with the case, and on every side the box was pierced with holes for the pipes. This relic was preserved in the museum of Ralph Thoresby of Leeds, in 1719, and, about 1843, was added, by the late Duke of Sussex, to his collection of the smoking utensils of all nations. 4. The peers engaged in the trial of the Earls of Essex and Southampton, smoked much while they deliberated on their verdict. It was alleged against Sir Walter Raleigh, that he used tobacco on the occasion of the execution of the Earl of Essex, in contempt of him; and it was perhaps in allusion to this circumstance, that when Raleigh was passing through London to Winchester, to stand his trial, he was followed by the execrations of the populace, and pelted with tobacco-pipes, stones, and mud. On the scaffold, however, he protested that during the execution of Essex he had retired far off into the armory, where Essex could not see him, although he saw Essex, and shed tears for him. Raleigh used tobacco on the morning of his own execution. 5. As early as the year 1610, tobacco was in general use in England. The manner of using it was partly to inhale the smoke and blow it out through the nostrils, and this was called "drinking tobacco," and this practice continued until the latter part of the reign of James I. In 1614, the number of tobacco-houses in or near London was estimated at 7,000. In 1620 was chartered the society of tobacco-pipe makers of London; they bore on their shields a tobacco-plant in full blossom. 6. The "Counterblast against Tobacco," attributed to James I., if in some parts absurd and puerile", yet is not without a good deal of just reasoning and good sense; some fair hits are made in it, and those who have ridiculed that production might find it not easy to controvert some of its views. King James, in his Counterblast, does not omit the opportunity of expressing his hatred toward Sir Walter Raleigh, in terms worthy of that despicable monarch. He continued his opposition to tobacco as long as he lived, and in his ordinary conversation oftentimes argued and inveighed against it. 7. The Virginia tobacco, in early times, was imported into England in the leaf, in bundles, as at present; the Spanish or West Indian tobacco, in balls. Molasses or other liquid preparation was used in preparing those balls. Tobacco was then, as now, adulterated in various ways. The nice retailer kept it in what were called lily-pots, that is, white jars. The tobacco was cut on a marble block: juniper-wood, which retains fire well, was used for lighting pipes; and among the rich, silver tongs were employed for taking up a coal of it. Tobacco was sometimes called the American Silver-weed. 8. The amount of tobacco imported in 1619 into England, from Virginia, being the entire crop of the preceding year, was twenty thousand pounds. At the end of seventy years, there were annually imported into England more than fifteen millions of pounds of it, from which was derived a revenue of upwards of £100,000. In April, 1621, the House of Commons debated whether it was expedient to prohibit the importation of tobacco entirely; and they determined to exclude all save from Virginia and the Somer Isles. It was estimated that the consumption in England amounted to one thousand pounds per diem. This seductive" narcotic" leaf, which soothes the mind and quiets its perturbations", has found its way into all parts of the habitable globe, from the sunny tropics to the snowy regions of the frozen pole.* Its fragrant smoke ascends alike to the blackened rafters of the lowly hut and the gilded ceilings of luxurious wealth.-History of the Colony of Virginia. The Navigation Act.-The celebrated "Navigation Act," which secured to English ships the monopoly of the carrying trade with England, and seriously abridged the freedom of colonial commerce, was passed by Parliament in 1651. It was not at first enforced against Virginia; but after its re-enactment in 1660, with new provisions, it was rigorously executed, despite the remonstrances of the colonists. In 1673, Charles II., of England, granted to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington, "all the dominion of land and water called Virginia," for the term of thirty-one years. In addition to this lavish grant, and the oppressiveness of the “Navigation Act," the colonists were restricted in the elective franchise; were required to * The use of tobacco, however, is neither to be encouraged nor commended. The "Counterblast " was, perhaps, the most sensible of all King James's productions. conform to the doctrines and rituals of the Church of England; and the taxes levied were unequal and oppressive. They wanted but an excuse for appearing in arms, and it was soon found in the invasion made by the Susquehanna Indians. The invaders penetrated Virginia from the north, and carried desolation and death to many a lonely plantation. Bacon's Rebellion.-The people, knowing Governor Berkeley's measures for defense to be very inefficient, demanded permission to arm and protect themselves; but, being refused, they united ostensibly to repel the Indian invaders; and thus a struggle for popular liberty broke out in 1676, known as Bacon's Rebellion. Nathaniel Bacon, from whom the movement took its name, was at once pointed out as the leader. His social position was good, and he was eloquent and courageous. With a force of five hundred men he marched against the Indians, whom he met and defeated; and though Berkeley issued a proclamation declaring those in arms rebels, no notice was taken of the fulmination". The success against the Indians inspired the insurgents with confidence. They made demands which Berkeley consented to grant; but it soon becoming evident that he was acting treacherously, a desultory civil war broke out, in the course of which Jamestown was burned to the ground. Just as the success of the rebellion seemed to be established, and plans in respect to a new government were about to be adopted, Bacon suddenly died. The governor then pursued vigorous measures, and, regaining his former power, caused twenty-two of the insurgents to be hanged. Fines, imprisonments, and confiscations disgraced his administration until he was recalled by the king, in 1677. Subsequent History.-Berkeley's successor was Lord Culpepper, to whom and the Earl of Arlington the country had been granted in 1673, as previously stated. Virginia then became a proprietary government. Culpepper continued to rule until 1684, when, in consequence of his mismanagement, the king revoked the grant made to him and Arlington, and deprived him of his office. Virginia thus became a royal province again, and so remained till the REVOLUTION. MASSACHUSETTS. From its settlement, in 1620, to the union of New England Colonies, in 1643. Exploration of New England.—Captain Smith, who had performed so creditable a part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 1614, for the purpose of trade and discovery in America. He examined the shores from the Penobscot River to Cape Cod, and prepared a map of the country, to which he gave the name of New England. The original Plymouth Company having been superseded by another, called the Council of Plymouth, the king, James I., granted to the latter, in 1620, all the territory between the fortieth and forty-eighth parallels of north latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Puritans.-The first permanent settlement in New England was made by a small band of pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of England, who fled from their own country to seek an asylum▾ from religious persecution. These people belonged to a class known in England as Puritans,* from the strictness of their religious practices and doctrines. They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence they removed to Leyden (li'den). At Leyden they lived eleven years in great harmony, under the pastoral care of John Robinson; but, from various causes, they became dissatisfied with their residence, and desired to plant a colony in America, where they might enjoy their civil and religious rights without molestation. After much solicitation, they obtained a grant of land from the London Company. As many as could be accommodated embarked on board a vessel called the Speedwell. The ship sailed to Southampton, England, where she was joined by another ship, called the Mayflower, with other Pilgrims from London. The two vessels set sail, but had not gone far before the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they entered the port of Dartmouth (dart'muth), England. A second time they started, but again put back-this time to Plymouth, where the Speedwell was abandoned as unseaworthy. Voyage of the Mayflower.—The Mayflower finally sailed alone, with one hundred and one passengers, the most distinguished of whom were John Carver, William Brewster, Miles Standish, William Bradford, and Edward Winslow. After a boisterous passage, they reached Cape Cod Bay; and, though they had originally designed to seek a landing in the vicinity of Hudson River, they determined to attempt a settlement at this place, in consequence of the lateness of the season, and the great fatigue which they had already undergone in so long a voyage. Landing of the Pilgrims.-Southey. 1. DAYS pass, winds veer, and favoring skies The good ship lies. Where the long sandy Cape Bends and embraces round, As with a lover's arm, the sheltered sea, From adverse gales and boisterous billows free. *The name Puritans was first given to those who, during the reign of Elizabeth, refused to conform to the liturgy and ceremonies of the Church of England, on the ground that the Church required further reformation, abandoning all merely traditional practices and doctrines, and following the "pure word of God. "The name was afterward given, in derision, not only to such, but to all who were peculiarly strict and serious in religious matters. The Puritans included several sects, as the Presbyterians and the Brownists, or Independents, who were opposed alike to Episcopacy and Presbyterianism. The Pilgrim Fathers were of this latter class. 2. 3. 4. Now strike your sails, Ye toil-worn mariners; and take your rest In that wild fit prevails, Tossing the waves uptorn with frantic sway. Your course till the elemental madness cease, How gladly there, Sick of the uncomfortable ocean, The impatient passengers approach the shore ; With taint of bilgev and cordage undefiled, And oh how beautiful For many a week have seen With what a fresh delight They gaze again on fields and forests green, May bear the trace of man's industrious hand; The shore of shelving sand, As the light boat moves joyfully to land! 5. Woods they beheld, and huts, and piles of wood, And many a trace of toil, But not green fields or pastures. 'Twas a land Of pines and sand;— Dark pines, that, from the loose and sparkling soil, |