It appears on a map published by Thomas Jeffrey prior to 1760, and is called by him Umpammonoosuck R.," a name given it by the Indians. There were three Ammonoosuc rivers in New Hampshire, -the upper, the middle, and the lower or Umpammonoosuck; Ump probably meaning the lower, the same as Um in the word Umbagog, the lower of the chain of lakes from which flows the Androscoggin river.

Umpammonoosuck river also appears on a map of New Hampshire, published about 1763, in the collection of maps in the state library.

On the map of New York before mentioned it has the name of "Oloverian's Brook."

Holland's map, 1784, has "Oliverian B.," the name the stream has since retained.

Tradition has it that it was So called from the circumstance that in early times a man named Oliver and his friend were crossing it on a log; the first fell in, and the other gave the alarm by crying "Oliver's in!" hence the name Oliverian. This is only tradition, and there may be some other origin of the name.

5. BAKER RIVER.

The River Baker, or, as modern civilians delight to call it, Baker's river, rises in Deer lake, a little sheet of water about as large as your hand, in Deer Lake meadow, between Moosilauke and its north dome, Mt. Blue. It is a foot wide where it easily glides (a man has to cut his way through with an axe) under the fir belt or

scrub, otherwise called by the Indians, as Dr. Belknap says, hakmantaks, which surrounds, like an abatis, the high crest of the mountain; it is a hundred feet wide at its mouth. Half a mile from the lake it slides and hisses down a precipice 500 feet, into Jobildune ravine.

The first author that we have been able to find who mentions Baker river is Lieut. Thomas Baker, who killed the Indian chief Waternomee at its mouth, in May, 1712. He calls it "The west branch of Merrimack river." Journal of Massachusetts Legislature, 1712.

Capt. John White, in his " Journal of a Scout to discover Indians in the northern woods, in April and May, 1725," says,

19 day. We traveled 11 milds, and then Campt at the lower end of pemichewaset lower entrevals and sent out skouts.

66

20 day. We lay still by reason of foul wether, and towards nit it cleared up and we sent out skouts and found where Cornel Tyng crost Meremock.*

"21 day. We traveled 12 milds up pemichewashet River and found old sines of Indians and we sent out skouts that night and found one new track and we lay that night by the river and made new camps.† The land that lyes by this river is vere rich and good. The upland were full of hills and mountains very bad traveling."

This "pemichewashet River" was without doubt the present River Baker, and the stream now known as the Pemigewasset was then the

spelled it.

Thos. Jeffrey's map of New England, 1755, calls Baker river the "Remithewaset or Pemogewaset W.

Br."

Blanchard & Langdon's map, 1761, calls Baker river by the very fine name of "Hastings' brook," the words being printed in the territory of the present town of Wentworth, which town did not then appear on the map. It also appears as "Hastings' brook" on another map in the state library, upon which are the towns in that region granted before 1764. This last map was probably published by Jeffrey.

The first writer we have found who called the River Baker" Baker's river" was Capt. Peter Powers, of Hollis, N. H. In his Scout Journal he says, under date of 1754, June 20th,-" We steared our course from the mouth of Baker's river, up said river, north-west by west, six miles. This river is extraordinary crooked, and good intreval. Thence up the river, about two miles north-west, and there we shot a moose, the sun being about half an hour high." Powers's Hist. of Coös, p. 19.

Ten years later, 1764, Matthew Patten, of Bedford, N. H., a noted surveyor, wrote in his celebrated Diary,

"Oct. 18th. We arrived at Mr. Zechariah Parker's on Baker's river and lodged there."-GRANITE MONTHLY, Vol. I, p. 213.

Holland's map, 1784, says Baker's River."

Dr. Belknap's map, 1791, says "Baker's R."

Coventry, and Peeling.

Dr. Belknap's History says "Baker's river." Vol. III, p. 45.

Thus it appears in all books and maps till 1853, when Judge Potter, in his Visitor, Vol. XIII, p. 257, says, "A river in Rumney, N. H., now called Baker's river, but called by the Indians Asquamchumauke (the water from the mountain side)." In 1857, in a letter, Judge Potter says,—“ Baker's river was called by the Indians Asquamchumauke,' from asquam (water), wadchu (a mountain), and auke a place), the m being thrown in for the sound, and means the place where the water comes from the mountain. This name, written Asquamgumuck, is mentioned as a bound in an early deed had or seen by the late Judge Livermore." We once searched many long hours in the Registry of Deeds office, Grafton county, to find that deed, but we did not meet it.

A writer in the N. H. Hist. Coll., Vol. VIII, p. 451, mentions the Asquamchumauke, and says the name means "The place of the water from the mountain."

Thus we see that Moosilauke's largest stream has been called by many names: Pemichewashet, Remithewaset, Pemogewaset W. Br., Hastings' brook, Baker's river, Asquamchumauke, and Asquamgumuck, of which any one can take his choice.

6. PEMIGEWASSET RIVER.

journal he says,-"1724, Feb. 10. We traveled 16 miles & encamped at the North side of Cusumpe Pond."-Visitor, Vol. XIII, p. 355.

Capt. Samuel Willard says,-"1725, Saturday, Sept. 25. We marched about 6 mile & came to ye carrying place, where ye Indians carry their Canoes from Pimichiwasset to Sowhaig River, and found that yo Indians had lately been there and carried their Conoes. Cap. Willard took half a scout of his own & half of C. Blanchers being in all 24 & followed ye Indians and a little before we come to Cusumpy Pond we found where they broke one Conoe & Coming to ye Pond could follow them noe further."-Appalachia, Vol. II, p. 341. Jeffrey's map, 1755, says "Kusumpe Pond," a beautiful name.

Blanchard & Langdon's map, 1761, -Cusumpy P."

Jeffrey's map, 1764,-"Cusumpy P." Holland's map, 1784,-" Cusumpy P.," along with "Squam Lake." This map is the last to show the name Cusumpy pond, and the first to show Squam lake.

Dr. Belknap's map, 1791, says "Squam Lake," and Carrigain's map, 1816, says "Squam," and all the maps since that time have this name of ill sound. Most people dislike the name: it makes them think of squirming eels and slimy frogs, and the poet Whittier calls it Asquam, which in Indian language means water, a name which, for that matter, might be applied to any pond in the world.

Judge Potter says,-"Squam lake was called by the Indians 'Keessehuncknipee,' from kees (high), sehunck (a goose, so called from the noise it makes), and nipee (a lake), meaning The Goose Lake of the Highlands,' which was contracted into Keesunnipee, and corrupted by the English into Cusumpy and Casumpy."-Visitor, Vol. XII, p.

357.

Why should not Keesunnipee, a name weird as the honk of a wild goose from the sky, or its further euphonious contraction, Kusumpe, suggestive of a partridge drumming in the woods, be restored to our most beautiful gem of the White hills?

LAKE SQUAM.-On the left hand as we go up the lake, on what is known as Balch's Island, is Camp Chocorua. This is a real camp, not of warscarred veterans, but of fair, rosycheeked youths. From fifty to seventy-five boys, ranging between ten and twenty years of age, and hailing from half the states of the Union, have their quarters here, spending the summer months in boating, rowing, swimming, and picnicking. They are

under the charge of tutors who keep them in strict discipline. No one is allowed to go on to the main land without permission, and each boy cares for his own boat, his clothes, and cooks his own food. It is a grand thing for the boys, I am sure. The camp is under the auspices of the Episcopal church. Prof. E. W. Balch is the principal tutor.

F. M. C.

The sixth colony were Angles under Ida. They came in the year 547, and took possession of the country between the Tweed and Forth in Scotland. This fact will account for the affinity of the Lowland Scotch and English, as well as for the radical difference between the dialects of the Lowlanders and the Highlanders. The last were remnants of the old Celtic population of the island.

Prior to the year 600 the history of the Saxons in England is uncertain, colored by poetry and mythology. From the first entrance of the Saxons into England, A. D. 449, till A. D. 587, eight separate kingdoms called the octarchy were set up,-one Jute, three Saxon, and four Angle. The West Saxons, after long intestine wars, subjugated the other kingdoms and maintained their supremacy, with the brief interruption of 26 years of Danish sway from 1016 to 1042, under Canute and his two sons, till the Norman conquest in 1066. The language remained unsubdued, and was spoken by the subjected people till the middle of the thirteenth century.

Local names are usually compounds, the separate elements being descriptive of the place, and the most important word usually comes last in order. Such terminatons as tun, wic, ham, thorp, berg, Clif, cot, feld, and ford are quite common, as Stantun, stone town or enclosure; Sand-wic, Sandwich or sand village. The term "wic" is supposed to be associated with. "vicus" in Latin and drzos in Greek, which, with the primitive digamma

prefixed, becomes lotzos, which easily passes into "vicus," and that abbreviated becomes "vie," "wic," or "wich,” which terminates many local names, as Woolwich, Norwich, Greenwich, Alnwich, from annick, Harwich, from harridge, Keswich, from kezzick, Dulwich, from dullitch. Ham, German hein, English "home," appears in many names of places, as Hampton, Buckingham, Stone-ham, and the abbreviated forms Barrum, Putnam, and Chetum for Barnham, Puttenham, and Chetham. The termination is common in Germany, as "heim," "hem," and "um," Oppen-heim, Arn-hem, and Hus-um.

"In Ford, in Ham, in Ley, and Ton, The most of English surnames run." To this distitch Mr. Lower adds the following:

"Ing. Hurst, and Wood, Wich, Stead, and Field, Full many English surnames yield."

"Tun," ton or town, meaning enclosure, or, in the American sense, a location, shows at sight the local history of many a settlement, as Clayton, New-ton, Hil-ton, Nor-ton= Northtown, Sut-ton Southtown, Milton-Middletown.

The state of New Hampshire has several towns named from their earliest settlers, -as Sanborn-ton (Sandbourne, originally, meaning sand boundary, a place of residence), and Gilman-ton, Gilman being the man of the "Gill," a rivulet or ravine.

Many places derive their names from the animals that had their homes or lairs in them,-as Oxley and Oxen