and fame of their first hero. He received divine honors. The day on which Tuisco was specially honored was named Tuesday, and the people who paid him divine honors were called "Teutones," whence we obtain the modern words Teutsch and Dutch, Teutonic and Germanic; therefore are the sacred and military names of the same people both derived from heroes.

The same race are sometimes called Goths. This word means brave or good in war, as among all early nations valor is equivalent to goodness. The bravest fighter was the best man: so among our ancestors Goth, Gott, God, and good are but one and the same word differently spelled. When applied to a deity, a tribe or nation, it meant brave or fierce, not kind or beneficent, as in modern use. It was a title of Odin, or Woden, the bloody warrior of the North, who swept over nations from the Indus to the Northern ocean like a hyperborean tempest, and was literally the god of hosts. From him the fourth day of our week is named Wednesday or "Woden's day."

It has been said by an eminent critic that "Odin or Woden, the former Scandinavian in its origin, from the Norse odr,' the latter Germanic, from wod,' raging, mad, wODE, denotes one possessed with fury." The Scandinavian Odin and the German Woden were the same god, whose name indicates his character. The Goths, or braves, were divided into Ostro-Goths and Visi-Goths, or Eastern and Western Goths. The Westro- or Visi-Goths, in the early part of the fifth century, under Alaric or Al-ric, all rich," or very rich, enter

66

ed Italy and pillaged Rome. In their subsequent conquests they formed a union with the Vandals, who are commonly supposed to be a Gothic tribe deriving their name from the Teutonic word "wenden," to turn or wander, denoting a collection of roving tribes or wanderers like the Asiatic Nomads. Dr. Latham thinks the word Vandal is the same as Wend, which is the German name for Slavonian. Carlyle speaks of the northern Baltic countries being vacated by the Goths and occupied by immigrating Sclaves called Vandals or Wends in the fourth century, and adds, the word “slave,” in all our Western languages, means captured Sclavonian.

The Vandals, under Genseric, Gansric, "wholly rich," conquered Mauritania in 429. In their victorious march into Africa they conquered Spain, and named the province assigned to them from themselves Vandalitia, which in process of time was softened into Andalusia.

The etymological history of European names of places and of men points directly to the peculiarities of both. Our ancestors were warlike: their national, local, and individual names show it. The Greeks gave the general appellation of Scythian to all the tribes north of the Black sea. Some suppose this to have been a Teutonic word assumed by themselves, and borrowed by the Greeks from the verb schütten," to shoot, because they were expert bowmen. The word Saxon is supposed to be affiliated with the primitive "seax," a sword, because the Saxons were good swords

which they wielded with great dexterity, as the sea-kings, their bold descendants, hurl a harpoon.

The Celts, who immediately preceded the conquering Goths in the west of Europe, show a different taste in their civil and geographical nomenclature. Klipstein observes,-"The Keltae, Keltici, or Celta Celtici, AArai, Faházas, Galli, Galatæ, the Kelts or Celts, Gauls, Gaels, and Galatians may all be considered one and the same people under different branches and relations. It may be as well to observe that the Greeks termed the Roman Gallia Galatia, from the Keltic name Galtachd, or Gaeltachd, the land or country of the Gauls or Gaëls, and sometimes to distinguish it from the kingdom of Galatia, founded at a later day by the same people in Phrygia and called Keltikê and Kelto-Galatia. The origin of all these terms is found in the word ceilt' or ceiltach,' signifying inhabitant of a forest,' and Galtachd or Gaeltachd itself would therefore denote a forest country, 'ceil,' 'gaël,' 'gall,' meaning a forest.”

How remote in time and culture were these wild woodsmen from their descendants, the polished Parisians! The earliest inhabitants of Great Britain were Celts. The Highland Scotch, the primitive Irish, and the Welsh are supposed to be their descendants. The whole country bears traces of their Occupancy in the existing names of places. The earliest known name of the island, Albion, is derived from the Celtic" alb," white, and "in" or "innis," an island. Pliny says,"Albion sic dicta ab albis rupibus quas mare alluit." Britain is sup

66

posed to be derived from the name of a Celtic king, "Prydain, the son of Aedd the Great." Others give Brit-daoine," painted people, or "Bruit-tan," tin-land. Caledonia, by Klipstein, is derived from the Celtic Cel-y-ddon, Kelts of the mountain, "tun" or "ddun" being a mountain; and Irene of the Greeks, Hebernia of the Romans, and Ireland of the English, is from "Erin," the west, and "in," an island, meaning the island of the west, which to the native is "sweet Erin."

66

The Celts and Romans, who successively inhabited England, have left but few traces of their residence there except monuments and names of places. England was named Angleland from the Angles, who probably were the most numerous of the six different colonies of Germans that settled in Britain between A. D. 449 and 547. The first German invaders, under Hengist and Horsa, who called themselves Jutes, settled and founded the kingdom of Kent. The second invasion, led by Aella, A. D. 477, was made by Saxons, who established the little kingdom of Sussex or South Saxons. The third invasion, under Cerdic, A. D. 495, was made by Saxons. They founded the kingdom of Wessex, or the West Saxons, on the coast of Hampshire. In the year 530 another horde of Saxons landed in Essex, the home of the East Saxons. The date of the fifth settlement is not known. The invaders were Angles, and occupied Norfolk and Suffolk,that is, North folk and South folk, or people.

[To be continued.]

The smell of new-mown hay is in the air, and the music of whetting scythe. Who that was born and bred in the country does not remember the exhilarating boy pleasures of haying, with its prized freedom from the detested school-books and tasks, with its delicious draughts of home-brewed beer and the exhaustless supplies of good things from mother's exquisite larder? How cool the damp grass feels to our bare feet as we spread the green swaths! Load-making on the ox-rack, and storing away in the mow of the old barn-who shall tell the joys thereof?

And what have we here? A ground sparrow's nest with two fledgelings. We shall remember this so as to visit it at more leisure, and we shall remember, too, that hornet's nest when we come to rake.

Daniel Webster, who was once a New Hampshire farmer boy and worked at haying on one of these hill farms, said a scythe always hung to suit him when it hung in a tree. Pity Daniel never lived to see his way to become practically adopted by the agricultural world at large.

Under the old style all hands had to be in the field by four o'clock and mow till seven, without a particle of food. Men were reckoned for hardihood of physical endurance.

The

demijohn stood under a tree, and from frequent reference to it the "hands" would become noisy and quarrelsome. Then it took a half dozen stout men a month to cut a large farm. Now one man and a boy will do the same work in a week on

nothing stronger than iced coffee. The unadulterated Yankee is passing away, and with him his crude habits of toil. Once in a great while we meet with an old-fashioned fellow, way back under the hills, who has not heard of the improved means of agriculture, or having heard of them, disbelieves in them, and jogs along at the old pace with hook and loafer, hauling his last load in on the snow. These are few. They have outlived their generation and their usefulness.

But it is thickening up in the west, and to-morrow will be foul weather. All hands can go a-fishing. Early in the morning the angle-worms are secured, the bay mare hitched to the lumbering farm wagon, pipes are loaded and lighted, the luncheon pail, the fishing tackle, which includes a suspicious looking jug done up in a blanket and hidden under the seat (that was the time of the vigorous enforcement of the Maine law), are put aboard, and we are off for Bennett's

Bridge and the famous fishing grounds. At the pond we get plenty of mosquito bites, but no fish bites. After waiting in vain for nibbles, and gesticulating frantically at the mosquitoes, during which time we may have used some unnecessary expletives, our patience is finally spent, and we unanimously vote it dull music, except the experienced Nimrod of the party, whose waiting power is composed of sterner stuff. He sticks to the boat: the rest adjourn to the shore, leaving old Piscator at his task, who, truth to tell, had wondrous good luck after we left him,

and pulled in a nice string of pickerel that was fair to see, and eat, too. Pluck will win, even at the end of an old fish-pole. Thus ended the fishing excursion. All wet outside-oh, my how it did rain-and probably some of us something so innerly. Shades of Izaak Walton! Are such the real joys of angling you have beguiled us with so many hours?

Bright visions of hunting fourleaved clover with the farmer's redcheeked daughter, who, as we recollect, could do her share of raking hay, loom up in the memory. It happened, too, on some Sunday when we truants ought to have been at church. I wonder what has become of that little blue-eyed maiden we made love to in those olden summer days? Is she yet single, or did she marry a man for his money and then divorce him?

It was considered lucky to hire at a place where they had plenty to eat, for at some they notoriously skinched the help. Uncle Zeke's was one of the good ones. The old man would bring a panful of doughnuts out into the field. The men would take a doughnut in one hand and drag a loafer with the other. When they came to the barn with hay, Aunt Martha gave them each a piece of mince pie to eat on the way to the field. No time was wasted there, not even in eating. "The idee is, it pays to feed well," he would say with a peculiar wink of the left eye. He did get a "sight" of work out of his help. He was a deacon and a temperance man, swore as deacons do, and drank in the orthodox way. He put into his cellar every fall ten barrels of cider. He did not sell it,

never gave away any. It was an unsolved mystery what became of it, the most reasonable theory being that it leaked into the cellar. He was a great meeting hand-punctual in his pew on Sunday, where he enjoyed a comfortable nap, but he never considered it wicked for his men to mend fence in the afternoon, provided they had attended church.

Your farmer is generally weatherwise, and just enough superstitious to make him interesting. If the cows come to the barn before night, if the moon has a circle around it, if the water boils away in the kettle, if the young robbins twitter in the branches, if the tree-toad or loon halloos, they are, to these credulous people, infallible signs of rain, and all hay fit to be housed is hurriedly got to the barns.

The big day" in haying was when the meadow was cut, especially if you worked in water up to your knees-the early ride over the rough country road while the fresh smell of morning lingered on every green thing around, and the silver web of gossamer glistened by the wayside, the noon lunch eaten in the delicious shade of some tree, the ride home at night on the hay.

How many times have I come from the singing meadows as the dews of night were falling,-albeit we were tired as dogs, wet as drowned rats, and hungry as bears: still those days had their pleasant side. The least eventful life furnishes the most enjoyment after all. And as we look back to the quiet single years, we can almost wish to live that life over anew, and be a barefoot boy again on that little hillside farm.

Civil Engineer Nelson Spofford, of Haverhill, boundary line surveyor on the part of Massachusetts in the present controversy with New Hampshire, is in receipt of valuable and important copies of maps and other documents relative to this subject from the Public Records office of England.

As long ago as 1883 Mr. Spofford made inquiries of Minister Lowell as to the necessary proceedings in order to ascertain what documents might be found on record relative to the settlement of the boundary line controversy in 1741. In reply, Minister Lowell directed him to Mr. B. F. Stevens, of London, as a person every way qualified to render any assistance that might be necessary. Consequently Mr. Stevens was employed to search the records, and he forwarded to Mr. Spofford a list of twenty-five documents and maps relating to this subject, with the cost of copying; and here the matter rested until the Boundary Line Commission was organized, in 1885, when Mr. Spofford was directed to order copies of such documents as might appear to be of the most importance, but owing to delays from various causes these documents have been but recently received.

The list embraces some three hundred pages foolscap of closely written matter, and copies of three maps. Among the documents appear the following:

No. I.

Public Record Office of England. Colonial Correspondence Bd. of Trade New England.

Oreder of the King in Council.
9 April 1740

Indorsed, New England, Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire Order of Council dated April 9th 1740 directing the Board to prepare an Instruction to the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire for settling the Bounds of these Provinces pursuant to a report of the Committee of Council.

At the Court of St. James

the 9th. April 1740
Present

The Kings most Excellant Majesty
in Council

Whereas His Majesty was this day pleased by his order in Council, to signify his approbation of a Report made by the Lords of the Committee in Council

upon the respective Appeales of the Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and NewHampshire for the Determination of the Commissioners-appointed to settle the Boundarys between the said Provinces, and to direct in what manner the said Boundarys should be settled, and also to require the Governor and the respective Councils and Assemblys of the said Provinces to take especial care to carry His Majestys commands thereby signified into due execution as by a copy of the said Order hereto annexed, may more fully appear. And His Majesty being desirous to remove all further pretence for continuing the Disputes which have subsisted for many years between the said Provinces on Account of the said Boundarys, and to prevent any delay in ascertaining the Boundary pursuant to the said order in Council, Doth Hereby Order that the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations do prepare the Draught of such an instruction as they shall conceive proper to be sent to the Governor of those Provinces, for enforcing the due execution of the said order and requiring him in the strongest terms