P. M. on Friday night the advance reached Vienna, and at 2 o'clock on the next morning the rear guard arrived. Here a railroad bridge was burned, and the depot and station house. Private property for the first time was here respected. At Vienna, the force of the enemy was divided into two columns, one of which marched north and the other started in the direction of Madison. The advance of the column marching north, appeared before Old Vernon, in Jennings county, on Saturday, at 6 P. M., the 11th of July. The place was held by a force under Gen. Love or Col. Barkham. A surrender was demanded by Gen. Morgan and refused. A half hour was then given for the removal of women and children. At the expiration of that time the Union force moved out to meet the enemy, and found that they had retired. Pursuit was made and a number captured. From Vernon they moved southward and tore up the track of the Madison and Indianapolis railroad, and cut the telegraph wires. They also destroyed a portion of the Ohio and Mississippi railroad west of Vernon. Thence the enemy moved eastward, and reached Versailles at 1 P. M. on Sunday. A party of sixtythree advanced to Osgood, and burned the bridge on the Ohio and Mississippi railroad. The enemy now moved in several parties. A large body encamped ten miles northwest of Aurora, on Sunday night, and proceeded thence to Harrison. Another portion crossed the Indianapolis and Cincinnati railroad, between Sunman and Van Wedden's stations, and passed on to Harrison on Monday. A large force crossed the same road at Harman's, and proceeded to the Ohio State line. At Van Wedden's the water tank and part of the track were destroyed. Horses were taken in all places, and those broken down left behind. During Monday, the 13th, the enemy continued moving eastward. In the evening, one division crossed the Coleraine turnpike just beyond the ten-mile post from Cincinnati, and thence advanced through Glendale and Springdale. A detachment went by the way of Camp Monroe, where the Government had been keeping large numbers of horses and mules for the use of the army. These had been removed only a few hours previous. A halt of a few hours was made near Glendale, and the march was then continued through Sharon and Reading to Montgomery. The inhabitants everywhere were required to furnish provisions. From Montgomery the enemy crossed to Miamiville. A body also crossed the Little Miami railroad at Dangerous Crossing, between Miamiville and Branch Hill. At this spot they placed some ties and rails across the track near a declivity, and as the train from Morrow came down, about a quarter past 7 A. M., the locomotive was thrown from the track, the fireman killed, and the engineer badly bruised. In a few minutes the enemy came out of the woods and fields, and made prisoners of about two hundred recruits who were on the train. While

the cars were burning they were paroled. Some skirmishing took place during the day. Arrangements were now made by means of gunboats to cut off the retreat of the enemy across the river, if they should attempt it. Forces were also gathering to stop the progress of Gen. Morgan, and his movements became more rapid. On Tuesday afternoon, the 14th, he reached Williamsburg, east of Batavia, in Clermont county, and near the line of Brown county. On Wednesday, he passed through Brown county, and, on Thursday morning at 9 A. M., through the town of Sardinia, sixteen miles southwest of Hillsboro, the capital of Highland county. At noon he was at Winchester, southeast of Hillsboro, and forced the citizens to prepare a dinner for his men. Afterward he moved to Piketown, which surrendered without opposition. Very little depredation was done except taking horses and provisions. Burning the bridge over the Scioto, he next moved toward Jackson, where he arrived in the evening, and remained until joined by his whole force. Thence he started for the Ohio river near Pomeroy.

In the mean time, Gen. Hobson, who arrived at the Ohio river in pursuit as the last of the enemy's force had crossed, sent the steamer McCombs to Louisville, to obtain other boats to aid in crossing. By night, quite a fleet had arrived, and the force was taken over before morning. Pursuit was immediately commenced on Wednesday. The command was fed by the inhabitants of the towns, but as Gen. Morgan had swept the horses from both sides of the road, and left only those which were broken down, the advantage was greatly in his favor. The men whose horses failed, pressed forward on foot until they could obtain others. Day after day passed, but still the enemy kept about the same distance ahead. For nearly twenty days and a distance of nearly seven hundred miles, this pursuit continued day and night, before the foe was reached. The local force of Indiana which was sent against Gen. Morgan, came no farther than the borders of the State. The first attempt to check his advance was made when he reached Piketon. A considerable force was at this time at Chillicothe, north of the latter place, and Col. Runkle, in command, planned to move over the Marietta railroad to Hampden, and then to Jackson, in advance of Gen. Morgan.

It was now manifest that the enemy aimed to reach the Ohio river at Gallipolis or Pomeroy. The inhabitants commenced cutting trees, which fell across the roads and delayed his progress. The militia in the adjoining counties rushed to arms. At the same time, the forces of Gen. Morgan had been constantly diminishing, by the exhaustion of some and the capture of others, until scarcely a fourth remained. These were harassed now at every step. Notwithstanding several skirmishes, they reached the river, and attempted to cross at Buffington island, near Pomeroy, but were driven back by

the gunboats. Gen. Hobson had thus overtaken him, and a large portion of the force was captured, on the 21st, near Kyger's Creek. Gen. Morgan and about five hundred, however, escaped, and were not captured until the 26th, about three miles south of New Lisbon, near Wellsville, where he hoped to cross the river. Gen. Shackelford immediately sent to Gen. Burnside's headquarters the following despatch:

HEADQUARTERS IN THE FIELD, Three miles south of New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26th, 1863. To Col. Lewis Richmond, A. A. G.:

By the blessing of Almighty God I have succeeded in capturing Gen. John H. Morgan, Col. Chike, and the remainder of the command, amounting to about four hundred prisoners. I will start with Morgan and staff on the first train for Cincinnati, and await the General's order for transportation for the remainder. J. M. SHACKELFORD, Col. Commanding.

At

Ir may not be out of place here to state the measures which were adopted to provide and maintain the vast military forces on each side. The acts of the Richmond Congress, passed in 1862, authorized Mr. Davis to call into the military service all white residents of the Confederate States between eighteen and forty-five, except exempts, or such part of them as in his judgment might not be necessary for the public defence. Under this authority all those between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five, forming the first class, were called into the field in 1862. The enrolment of the second class, between thirty-five and forty-five, was also completed, and a portion of the troops called out. the close of 1862 the Confederate armies were larger than at any previous or subsequent period. This force was subsequently reduced by desertions during the winter, and by the withdrawal from service of many of the Maryland and Kentucky volunteers, whose terms had expired, and who were regarded as exempts. The force was considered to be sufficient to resist the advance of the Federal troops, until the march of Gen. Grant to the rear of Vicksburg demonstrated its weakness. At this time the relative physical abilities of the two antagonists were distinctly shown, for while the North reenforced Gen. Grant with ease to the extent he deemed necessary, the South were unable to reenforce Gen. Johnston sufficiently to enable him to threaten Gen. Grant. The resources of the States west of the Mississippi were cut off from the Confederacy, and besides the forces of Gens. Lee, Beauregard, and Bragg, and the detachments at important points, sufficient troops were not to be had to save Vicksburg. The defeat of Gen. Lee at Gettysburg, and the subsequent falling back of Gen. Bragg from Middle Tennessee, required the most active efforts to recruit the Confederate armies in order to maintain their positions. The first of ficial act of the government to obtain more soldiers consisted in a proclamation issued July 15th, 1863, of which the following is an extract:

Now, therefore, I, Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America, do, by virtue of the power vested in me as aforesaid, call out and place in the military service of the Confederate States all white men residents of said States, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, not legally exempted from military service; and I do hereby order and direct that all persons subject to this call and not now in the military service, do, upon being enrolled, forthwith repair to the conscript camps established in the respective States of which they may be resi dents, under pain of being held and punished as deserters, in the event of their failure to obey this call, as provided in said laws.

It was estimated that the number which this conscription would bring out would be as follows: Alabama, 10,393 | Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee,

Arkansas, Mississippi,

12,230 Mississippi,

14,000 South Carolina,

6,000 Virginia,

5,000 | Louisiana, 9,000 Texas,

1.200

9,000

6,500

18,000

27,000 That por

The total estimate was 104,323. tion to be contributed by the States partly in possession of the Federal forces cannot be considered otherwise than as over-estimated. Some of the number liable had also gone voluntarily to the field, which would make the estimate about 75,000 men.

A report of the Conscript Bureau presented to Congress estimated the number of exempts in the four States under its charge as follows: Virginia, 20,370; North Carolina, 22,807; South Carolina, 5,814; Georgia, 15,887-total, 65,031. It was further estimated that the number of substitutes put into the army was from 20,000 to 25,000; and that, in addition, there were over 10,000 fraudulent substitute papers held by persons not in the service. According to some of the estimates of the press, only about 90,000 persons remained in the States entirely under Confederate control, who would be liable to conscription, under the above proclamation of July 15th.

The great source of weakness to the army was desertion, straggling, and absenteeism. So large was the number of those thus absent, that a half or three-fourths of them, added to the forces in the field, were estimated to be sufficient to give success at all points. As a measure toward effecting their return to the service, Jefferson Davis, on the 1st of August, issued an earnest appeal to them:

I call on you, then, my countrymen, to hasten to your camps, in obedience to the dictates of honor and of duty, and summon those who have absented themselves without leave, who have remained absent beyond the period allowed by their furloughs, to repair without delay to their respective commands, and I do hereby declare that I grant a general pardon and amnesty to all officers and men within the Confederacy, not absent without leave, who shall, with the least possible delay, return to their proper posts of duty; but no excuse will be received for any delay beyond twenty days after the first publication of this proclamation in the State in which the absentee may be at the date of the publication. This amnesty and pardon shall extend to all who have been accused, or who have been convicted and are undergoing sentence for absence without leave or desertion, excepting only

those who have been twice convicted of desertion. Finally, I conjure my countrywomen-the wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters, of the Confederacy to use their all-powerful influence in aid of this call, to add one crowning sacrifice to that which their pa triotism has so freely and constantly afforded on their country's altar, and to take care that none who owe service in the field shall be sheltered at home from the disgrace of having deserted their duty to their families, to their country, and to their God. Given under my hand, and the seal of the Confederate States, at Richmond, this 1st day of August, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.

[SEAL.]

JEFFERSON DAVIS.

No bounties appear to have been paid to volunteers after the passage of the conscription act, in 1862. Nor were any efforts made to fill up the quotas of States by contributions to volunteers, as was done in the Northern States. Under the depreciation of the currency, the pay of the soldiers sunk to an insignificant sum; and, to prevent local disturbances, measures were taken in the several States to provide for their destitute families.

At the session of Congress at the close of 1863, an act was introduced which declared every man between the ages of eighteen and fifty-five to be in the military service for the war. Thus every one between these ages was made subject at once to the articles of war, to military discipline, and military penalties; and, upon failure to report for duty at a military station within a certain time, he was liable to the penalty of death as a deserter.

For the supply of the army a commissary agent was appointed for each county, or one for two or three counties, who was charged with the duty of purchasing and impressing supplies in his territory for the use of the army.

The report of the Secretary of War, made near the close of the year, alluded to desertion, straggling, and absenteeism, and said that the effective force of the army was but little over one-half or two-thirds of the men whose names

were on the muster rolls. He recommended the repeal of the substitute and exemptive provisions, and that all having substitutes be put back into the field, and stated that the privileges which Congress granted, to put in substitutes, could be regularly and constitutionally abrogated by the same power.

On January 1st, 1863, the army of the United States, comprising the regular troops, and the volunteers obtained under the various calls made by the President since the commencement of the war, numbered probably between Of the whole num600,000 and 700,000 men.

ber of men voluntarily raised to that date no precise statement can be afforded, the information furnished by some of the reports being so obscure that it is difficult to decide to which

class of service (that of the individual States or of the General Government), the troops furnished belonged.

The troops actually in service at the close of 1862, comprising three years', two years', twelve months', nine months' men and regulars, represented organizations amounting originally to an aggregate of 1,200,000; but among these the casualties of the field, diseases of the camp, discharges for physical disability, and desertions, had made fearful inroads, some regiments having within a year of their enlistment been reduced to less than the strength of a couple of full companies. As an illustration at once of the bravery of the troops and of the rate at which the army is depleted,, Gen. Meade stated in reply to an address of welcome from the mayor of Philadelphia, that from March, 1862, when the Army of the Potomac left its lines in front of Washington, to the close of 1863, not less than a hundred thousand men in it had been killed and wounded.

In view of the serious loss of disciplined troops which would be caused by the return home of the two years', twelve months', and nine months' regiments, comprising an aggregate of about 65,000 men, whose terms of enlistment would expire during the summer and autumn of 1863, the Government early in the year took measures to obtain the passage of an Enrolment and Conscription Act, authorizing the President to recruit the army when necessary, by drafting from the able-bodied male citizens of the country between the ages of twenty and forty-five.

The conscription act became a law on March 3d; in the succeeding May and June the enrolment was effected in most of the States, and early in the former month a draft of 300,000 men was ordered, the conscription commencing in the several districts into which the country was divided by the provost marshal general and his assistants, as soon as the enrolment was completed and the quota in each assigned.

For making the draft, one-fifth of the number of men enrolled in the first class was adopted as the quota of a district. The main object was to apportion the number among the States, so that those previously furnished and those to be furnished would make a given part of their

available men, and not a given part of their population; and a sufficient percentage was called for to make a given number. In consequence of thus basing the calls for men, those States which contained more females than males were really charged with a greater quota than those in which there was an excess of males. Some of the Western States with quotas nearly the same as some of the Eastern, not only furnished their quotas and a large excess besides, but had a larger proportion of males left than Eastern States which had not entirely filled their quotas and were therefore deficient. This deficiency was not probably from unwillingness to answer the call, but from a want of men, while the excess was attributable, in some degree, to the surplus of men. Thus the States to which the largest credits were to be given really had a larger proportion of men remaining than those to which a deficiency was charged.

Of those who were drawn, including the fifty per cent. additional, over eighty per cent. reported in accordance with the orders of the boards. Of all examined, about thirty per cent. were exempted on account of physical disability; another thirty per cent. were exempted under the provisions of the second section of the act above quoted, or found not liable on account of alienage, unsuitableness of age, non-residence, etc. About forty per cent. of the men examined have been held to service; about one-half of these paid the commutation of $300; about two-thirds of the remainder furnished substitutes, and the other third went in person to the field. Thus, if the number drafted is supposed to be 150, then deduct 20 per cent. for those not reported, it becomes 120; then deduct 60 per cent. or 72 for exempts, it becomes 48 who were held for service; then deduct one-half for those who paid commutation, and it becomes 24. Of this number two-thirds (16) furnished substitutes, and the other third (8) went to the field. In this proportion the enrolment of 3,113,305 would have sent into the field 66,043 as conscripts, 132,686 as substitutes-total, 198,129 men.

Indeed several of the Western States were not subjected to the draft on account of an excess of volunteers, and in other Western States the quota was quite small from the same cause. A bounty of $300 was so generally paid by cities, counties, and States, that drafted men could either retain it and go to the field, or purchase a substitute who was not liable to military service. The draft was forcibly resisted in New York, Boston, and other places.

In New York, after several postponements, Col. Nugent, the provost-marshal, was directed to prepare the central office of the acting assistant provost-marshal-general, for the immediate execution of the provisions of the act for enrolling and calling out the national forces. The several deputies received official requisitions direct from the President, calling for specified numbers of men, and were instructed to commence operations on the 11th of July. In compliance with this order Provost Marshal Jenkins, of the ninth

Congressional district of New York, publicly announced through the press, that on Saturday, the 11th, the ballots would be publicly counted at the corner of Forty-sixth street and Third avenue, and that immediately thereafter the wheel would be turned and the draft, begin. Rumors of popular dissatisfaction were heard on every side, trouble was apprehended, and the police were notified to hold themselves in readiness for any emergency. On Saturday morning a large crowd assembled at the appointed place, but as every thing was conducted quietly, systematically, and fairly, no opportu nity for disturbance occurred. The day passed pleasantly, the crowd were in good humor, wellknown names were saluted with cheers, and at night as the superintendent of the police passed out from the office, he remarked that there was no danger to be apprehended; the Rubicon was passed, and all would go well. The names of the conscripts were published by the press of Sunday morning, with incidents, jocular and otherwise, connected with the proceedings. In the neighborhood in which the initial working of the law was attempted, an excitable element of the city's population resided. Very many poor men were, by the turn of the wheel, forced instantly, as it were, from home and comfort, wrested from the support of a needy family, to be sent they knew not whither, unless to the battle field, or, perhaps, to the grave. Such were the apprehensions of many imprudent persons who were liable to the draft, and such their anxieties for the fate of their wives and children, that associations were formed to resist it, at the last alternative, with bloodshed. Some of the inhabitants of the 9th district met in secret places on Sunday, and resolved to resist the further drafting by force, and, if necessary, to proceed to extremity. On the following morning, Monday the 13th, organized parties of men went from yard to yard, from shop to shop, to compel the workmen to leave their labor and join the several processions which were wending their way toward the corner of Third Avenue and Forty-sixth street. Unconscious of impending danger, Captain Jenkins, with his assistants, prepared for the morning's work, and in the presence of a great multitude, many of whom had crowded into the little room, the draft recommenced, a few names were called and registered, when a huge paving stone came crash through the window, and shivered into a thousand pieces the glass, knocked over two or three quiet observers, upset the inkstand on the reporters' table, and astonished somewhat the officials. Hardly had their surprise found expression in words before a second and a third stone was sent straight from the crowd among the officials and reporters behind the railing. As if emboldened by these acts, the crowd developed instantly into a mob, and with frantic yells passionately rushed upon the place, breaking down the doors, throwing helter-skelter the furniture, smashing into fragments the tables and desks, and venting their fury