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and that the emergency in Pennsylvania had passed away. Thus, on this ground, the Governor of New Jersey considered it safe to recall the troops from Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, Gen. Lee was gathering the fruits of the surrender of Winchester, and preparing to move his army across the Potomac. The demonstrations of Gen. Ewell in Pennsylvania having failed to cause the army of Gen. Hooker to leave Virginia, and as it did not seem disposed to advance on Gen. Longstreet, the latter was withdrawn to the west side of the Shenandoah. At the same time the progress of Gen. Ewell rendered it necessary that Gen. Lee should be within supporting distance. As soon therefore as the fords of the Potomac between Harper's Ferry and Williamsport were well seized by his advance, his main body began to move. This was as early as Sunday, the 21st-the day of Gen. Pleasanton's cavalry skirmish. On that day, Gen. Lee issued the following order to his army:

HEADQUARTERS ARMY NORTHERN VIRGINIA, June 21st, 1863. While in the enemy's country, the following regulations for procuring supplies will be strictly observed, and any violation of them promptly and rigorously punished:

I. No private property shall be injured or destroyed by any person belonging to or connected with the army, or taken, except by the officers hereinafter designated.

II. The chiefs of the commissary, quartermaster, ordnance, and medical departments of the army will make requisitions upon the local authorities or inhabitants for the necessary supplies for their respective departments, designating the places and times of delivery. All persons complying with such requisitions will be paid the market price for the articles furnished, if they so desire, and the officer making such payment shall take duplicate receipts for the same, specifying the name of the person paid, and the quantity, kind, and price of the property, one of which receipts shall be at once forwarded to the chief of the department to which such officer is attached.

III. Should the authorities or inhabitants neglect or refuse to comply with such requisitions, the supplies required shall be taken from the nearest inhabitants so refusing, by the order and under the direction of the respective chiefs of the departments named.

IV. When any command is detached from the main body, the chiefs of the several departments of such command will procure supplies for the same, and such other stores as they may be ordered to provide, in the manner and subject to the provisions herein prescribed, reporting their action to the heads of their respective departments, to which they will forward duplicates of all vouchers given or received.

V. All persons who shall decline to receive pay. ment for property furnished on requisitions, and all from whom it shall be necessary to take stores or supplies, shall be furnished by the officer receiving or taking the same with a receipt specifying the kind and quantity of the property received or taken, as the case may be, the name of the person from whom it was received or taken, the command for the use of which it was received or taken, and the market price. A duplicate of said receipt shall be at once forwarded to the chief of the department to which the officer by whom it is executed is attached.

VI. If any person shall remove or conceal property necessary for the use of the army, or attempt to do so, the officers herein before mentioned will cause such property, and all other property belonging to such person, that may be required by the army, to be seized,

and the officer seizing the same will forthwith report to the chief of his department the kind, quantity, and market price of the property so seized, and the name of the owner. Gen. R. E. LEE.

By command of

R. H. CHILTON, A. A. and I. G., Lieut.-Gen. R.'S. EWELL, Com'g 2d Army Corps. The following correspondence, which was intercepted by Gen. Hooker, shows the general plans of Lee at this time:

ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE, RICHMOND, June 28th, 1863. Gen. R. E. Lee, commanding Army Northern Virginia, Winchester, Va.:

GENERAL: While with the President last evening, I received your letter of the 23d instant. After reading it to the President, he was embarrassed to understand that part of it which refers to the plan of assembling an army at Culpepper Court House, under Gen. Beauregard. This is the first intimation that he has had that such a plan was ever in contemplation, and, taking by any possibility be carried into effect. all things into consideration, he cannot see how it can

You will doubtless learn, before this reaches you, that the enemy has again assembled in force on the peninsula, estimated between 20,000 and 30,000 men, from 6,000 to 10,000 of whom are reported to be in the vicinity of White House, and the remainder at Yorktown. It is impossible to say whether the estimated number is correct, as the several accounts vary and are not deemed altogether trustworthy; but the estimate, making due allowance for errors, is quite near enough to satisfy the most incredulous that he is in this vicin ity in sufficient force, in cavalry, artillery, and infan. try, to do much harm, whether his purpose be to make a demonstration on Richmond, or to confine himself to raids in breaking your communications and devastating the country. His efforts in the last case may prove more successful than in the first, if we may judge by what took place at Hanover only two days ago, when about 1,000 or 1,200 of his cavalry suddenly appeared there, and did some execution in breaking the rail road and burning a bridge, some buildings, public stores, &c. It is important that this raid took place only about two days after Gen. Corse's brigade had left there for Gordonsville. Had it remained at Hanover Junction, it is reasonable to suppose that most of the enemy's cavalry would have been either destroyed or captured, and the property saved from injury. Every effort is being made here to be prepared for the enemy at all points, but we must look chiefly to the protec tion of the capital. In doing this we may be obliged to hazard some other points. You can easily estimate our strength, and I suggest for your consideration whether, in this state of things, you might not be able to spare a portion of your force to protect your line of communication against attempted raids by the

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RICHMOND, June 28th, 1863. GENERAL: Yours of the 23d I received this evening, I hasten to reply to the point presented in relation to the forces on the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia. The hopes indulged as to our operations at the time which would intervene between the discharge of the enemy's trained troops and the substitution of them by others have been disappointed by the very error against which it was sought by warning to guard. Grant reached the river, got reenforcements, made intrenchments, and Gen. Johnston continues to call for reenforcements, though his first requisition was more than filled by withdrawing troops from Gens. Beauregard and Bragg. Gen. Bragg is threatened with attack, has fallen back to his intrenched position at Tullahoma, and called on Buckner for aid.

Gen. Beauregard says that no troops have been with

drawn by the enemy from his front since those returned to Newbern, and that his whole force is necessary to cover his line. This being in answer to a proposition to follow a movement of the enemy, said to be to the west, with all his disposable force, pointing him at the same time to the vital importance of holding the Mississippi, and communicating the fear that Vicksburg would fall unless Johnston was strongly and promptly reenforced. D. H. Hill has a small force, part of which has been brought here. Clingman's brigade is near Wilmington, Colquith's at Kingston, Martin's nominal, on the railroad at Weldon, and C. Cook's, Ransom's, and Jenkins's have been brought here; the two last temporarily from the defence of Petersburg and the country thereabout. Wise's brigade is, as you left it, engaged in the defence of Richmond, and serving in the country to the east of the city. The enemy have been reported in large force at the White House, with indications of an advance on Richmond. We are organizing companies for home duties, and the spirit of resistance is increasing. Corse's brigade, in accordance with your orders, has been left at Hanover Junction. All the artillery, I am informed, was taken away, and the single regiment of infantry, which constituted the guard for the bridges, proved unequal to the duty, as you have no doubt learned. Reënforcements were ordered to

up, but some delay occurred, and they arrived too fate to save the bridge or the brave guard which had unsuccessfully defended it. The Yankees, reported to be three regiments of cavalry, returned from the Central road in the direction of Hanover (old town),

and nothing has been heard of them since.

It was stated that Gen. H. F. Lee was captured at the house of Mr. Wickham, but I trust it will prove to be one of the many startling rumors which the newsmongers invent. The advance of your army increases our want of cavalry on the north and east of the city; but except one regiment from North Carolina, I do not know of any which we can expect soon to be available to us. In yours of the 20th you say:

"If any of the brigades I have left behind for the protection of Richmond can, in your opinion, be spared, I should like them to be sent to me." It has

been an effort with me to answer the clamor to have troops stopped or recalled to protect the city and the railroad communications with your army. Corse's brigade has gone, and Wise's is the only other left by you. Cook's was in North Carolina, and Davis's brigade was sent to complete Heth's division in the place of Cook's; and Ransom's and Jenkins's constitute the defences of the south side as far as Weldon, and are relied on for service elsewhere from Wilmington to Richmond.

Gen. Ely is positive that the enemy intend to attack here, and his scouts bring intelligence, which, if I believed it, would render me more anxious for the city than at any former time. I do not believe that the Yankees have such force as is stated, but they have enough to render it necessary to keep some troops within reach, and some at Petersburg, at least until Suffolk is truly evacuated. Do not understand me as balancing accounts in the matter of brigades. I only repeat that I have not any to send you, and enough to form an army to threaten, if not capture Washington, as soon as it is uncovered by Hooker's army. My purpose was to show you that the force here and in North Carolina is very small, and I may add that the brigades are claimed as properly of their command. Our information as to the enemy's intentions may be more full and trustworthy hereafter. It is now materially greater than when you were here.

Very respectfully and truly yours, JEFF. DAVIS. The advance of the Confederate army, which crossed the Potomac, was the corps of Gen. Ewell. It passed from Williamsport to Hagerstown, which was still held by Col. Jenkins,

and at noon, on the 22d, entered Greencastle, Penn., which is on the railroad from Hagerstown to Chambersburg. The distances on this line are as follows: from Hagerstown to Morganstown, 4 miles; to the State line, 5 miles; to Greencastle, 11 miles; to Marion, 16 miles; to Chambersburg, 22 miles. On the 23d, Chambersburg was reoccupied by the Confederate force under Gen. Ewell. Gen. Knipe, who was in command there, as the outpost of the Federal forces under Gen. Couch, collected in the valley, fell back in the direction of Carlisle to the main body.

In order to retain the Federal army on the east side of the mountains after it should enter Maryland, and thus leave open the Confederate communications with the Potomac through Hagerstown and Williamsport, Gen. Lee ordered Gen. Ewell to send a division eastward from Chambersburg to cross the South Mountains.

On the 24th, a detachment from Gen. Ewell's force advanced within twelve miles of Carlisle, on the railroad from Chambersburg to Harrisburg. The distances on that line were as follows: from Chambersburg to Scotland, 5 miles; to Shippensburg, 11 miles; to Oakville, 18 miles; to Carlisle, 34 miles; to Mechanicsburg, 44 miles; to Harrisburg, 52 miles. On the 24th, Gen. Lee crossed the Potomac into Maryland, in the vicinity of Shepherdstown. At the same time, the main body of his army crossed at the fords at Shepherdstown and Williamsport. The movement continued up the Cumberland valley, on the west side of the Catoctin Mountains. The advance was made in two divisions, one by way of the Harrisburg and Chambersburg Railroad toward Harrisburg, and the other from Gettysburg eastward to the Northern Central Railroad from Baltimore to Harrisburg, and thence to York and Lancaster, in Pennsylvania.

On Saturday the 27th, Carlisle, on one line of advance, was occupied at noon, and the advance continued to Kingston, 13 miles from Harrisburg. On the other line of advance, Gettysburg was occupied by a force from Hagerstown on the 26th; and at noon on the 27th, the same force had reached the Northern Central Railroad, at a point between York and Hanover Junction. This was about fifty miles north of Baltimore, and thirty miles south of Harrisburg. The same evening, York was occupied without resistance, and several bridges on the Northern Central Railroad were destroyed. On the 28th, this advance continued to the Susquehanna, opposite Columbia. The bridge across the river here consisted of twenty-eight spans, and was a mile and a quarter in length. It was burned by the order of the officer in command of the Federal force at Columbia-Col. Frick. The Confederate cavalry and artillery were close upon the structure when it was fired. On the same day, the advance from Carlisle approached within four miles of Harrisburg, where some skirmishing took place.

On the previous day, Gen. Lee, at Chambersburg, issued the following order to his army: General Order No 27.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA, CHAMBERSBURG, PA., June 27th, 1863. The Commanding General has observed, with marked satisfaction, the conduct of the troops on the march, and confidently anticipates results commensurate with the high spirit they have manifested. No troops could have displayed greater fortitude, or better performed the arduous marches of the past ten days. Their conduct in other respects has, with few exceptions, been in keeping with their character as soldiers, and entitles them to approbation and praise. There have, however, been instances of forgetful ness, on the part of some, that they have in keeping the yet unsullied reputation of the army, and that the duties exacted of us by civilization and Christianity are not less obligatory in the country of the enemy

than in our own.

The Commanding General considers that no greater disgrace could befall the army, and through it our whole people, than the perpetration of the barbarous outrages upon the innocent and defenceless, and the wanton destruction of private property, that have marked the course of the enemy in our own country. Such proceedings not only disgrace the perpetrators and all connected with them, but are subversive of the discipline and efficiency of the army, and destructive of the ends of our present movement. It must be remembered that we make war only upon armed men, and that we cannot take vengeance for the wrongs our people have suffered, without lowering ourselves in the eyes of all whose abhorrence has been excited by the atrocities of our enemy, and offending against Him to whom vengeance belongeth, without whose favor and support our efforts must all prove in vain.

The Commanding General therefore earnestly exhorts the troops to abstain with most scrupulous care from unnecessary or wanton injury to private prop; erty; and he enjoins upon all officers to arrest and bring to summary punishment all who shall in any way offend against the orders on this subject.

R. E. LEE, General.

On the 28th, the Confederate force at York made a demand on the authorities for $100,000 in United States Treasury notes, 200 barrels of flour, 40,000 pounds of fresh beef, 30,000 bushels of corn, 1,000 pairs of shoes, socks, &c. On that day, also, the enemy captured a train of one hundred and seventy-eight wagons and one thousand mules, between Rockville and Tenallytown, a few miles from Georgetown, D. C. Also a number of Federal officers were captured near Rockville, by a body of Confederate

cavalry which had crossed the Potomac near Seneca, in the rear of Gen. Hooker's army; and at Edwards' Ferry, fifteen barges loaded with government stores were captured and burned by a body of Confederate cavalry. On the same day, this force of cavalry appeared at numerous points in Montgomery County, and seized horses. Some came as near to Washington as Silver Spring, on the Seventh-street road. These were portions of cavalry under Gen. Stuart. On the advance of Gen. Lee, Gen. Stuart was left to guard the passes of the mountains, and to observe the movements of the Federal army, with instructions to harass and impede as much as possible any attempt by it to cross the Potomac. With this view he followed its movements, and advanced as far east as Fairfax Court House. He then crossed the river at Seneca, and marched through Westminster to Carlisle. At this time the army of Gen. Lee was situated as follows: The main body, embracing the corps of Gens. Longstreet and Hill, were at and near Chambersburg, where Gen. Lee also was. The divisions of Gens. Rhodes and Johnson, of Gen. Ewell's corps, were in the vicinity of Carlisle and Harrisburg. The division of Gen. Early, of the same corps, was at York, where it was joined The cavalry, under Col. White, had advanced to on the 27th by the brigade of Gen. Gordon. the Susquehanna.

But the extreme point of the Confederate advance had been reached. On the 28th, orders were issued for both lines of advance of Gen. Ewell's corps to fall back on Gettysburg, to which point Gens. Longstreet and Hill were moving by the Chambersburg turnpike. The reason of this was the approach of the Army of the Potomac. Gen. Lee had made preparations to march upon Harrisburg, but on the night of the 27th information was received by him that the Federal army had crossed the Potomac and was advancing northward, and that the head of the column had reached South Mountain As his communications with the Potomac were thus menaced, he resolved to prevent the further progress of the Federal army in that direction by concentrating his forces on the east side of the mountain.

CHAPTER XXXII.

Position of the Army of the Potomac-Gen. Hooker relieved by Gen. Meade Concentration of the Enemy near Gettysburg-Opening of the Battle-The Battle-Retreat of Gen. Lee-Pursued by Gen. Meade-Cooperating Movements elsewhere-Advance of Gen. Rosecrans in Tennessee against Gen. Bragg-Raid of Gen. John Morgan in Ohio.

On the 22d, the army of Gen. Hooker occupied the line of the Potomac on the Virginia side of the river, up to and beyond Leesburg. At the same time it held all the gaps of the Bull Run range. By Saturday, the 27th, they

had advanced, and lay at and in the vicinity of Frederick, Maryland. On that day, an order was issued by the War Department to Gen. Hooker, to transfer the command of the army to Maj.-Gen. Meade, who commanded the Fifth

corps, and to report himself at Baltimore. On
the next day, Gen. Hooker issued the following
order:

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC,
FREDERICK, MD., June 28th, 1863.
In conformity with the orders of the War Depart-

ment, dated June 27th, 1863, I relinquish the command
of the Army of the Potomac. It is transferred to Maj.-
Gen. George G. Meade, a brave and accomplished offi-
cer, who has nobly earned the confidence and esteem
of the army on many a well-fought field. Impressed
with the belief that my usefulness as the commander
of the Army of the Potomac is impaired, I part from it,
yet not without the deepest emotion. The sorrow of
parting with the comrades of so many battles is re-
lieved by the conviction that the courage and devotion
of this army will never cease nor fail; that it will yield
to my successor, as it has to me, a willing and hearty
support. With the earnest prayer that the triumph of
its arms may bring successes worthy of it and the na-
tion, I bid it farewell.

JOSEPH HOOKER, Maj.-Gen. This order was followed by the subjoined address from Gen. Meade:

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC,
June 28th, 1863.

By direction of the President of the United States I hereby assume command of the Army of the Potomac. As a soldier, in obeying this order, an order totally unexpected and unsolicited, I have no promises or pledges to make. The country looks to this army to relieve it from the devastation and disgrace of a hostile invasion. Whatever fatigues and sacrifices we may be called upon to undergo, let us have in view constantly the magnitude of the interests involved, and let each man determine to do his duty, leaving to an all-controlling Providence the decision of the contest. It is with just diffidence that I relieve, in the command of this army, an eminent and accomplished soldier, whose name must ever appear conspicuous in the history of its achievements; but I rely upon the hearty support of my companions in arms to assist me in the discharge of the duties of the important trust which has been confided to me.

GEORGE G. MEADE, Maj.-Gen. Commanding. This change was so entirely unexpected, both by the public generally and the army, that nothing could exceed the surprise which it occasioned. The reasons for the change have not yet been made known, except that Gen. Hooker was relieved at his own request. The impression upon the army was thus described:

The report of the change soon extended to the several corps, and their commanders hastened to bid farewell to the General. By three o'clock a large number of officers had assembled, and soon after Gen. Hooker appeared in the avenue before his tent. Some time was spent in social intercourse, and to the last all formalities were dispensed with. The parting was painful to every one, particularly to those who had become endeared to the General by old associations. Gen. Hooker was deeply grieved. He had been identified with the Army of the Potomac, he said, since its organization, and had hoped to continue with it to the end. It was the best army of the country, worthy of the confidence of the nation, and could not fail of success in the approaching struggle. He spoke of his successor as a glorious soldier, and urged all to give him their earnest support.

Gen. Meade was totally surprised by the order appointing him commander of the Army of the Potomac, and deeply felt the weight of responsibility resting upon him. His appointment gives universal satisfaction, and all express a determination to extend their heartiest cooperation.

An order for the movement of the army was

issued on the same day by Gen. Meade. The sixth and eleventh corps, which were at Middletown, in the valley between the Catoctin and the Blue Ridge, were moved east to Frederick, and then directly up the Monocacy valley, on the west side of the stream, through Mechanicsburg and Emmitsburg, toward Gettysburg. The second and fifth corps crossed the Monocacy to the east, three miles above Frederick, and moved northeast through Union to Frizelburg, which is near the State line. The third and twelfth corps took the Middleburg road. The sixth corps crossed the Monocacy, east of Frederick, and moved to Westminster. These routes took the army into such a position that it could cover Baltimore, or cross the Susquehanna below Harrisburg, or prevent any movement of the Confederates toward Washington. On Tuesday forenoon, the first and eleventh corps were at Emmitsburg; the second and fifth at Frizelburg; the third and twelfth at Taneytown, and the sixth at Westminster. The Federal force at Harper's Ferry at this time was supposed to be about eleven thousand. It was incorrectly represented to Gen. Meade to be destitute of provisions, and that he must immediately supply it, or order the abandonment of the place. Accordingly, a few hours after he assumed the command, he assented to an order drawn up by an officer of Gen. Hooker's staff, directing Gen. French to send seven thousand men of the garrison to Frederick, and with the remainder, estimated at four thousand, to remove and escort the public property to Washington. This order was unknown in Washington till too late to be countermanded. It was not entirely executed when Gen. Meade ordered the reoccupation of that point.

At this time, Gen. Lee's forces had withdrawn from York and Carlisle, and from Chambersburg, and were concentrating on Gettysburg. The corps of Gens. Longstreet and Hill, forming the main army, were moving eastward, while Gen. Meade was moving northward. This movement would bring Gen. Lee on the flank of Gen. Meade's army. On Tuesday morning, Gen. Meade changed the line of march of all his corps, except the first and eleventh, toward Gettysburg. The first and eleventh were then moving in that direction. At the same time, Gen. Meade issued the following address to his army:

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, June 80th, 1868. The Commanding General requests that previous to the engagement soon expected with the enemy, corps and all other commanding officers address their troops, explaining to them the immense issues involved in the struggle. The enemy is now on our soil. The whole country looks anxiously to this army to deliver it from the presence of the foe. Our failure to do so will leave us no such welcome as the swelling of millions of hearts with pride and joy at our success would give to every soldier of the army. Homes, firesides, and domestic altars are involved. The army has fought well heretofore. It is believed that it will fight more desperately and bravely than ever, if it is addressed in fitting terms.

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at this hour.

Corps and other commanders are authorized to order the instant death of any soldier who fails to do his duty Major-Gen. MEADE.

By command of

S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Adjutant-Gen. Gettysburg, whither both armies were moving, was not only the capital of the county in which it is located, but a central point to which many roads converged. The road from Westminster, by which the sixth corps was advancing, comes in on the southeast; that from Taneytown, by which the third and twelfth were advancing, comes in on the south, which was the route also of the second and fifth; that from Emmitsburg, by which the first and eleventh corps were advancing, comes in on the southwest; that from Chambersburg, by which the Confederate corps of Gens. Longstreet and Hill were advancing, comes in on the northwest; and those from Harrisburg and York, by which the corps of Gen. Ewell was advancing, come in on the northeast.

On Wednesday morning, Maj.-Gen. Reynolds, in command of the first corps, advanced on the Emmitsburg road from Marsh creek to Gettysburg, where he arrived about ten o'clock, and marched directly through the town. A body of the enemy, being the advance of Gen. Heth's division of Gen. Hill's corps, was discovered to be posted on the road that came in from Chambersburg on the northwest. They were driven back by Gen. Buford's cavalry. The division, coming up, drove back the caval

ry. At this time the first corps appeared. The first division, under Gen. Wadsworth, was in the advance. The division of Gen. Doubleday followed and formed on the left, and that of Gen. Robinson on the right. The position occupied was a ridge northwest of the town, which sloped to the west, into a little open valley of ploughed fields and meadows. Beyond the valley is a ridge of higher land thickly wooded. The valley runs in a southwesterly direction. Across this valley the line of Gen. Reynolds advanced somewhat hastily, almost before it was well formed, and soon encountered a heavy force of the enemy's infantry, by which it was driven, but fell back in good order. The impetuosity of the enemy caused them to press the right centre too rashly, and, by a movement of the left centre upon the flank of the foe, a large number were taken prisoners. The advance of the enemy was broken soon after, and Gen. Reynolds prepared to go forward. His line advanced as before, and drove the enemy from the valley and over the ridge at the farther side, with a heavy loss by the severe fire of the foe. His line of skirmishers was now thrown out some distance from the hill, and Gen. Reynolds, upon going out to it to reconnoitre, was killed by a shot from the enemy.

The eleventh corps now arrived, and Gen. Howard assumed the command of the whole field, while Gen. Schurz took command of the eleventh corps. Gen. Doubleday now commanded the first corps.

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