222. 28. Overseers. Since 1865 the Overseers have been chosen on Commencement Day by a vote of all holders of degrees from Harvard College, except members of the Corporation and officers of government and instruction. No Bachelor of Arts may vote till five years after graduation. — Idem, 308-10.

228. 25. Apprehension. Before Lincoln's inauguration the press was full of threats of secession, revolution, plots to seize Washington, to prevent the count of electoral votes and the inauguration of the President. As a consequence of rumors of attempted assassination, he suddenly gave up his public progress eastward, and went secretly through Baltimore to Washington. Delegates of the States in insurrection were occupied at Montgomery, Ala., organizing a government openly pledged to rebellion.

For an interesting account of the changes made in the inaugural while it was in preparation, see pp. 319–23, III, Nicolay & Hay. For comparative text, see idem, pp. 327-44.

245. 19. bloody campaigns. Grant was on his offensive campaign against the Army of Northern Virginia under Lee. The battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania belong to this campaign. . Over 39,000 men were lost in thirty days. Sherman was making his March to the Sea.

The P. B. K. was founded at

254. 15. Society was planted. William and Mary College, Virginia, in 1776.

255. II. Harry Vane. (1612-62.) English Puritan statesman and patriot. Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony 1636-37; failed of re-election because he sided with Anne Hutchinson, who was banished from Massachusetts in 1637 for her religious ideas; during Commonwealth was with Parliamentary forces, but spoke his mind freely as champion of pure parliamentary government; in 1656 was imprisoned four months for attacking in print Cromwell's Protectorate; in 1660, at the Restoration, exempted from Act of Oblivion and executed as a traitor.

255. 25. Somers (John, Baron Somers, 1652–1716). Statesman and jurist. Addison (Freeholder, May 4, 1716) declared him not more conspicuous as a patriot and a statesman than as a person of universal knowledge and learning. Carnot (Lazare Nicholas Marguerite, 1753– 1823), French politician and military leader. His activity, spirit, and power of organization contributed largely to the success of the French Revolution.

256. 10. Charles Chauncy. Minister of the First Church of Boston. He combated the proposed establishment of the Episcopacy in the Colonies.

258. 22. Long Parliament. Sir Harry Vane, the younger (16121662) leader of the Long Parliament, and opposed to Cromwell, brought forward a bill in 1650 to provide for future elections to Parliament. He wished to reform the franchise on a property basis, to disfranchise certain boroughs, and to give increased representation to the large towns. Cromwell desired supremacy of representation for the army. Cromwell forcibly dissolved Parliament, May 20, 1650.

260. 7. Robert Lowe. (Viscount of Sherbrooke, 1811–92.) Liberal English politician, who on the question of extending the franchise in 1866 voted with the Conservatives.

261. II. Governor Marcy. (William Learned, 1786-1857.) Governor of New York, 1833–38; Secretary of State, 1853-57.

261. 16. Romilly. (Sir Samuel, 1757-1818.) At the age of fifty he began to devote himself to the repeal of the penal laws. His plans were not realized in his lifetime.

262. 1. Theodore Parker. (1810-60.) Beginning as a Unitarian minister, he became the leader of an independent naturalistic society in Boston. He was prominent in the cause of anti-slavery, and was a lecturer and author.

262. 5. Edwin Whipple. (Edwin Perry, b. Gloucester, Mass., 1819; d. Boston, 1886.) Critic, essayist, lecturer, abolitionist.

262. 8. treatises on free printing. Phillips was thinking of the Areopagitica of Milton, Williams's tract of 1646, The Bloody Tenet, Locke's essay against renewing the press licensing act of Charles I, and Mill on Liberty.

262. II. Selden. (John, 1584-1654.)

English jurist, antiquary,

and author. Best known for his Table-Talk, pub. 1689.

262. 14. Bancroft. (George, b. Worcester, Mass., 1800; d. Washington, 1891.) His History of the United States, 10 vols., was in course of publication from 1834-74. He was Minister to Great Britain, 1846– 49; to Berlin, 1867–74.

66

262. 25. Wycliffe. (John, circa 1324-84). This English religious reformer, called The Morning Star of the days wrote fearlessly against papal claims. translation of the Bible into English.

Reformation," in his last He made the first complete

262. 27-29. Luther, Melancthon, Erasmus. Luther (Martin, 1483– 1586). His translation of the Bible permanently established the literary language of Germany. Melancthon (Philipp, 1497–1560). German religious reformer. Collaborator with Luther. Erasmus (Desiderius, 1465-1536). Dutch scholar and satirist. He aimed to reform, without dismembering, the Roman Catholic Church.

263. 12. Professor Pierce (Benjamin, 1809-1880). University Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, 1833-42, Perkins

Professor of Astronomy and Mathematics, Harvard University, 1842-80.

263. 18. Agassiz (Jean Louis Rodolphe, 1807-73). Swiss-American naturalist, geologist and ichthyologist. Professor of Zoology and Geology, Harvard University, from 1848 till his death.

263. 20. Scire . . . est. "To know where you may find anything is the chief part of knowledge."

264. 9. Niebuhr. (Barthold Georg, 1776–1831.) Danish-German historian, philologist and critic. Lecturer at the Universities of Berlin and Bonn. Prussian ambassador at Rome, 1816-23. His History of

Rome, 3 vols., 1811-32, revolutionized study of his subject.

264. 24. Fremont campaign of 1856. (John Charles Fremont, 1813-90.) Fremont was nominated for President by the Republican Party and the National American Party in 1856. The educative character of his campaign is indicated by his motto, "Free soil, free speech, freedom, and Fremont."

Edward Everett.

264. 24. first of American scholars. 264. 30. Lansdowne and Brougham. Henry Petty Fitzmaurice, third Marquis of Lansdowne (1780-1863). He held high political offices during the first half of the last century. Henry Peter Brougham, Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778–1868). Statesman, orator, jurist, scientist. Lord Chancellor, 1830-34.

264. 33. Prescott (William H., b. Salem, 1796; d. Boston, 1859). In spite of being almost blind he wrote a number of histories, especially The Conquest of Mexico, 1843, and The Conquest of Peru, 1847.

267. 10. letter to The London Times. John Lothrop Motley was living in London when the Civil War broke out. He felt the ignorance and prejudice of England so strongly that he wrote (1861) two long letters to the London Times, in which he attempted to make clear to Englishmen and to Europe the nature and conditions of our complex system of government. These letters did an inestimable service to his country. The more influential letter he called The Causes of the American Civil War. See Life of Motley, O. W. Holmes.

268. 2. triple crown on the Seven Hills. The Pope's tiara or The seven hills of Rome.

crown.

268. 10. Evarts and his committee (William Maxwell, 1818-1901). Lawyer, Senator from New York, 1885-91, Secretary of State under President Hayes. He was chairman of "The Committee of the Bar Association" during the campaign against the Tweed Ring in New York City in 1870-71.

268. 17. Credit-Mobilier. This banking corporation, chartered in 1863, reorganized in 1867 with increased capital, and undertook the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad, built largely with Government

aid. In 1872 there was scandal because it became known that some senators and representatives secretly possessed stock in the organization. 268. 27. That unrivalled scholar. Edward Everett. See Life of Garrison, by his sons, I., 64.

269. 8. consols. British 3% consolidated annuities. A large number of public securities, chiefly annuities, were consolidated in 1751 by Act of Parliament; hence the abbreviated title "consols."

269. 11-12. dare call themselves Whigs. Whigs are members of the Liberal Party in Great Britain. During the popularity of Lord Beaconsfield, Mr. Gladstone, in opposition, was rather hesitatingly supported by men of his own party.

270. 1. Humboldt (Alexander von, 1769–1859). German scientist and explorer. His greatest scientific work, Kosmos, appeared in 1845-58.

271. 10. Wilberforce (William, 1759-1833). English bishop and statesman, who, with Pitt and Clarkson, agitated the Slavery question. In 1792 he carried the House of Commons measure for the gradual abolition of Slavery, thrown out in the House of Lords. Clarkson (Thomas, 1760-1846). English abolitionist, pamphleteer, and agitator. He wrote a History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Rowland Hill (1795-1879). Author of the Penny postal system. He published in 1837 a pamphlet entitled, Post Office Reform. Its Importance and Practicability. Romilly. See note on 261, 16, p. 451. Cobden (Richard, 1804-65). Advocate of Free Trade and of peace. Chief supporter of Anti-Corn League. John Bright (1811-1889) Liberal leader and orator. Agitator in Anti-Corn Law League.

272. 15. Pierpont . . . class-book (John, 1785-1866). Unitarian clergyman, poet, advocate of temperance, anti-slavery ideas, and other reforms. He published The American First Class-Book, or, Exercises in Reading and Recitation. His ideas on temperance and slavery involved him in a long controversy with some of his congregation.

272. 16. Everett ... States. In behalf of the purchase of Mt. Vernon, Edward Everett gave his oration on Washington 122 times between March 19, 1856, and January, 1859, with a result of $58,000 for the fund.

272. 24. earthquake scholar. R. W. Emerson.

272. 34-35. Rantoul (Robert, b. Beverly, Mass., 1805; d. Washington, 1852). Senator from Massachusetts, 1851. Opponent of slavery. Beccaria (Cesare Bonesano, 1738-1794). Italian economist and professor in Milan. One of the earliest opponents of the death penalty. Livingston (Edward, 1764-1836). American statesman and jurist. Senator from N.Y., 1829–31. Secretary of State, 1831-33. Prepared Code of Criminal Law and Procedure. Mackintosh (Sir James, 1765

1832). Scotch statesman, who after the death of Romilly labored to amend the criminal law.

275. 31. Sydney Smith (1771-1845). English clergyman. Founder and first editor of the Edinburgh Review. Brilliant critic, author and wit. Vigorous advocate of Catholic Emancipation and Parliamentary Reform.

276. 4. Bentham's (Jeremy, 1748-1832). English lawyer and philosopher. In later life devoted himself to literary and historical pursuits. Author of Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.

276. 28. the Bill for Ireland. In 1881 Gladstone carried through Parliament the Irish Land Act, which for the first time secured to the tenant remuneration for his own industry.

278. I. Lieber (Francis, 1800-1872). In 1819 and 1824 he was imprisoned by the Prussian authorities for his political sentiments, the chief evidence against him being several songs of liberty which he had written. He removed to the United States in 1827. Professor of Political Economy in Columbia University, 1857-72.

279. 5. Macchiavelli's sorry picture (Niccolo, 1469-1527). Italian statesman and diplomat. In his later life he devoted himself to writing novels and dramas treating of political subjects. His Prince, in which he considers the characteristics of a ruler, is his most famous book. "He was color-blind to morality. Few men even of his own epoch held such cynical, disagreeable and vulgar views of humanity."

279. 14. commonwealth which adopts the motto. See note on 201, 9-10, p. 449.

280. 4. Arnold (Matthew, 1822-1888). The English critic and poet. Professor of Poetry at Oxford, 1857.

280. 17. Beckford (William, 1760-1844). English writer. His Vathek, 1784, contains the description of a " Hall of Eblis."

281. 10. Richter (Jean Paul Friedrich, 1763-1825). German writer, known especially for his Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces.

281. 14. Fisher Ames (b. Dedham, Mass., 1758; d. 1808). Orator and statesman. Member of Congress, 1789-1797.

281. 27. John Jays (1745-1829). Jurist and statesman. Member of Congress, 1774-1779. Minister to Spain, 1780-82. Special minister to Great Britain, 1784-85. He conducted negotiations for Jay's Treaty, which finally settled many differences between the United States and Great Britain.

283 26. Seekonk. A river which meets Narragansett Bay about a mile from Brown University.

283. 29. of Barton and of Whipple. Lieut.-Col. William Barton, of the R.I. militia, with forty men in five whale-boats, pulled through the British fleet at Newport without being discovered, and captured the