unis, by L. Vacher (Paris, Guillaumin et Cie) affords another instance of an American institution first studied in a scientific way by a foreigner. There is in this country no work written from an economic point of view on the American homestead; and the present book is the first to appear elsewhere. M. Vacher describes the public domain of the United States and the origin, the evolution and the effects of exemption laws. His conclusions are favorable to the institution; and he expresses the belief that starting from America, it is destined to "encircle the globe, like the flag of Lafayette."

The third part of Dr. Warschauer's Geschichte des Socialismus und Communismus im 19. Jahrhundert (Berlin, Hermann Bahr, 1896) is devoted to the life and work of Louis Blanc. The biographical material is so chosen as partly to explain the character of Louis Blanc's theories. Significant in this way are the loss that his family sustained through the fall of Joseph Bonaparte in Spain, the pecuniary straits to which Louis Blanc himself was reduced, and his Hannibal-like vow of enmity against the existing economic order. Important also were his extended period of association with workmen at Arras, and his introduction to a journalistic life in connection with a democratic paper. The stirring events amid which his public life was passed furnished the opportunities for action the trend of which was determined by earlier influences. They permitted him to become a practical socialist; but they tempered his socialism and prevented him from becoming a communist of the prevalent type. Dr. Warschauer's analysis of his works is particularly clear and comprehensive.

The first three volumes of Professor Ashley's Economic Classics (Macmillan), consisting of chapters from Adam Smith, from Malthus and from Ricardo, seemed to us an inadequate substitute for the

thorough study of the masters, and likely to encourage superficiality rather than scholarship. The same criticism does not apply to the more recent volumes, namely, Thomas Mun's England's Treasure by Foreign Trade, Richard Jones's Peasant Rents, and Gustav Schmoller's The Mercantile System. They are calculated to give the student glimpses into the real economic life of the seventeenth century, and as such are valuable substitutes for secondary sketches of economic history. Schmoller's essay will also serve as a specimen of the best work done by the German historical school of economists.

The Bulletin of the Department of Labor (Washington), begun last November, has now reached its fourth number, and has already shown its value. Each number contains a digest of recent reports of state bureaus of statistics, of other statistical documents, American and foreign, and of decisions of courts affecting labor, besides short papers on special subjects. Of these latter the most important yet published are an essay on "Industrial Communities," by W. F. Willoughby, and an account of "Strikes and Lockouts in the United States, 1881 to 1894," which gives the important results of the forthcoming volume on that subject. The Bulletin is admirably conceived, and renders available a vast amount of material which would otherwise escape the notice of even the diligent student. Mr. Holmes's oft-repeated figures of public and private debt, taken from "official or authentic reports," or "carefully prepared estimates," are of doubtful value. Unfortunately, an "official" report in this connection is not often "authentic."

In the latter part of last year appeared the first volume of a work entitled La Législation du Travail (P. Weissenbruch, Brussels, 1895) by the director of the Belgian Office du Travail, M. Ch. Morisseaux. This work received the prix du Roi offered for the best treatise upon the labor legislation of the principal countries of the world with a view to the needs and possibilities of Belgium in that field. The subject is confined strictly to "les dispositions légales qui gravitent autour du contrat de travail et qui règlent les rapports entre les divers facteurs de la production." It is further limited to laws now in force. The work is, however, more than a mere compilation. The author traces the historical origin of contemporary statutes, and sets forth the political, economic and industrial influences which have moulded them. In each case some account of the actual operation of the laws is also given. This volume is divided into three parts. The first two, devoted to concise and very general accounts of "La Législation Corporative" of the middle ages and

"La Législation Mercantile" of the period between the middle ages and modern times, really form a historical introduction to the whole work. The third part begins the subject proper and is devoted to Germany. The succeeding volumes, now in press, will take up in order Austria, Switzerland, England, the United States and France, closing with a discussion of conclusions applicable to Belgium. This will be the most complete work yet published upon the subject, promising from the extent of its detail to be almost encyclopædic. The volume already published indicates a careful and accurate work. With the close of the tenth volume of its "Publications," the American Economic Association begins a new series, or rather two series. The first is entitled Economic Studies, of which six numbers will be issued annually. Each number will consist of an essay or a number of essays upon some subject of theoretic or practical interest. The second series will consist of larger Monographs, issued from time to time when material of a suitable nature has been secured. The new scheme will give greater flexibility to the publishing activity of the association, allowing it to follow the changing phases of economic thought and life for the benefit of its readers, while at the same time encouraging original work of less immediate interest. The first number of Economic Studies (Macmillan) comprises "The Theory of Economic Progress," by J. B. Clark, and "The Relation of Changes in the Volume of the Currency to Prosperity," by Francis A. Walker. The second number will contain three papers on the wages question, namely: "Gain Sharing," by H. R. Towne; "The Premium Plan of Paying for Labor," by F. A. Halsey; and "The Piece-Rate System," by F. W. Taylor.

The first number of the "Studies in Economics and Political Science" undertaken by the faculty of the London School of Economics and Political Science, and edited by Mr. W. A. S. Hewins, the director of the school, is a little book containing five lectures on The History of Local Rates in England, by Edwin Cannan (Longmans, 1896). Here many quaint and curious ancient customs and early statutory provisions are set forth; and the gradual evolution of the poor-rate is traced from its beginnings in voluntary offerings at the church, enforced after a time by the fear of ecclesiastical reproof and disfavor. In the final lecture on the "Assimilation of Other Rates to the Poor-Rate," the author shows how the poor-rate principle of taxation according to ability has been modified by the opposing principle of taxation according to benefit. Even the rates intended to be assessed according to ability have always ended by becoming rates on real