Department C, Dr. Schwatt will lead a conference devoted exclusively to the pedagogical aspects of mathematics. Professor Gibbons's courses in Latin will have in view pedagogical principles, for the benefit of elementary and advanced students. The Philadelphia Museums will be open to all students of the Summer Meeting, who will be admitted free by ticket. By presenting this ticket the students will have the privilege of personal direction through the museums. Circulars of all the departments are now ready. A. Mediæval literature, history, art, philosophy, religion, education. B. Psychology, child study, the kindergarten. C. Round-table conferences. D. Mathematics. E. Latin. F. Music. The price of the inclusive ticket, admitting to all the lectures of all the departments, is fifteen dollars; of the department ticket, admitting to all the lectures of any one department, ten dollars, except the Roundtable Conferences Department, for which the fee is five dollars. The inclusive ticket does not admit to the laboratory courses, for which a special fee of ten dollars each is charged. An inclusive ticket for a single week costs five dollars. The price of admission to any single lecture is fifty cents. A coupon ticket, admitting to twenty lectures, will be sold for six dollars. The eleventh Edinburgh summer meeting will be held this year at University Hall, Edinburgh, from August 2 to 28. Arrangements have been made for the following courses during the summer meeting of 1897: "Contemporary Social Evolution in the East, the Evoluof War and Peace," Professor Geddes; 66 The Historical Evolution of the Turkish People," ten lectures, Mr. Victor V. Branford, M. A.; The Structure of Society," Professor Charles Zueblin, Chicago; “The Study of Comparative Literature," five lectures, Dr. John G. Robertson; "The Philosophy of Fröbel in Its Educational Bearing," five lectures, Miss Glidden, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn; "The Evolution of Scottish Scenery," ten lectures, Mr. J. G. Goodchild; "Places and People in Scotland," ten lectures, Mr. T. R. Marr; "Map-making and Map-reading," five lessons, Mr. A. J. Herbertson; "Relief Modeling for Teachers," five lessons, Mr. George Guyou; Geology of the Basin of the Forth, Ten Lessons in the Field," Mr. J. G. Goodchild. Classes in the botany and zoology of the Forth district are also being arranged. Students who desire to attend these classes must make application to the secretary before July 5. The The studio of the Old Edinburgh School of Art will be open to students of fine art during the meeting under the direction of Miss Helen Hay. Musical recitals and popular evening lectures are usually arranged during the course of the meeting. The fees for the whole meeting are £3, 3s.; for either fortnight, £1 11s. 6d. All inquiries should be addressed to the secretary, T. R. Marr, from whom the detailed prospectus (price 5d. post free) may be ob tained. No. 5. The office of THE CITIZEN is at 111 South Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. THE CITIZEN is published on the first day of each month. All communications should be addressed to the Editor of THE CITIZEN. Remittances by check or postal money order should be made payable to Frederick B. Miles, Treasurer. Advertising rates furnished upon application. Entered, Philadelphia Post-office, as second-class matter. Contents. Life and Education... PAGE 101 In these days when women are everywhere showing their ability to do well what was once regarded as man's work, and those who assume that women are intellectually inferior are constantly confronted with striking instances to the contrary, we seem obliged to shift our ground in any inquiry concerning the differences between the sexes from the question of power to that of quality; and, if any doubt remains as to the wisdom of welcoming women to all fields of activity, to ask ourselves which of their qualities are most valuable to our society and how these will be affected by the participa tion of women in the contentions of business and public life. Let us take as a concrete example, for assistance in considering this matter for a moment, certain incidents of the fire of last May in the Charity Bazaar at Paris. The Figaro of May 16, in a stinging leader headed 'Gardénias,' comments upon the selfindulgent lives of the young men so named from the flowers they wear in their buttonholes, and dwells upon the fact that they were present in considerable numbers at the bazaar, yet none were injured-"pas un poil de leur barbe soyeuse n'était roussi, la belle harmonie de leur chevelure n'était pas dérangée." It says that when the fire came the Gardénias fought their way to the doors in a fury of terror, struggling, biting, striking women with their canes and stamping them under their feet. In this way they escaped-not one was killed or wounded or could show even a scratch. There were brave men present, but they were workmen, hostlers, cooks, people who wear boutonnieres but rarely, people who live more or less for others. We will leave them out of account' and compare men and women of the same class -the Gardénias and the ladies they had come to the bazaar to meet. The duchesse d'Alençon, who died, was heard to say, by a man who escaped unhurt, "It is my duty to go only after the others." Mme. Surrault stood aside to let an unknown woman pass, saying: "Go, madam, I would not separate a mother from her daughter." The Figaro says of the women penned in that terrible place that they showed themselves, then as always, and under almost any circumstances, better than we, as they have been since Adam and Eve-good, devoted, doing their duty simply, loving, faithful, good wives, good mothers. What man but has wondered at the fortitude, the devotion, the endurance of women he has known, or who among us will deny the moral superiority of the women of his family, for instance, as compared with the men? Doubtless the good God made women better. than men, but it is true also that in some ways: old customs have served to keep them better... As a rule it is the man who asserts the right to indulge his selfishness, the woman who is unselfish. The habits of our lives, our vocations, and our avocations, our ends, and our ambitions all foster the flagrant selfishness of the gospel of free competition. Men have fought for what they wanted and women have served with love and patience since the beginning. The effect upon character of these differences in living has been such as might be expected. Chivalry in men is an obeisance to the nobility of women. There are men too besotted to recognize virtues they do not share, but most of us turn with relief to the goodness of our women-kind. Women are the conservators of those beautiful and delicate things which give to life whatever bloom it has; love, charity, religion, children, home, are all in their keeping. They are the idealists to whom the spiritual is real. The women in the fire of the rue JeanGoujon not only framed noble phrases but fitted their conduct to them. It is those qualities of women which contrast most strongly with the dominant traits of men that are best worth preserving. The least that men should do is to be just to women and in all things generous to them. If we are wise we shall all unite to grant them any privileges that will dignify their womanhood, and to preserve them as far as possible from the influences which make men grossly selfish. ELSEWHERE in this number of THE CITIZEN we publish a paper prepared by Dr. E. J. James, formerly president of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching and now in charge of the University Extension Department of the University of Chicago. This paper includes an extract from letter written by Professor Friedrich Paulsen, of Berlin, who speaks of the need of "broadening the basis of the entire intellectual culture of the people" and of effecting a "certain approach of the educated and cultured classes to the masses". phrases which happily express the motives of the University Extension movement-and a translation of the petition, presented with the signatures of considerably more than half of the professors of the University of Berlin, asking the academic senate of that institution to follow the example of the University of Vienna in establishing University Extension courses. The petition failed to attain its object by only one vote, a fact which leads to the belief that it may be granted when again presented. In the body of the petition there is a summary of the history of University Extension Teaching and an interesting discussion of the advantages of this method as well as of the difficulties to be surmounted in employing it. It is to be noted that the need of private organizations for the encouragement of popular education has already been recognized in Germany. Allusion is made to "the greatest variety of institutions intended to serve general educational purposes great central organizations like the Society for the Extension of Popular Education, which includes at the present time 1075 centres, and 2556 members, a special lecture association located at Coburg, which consisted in the year 1876 of six branches, embraced at the beginning of the year 1896, 211 such unions, and enlisted in its services more than forty German professors and docents." The Vienna petition for the establishment of University Extension is quoted as saying of elementary schools that they furnish, it is true, the basis for a further education, "but that this advanced education is not obtained, as a rule, because the youth and adult population in their subsequent lives lack the necessary stimulus and the necessary means of satisfying, in an adequate manner, their desires for education." In reference to the effect of University Extension courses the Berlin petition says: "The reproach that a sort of half culture will be diffused by such efforts will not be made by anyone who understands the circumstances. In such a case as this only those who have taken trouble to post themselves upon the facts should be allowed to speak, not those who depend upon reports from second or third hand. The courses should be arranged on a systematic plan, in contradistinction to the one-hour superficial popular addresses now so common on such subjects. The larger number of lectures will make it possible to treat the subjects more adequately. Without a certain kind of half-culture in certain directions there is no such thing as fullculture. That ruinous nibbling at culture, however, which is so characteristic of many similar enterprises for popular education, will be prevented, as far as possible, by the organization which is here proposed." have been in other ways, seem to have failed In reading the petition of the Berlin professors certain comparisons naturally suggest themselves between the conditions that obtain here and in Europe. We cannot now undertake to discuss at length the subject of differences of conditions, but it may be worth while to touch upon one or two points. Professor Paulsen, speaking of the approach of the educated to the masses, says that in the political world of Germany there is a strong current of feeling against the movement, which excites hatred and fear. The social democrats equally dislike the idea. of closer relations between the two classes although from different motives. In America the line of cleavage between the strata of society is nowhere as well defined as in Europe; even in our cities the line is not distinct until we come to the immigrant population and the dependent. Equal political privileges to a certain extent counterbalance other inequalities, and go far towards preventing a separation which economic relations have a tendency to assist. At all events an antagonism between classes has not been one of the difficulties which have stood most in the way of University Extension in the United States. The Berlin professors speak of "culture-hungry laborers," and we have no doubt that people oppressed by the idea that they have had few advantages are more disposed to seek education than those who have had opportunities and neglected them. It is a curious fact that in American cities instructive lectures seem to appeal more, among the earners of small wages, to those who have not been through our public schools, than to those who have; or at least that has been the experience in Philadelphia and we think in New York. The most highly cultivated and the least cultivated take more kindly to University Extension lectures than the intermediate class which has the impression that it is educated but is, in fact, so far from it that it exhibits little intellectual curiosity, and some contempt for lectures that are not amusing. This attitude on the part of slightly educated people is the greatest obstacle University Extension encounters. The public schools, valuable as they (July, The Story of a Love Story. [I. CHAUCER'S VERSION. II. SUBSEQUENT HISTORY.] II. It would require more space than may be commanded to tell with any attempt at completeness the story of Chaucer's clerk's tale for five hundred years after Chaucer. It will be possible to give here and there an incident or detail sufficient, perhaps, to indicate the direction of the development and allow the remainder to be filled in by individual imagination. Even before Chaucer's death, the story must have become very popular in France; in Paris the comedians presented it in a mystery in 1393, five years before Saint Maur, the earliest French theatre, was established. A number of renditions based upon this mystery were common, for in French prose of the 14th century twenty different versions have been found. Perhaps the first mention of the story in English was Lydgate's reference to it in "The Fall of Princes,' "The Temple of Glass,' and in a ballade translated from the Latin. In 1471, in Augsburg, there was printed a translation of Griselda by Heinrich Steinhöwel, the first of the well-nigh countless German forms of the story. The introduction into art may have begun with Pinturicchio, living from 1454-1513, who executed the story of Griselda in a series of three frescoes which are now in the National Gallery in London. Soon treatments of the theme began to appear under other titles and with some change of detail. Luigi Alamanni, an Italian poet, wrote, somewhere about 1525, a novel in which a Count of Barcelona subjected his wife to trials similar to those of Griselda. Parallels to other sufferers, too, began to be drawn, as in a poem written by William Forest, Chaplain to Queen Mary, of which the title is 'A True and most Notable History of a right Noble and Famous Lady produced in Spayne, entitled the second Gresield.' This was a panegyrical history of Queen Catharine, Henry VIII.'s first queen, in which she is compared to patient Griselda and Henry to Earl Walter. The book is dedicated to Queen Mary and the manuscript in which it is preserved, once elegantly bound and embossed, and beautifully written on vellum, evidently appears to have been the copy presented to her majesty by the author. It is scarcely necessary to say that by Hans Sachs the theme has been made the basis of a drama. In the sixteenth century there began to be circulated ballads based on the story, beginning, perhaps, in 1565 with Owen Rogers' li cense to print "a ballat entitled the songe of A noble Marquesse, With pleasant voice melodiously, Numerous ballads include one or more incidents which may be identified in their essence with some parts of the Griselda story. With the incidents in the third temptation of Griselda, when she serves at the new wedding of her husband, may be compared the old ballad of Fair Annie wherein, too, the heroine performs a like service-not without much weeping for a fair lady who has come from over the sea to wed her lover. At last it is found that the new-comer is the sister of Fair Annie, and at this discovery she refuses to marry at Annie's expense and all is made well. There are many versions of this ballad. Child Waters, and Burd Ellen and Lord Thomas, are somewhat analogous. Sir Walter Scott pointed out that in some of its parts the tale is much the same with the Breton romance called 'Lay le Frain' or "The Song of the Ash,' and a Danish ballad of 'Skian Anna' or 'Fair Annie.' In the former, to the wife of a knight, were born two daughters, one of which was taken far away by a maid and at night placed in an ash tree by the door of a convent. When found in the morning by the porter the infant was taken to the abbess, and as the rich clothing betokened noble birth, the child was baptized and christened le Freine, Breton for ash. The maid grew and became the most lovely of all the realm, when she was carried off from the convent by a knight. Af ter a while, wearied of her, he prepared to take another wife and the wedding was solemnized. Le Freine, thinking the wedding chamber too |