HOSPITALS.

STATE ALMSHOUSES.

CUSTOM-HOUSE OFFICERS.

DISTRICT OF BOSTON AND

CONSULS AND CONSULAR AGENTS.

STATE PRISON.

Gideon Haynes, Warden. Benjamin L. Mayhew, Deputy Warden. William Peirce, Clerk. Amos B. Bancroft, Physician. George J. Carleton, of Newton, Chaplain. Francis Childs, Charlestown; Stephen N. Stockwell, Boston; Harmon Hall, Saugus, Inspectors.

Whole number of convicts, November, 21, 1861, 556.

AGENT FOR DISCHARGED CONVICTS, Dwight Graves, of Newton.

THE

REBELLION OF 1861,

AND

MASSACHUSETTS MILITARY RECORD.

HISTORICAL.

Puritanism versus Chivalry.

IN the time of Elizabeth, the great defender of Protestantism against Catholic ambition, the middling merchants of the English cities, and the small proprietors in the country, in their religious movements separated from the Church of England. In their modes of worship they appealed less to the senses and more to the understanding; they sought the spirit rather than the forms of Christianity—a purer faith, a simpler worship, and a more liberal system of church government. From this they took the name of Puritans.

Opposed to them were the Nobility, the Court, the Prelacy, and all those who claimed the patronage of the state and the leadership of social circles and of great enterprisesthe great conservatives of the empire. These religious differences entered into politics. They gave direction to the policies of the state. They finally broke out into open war, into revolution. The first party took the name of Roundhead, the other that of Cavalier; and the two parties are known to-day under the name of Whig and Tory. That war ended in the death of Charles I., and the elevation of Cromwell as Dictator over the Commonwealth. These two religious-political powers, with their diverse constitutional structures of intellect, sent their several representatives to this country. The Cavalier element settled at Jamestown in 1607, and the Puritan at Plymouth in 1620. The first came under the patronage of the state, as visionary adventurers in quest of new fields of gain; the second came as a sect proscribed and persecuted by government, to establish liberal institutions and religious liberty.

The Cavaliers.

The Cavaliers sought wealth and political power. Their religion and their state, their social and educational institutions, were patterned upon those of England. They carried their settlements, their principles, and their love of lofty cheer, into Kentucky, and into Southern States. Loving wealth, ease, social distinctions, and political power, they naturally fell into the manner and the state of the great proprietor. Their characteristics followed their enterprise. The same year that the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, they adopted a system of servile labor; a system in harmony with their ideas of the political and social relation; a system which soon came to be considered as the basis of their monied prosperity. It has grown with their growth, and strengthened with their strength, until Virginia has given tone, character and institutions to fifteen sovereign States and to ten millions of people. She has been the mother of Presidents, as well as of States, and has achieved grand results in the career of empire.

The Puritans.

The Puritans, rigid, self-denying, industrious and enterprising, settled in a wilder. ness, combatted resolutely a barren soil and an inhospitable climate, put their own hands to the plough, built school houses and churches, opened roads through the forests and upon the seas, pushed forward through the Middle and Western States, carrying their ideas, virtues, enterprises and general prosperity with them; increased their wealth and numbers, enlarged the territory of their influence into a great empire, declared always for free labor, for the dignity of labor, for religious and political lib erty, until, by the superior innovating vigor of the Puritan intellect, though Virginia was settled first, they became the controlling intellectual power of the country. These elements culminated in all their glory in the government and institutions of Massachusetts. In her career of empire, she extended her ideas, institutions and characteristics over nineteen States and twenty millions of people.

From these two diverging streams of colonization have arisen two systems of labor, two tendencies in political development, two states of social and religious culture. These powers have always been more or less in contention with each other, which contentions were plainly seen during the Colonial period, the Revolutionary and Constitutional periods, and have now broken out in open hostility in what may be termed the period of the Rebellion.

Massachusetts and Virginia.

Though pursuing different paths to greatness, Massachusetts and Virginia have stood side by side in all the great contests of the nation. The oppressions of England weighed heavily upon both colonies. This became a bond of sympathy, and they cordially combined to avert a common danger. The Revolution was commenced in Massachusetts, under the patriots Adams, Hancock and Otis. She was the first to spring to the rescue, the first to spend her treasure, and pour out her blood for the defeat of a common enemy. Virginia, if not as prompt and efficient in furnishing substantial means, produced the "man for the hour," which gave her a leading influence in the revolutionary struggle. After the successful close of the greatest revolution of history, the Constitution was adopted upon principles first practically enunciated under Puritan influences in Massachusetts, first foreshadowed in design in the confederation for defence between the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. The North has always attempted to abide by the spirit of that Constitution, and history will aver that she has attempted most faithfully to carry out the glorious doctrines of the Declaration of Independence in the spirit of Jefferson of Virginia, and the Fathers of the Republic.

From the close of the Revolution, more than ever before, Massachusetts led Virginia, in art, education, manufactures, commerce, and in all the essentials of substantial wealth. In the great political discussions of 1820, these two antagonistic elements fought a hard battle for the maintenance of their peculiar ideas, and Liberty hoped that she had gained a permanent advantage in the Missouri Compromise. The North, in her expanding trade and commerce, sought the aid of a national bank, a careful regulation of the currency system of the country, and a protective tariff for her industry. To the latter, the South objected, and South Carolina raised the standard of nullificationa heresy that had the destruction of the Union as a logical result; but the quick thought and iron will of Jackson terrified the monster into submission by the utterance of those memorable words, "The Federal Union, it must be preserved."

Their Contest.

At this time the results of free thought, justice, religion, sound popular education, industry and enterprise had grown to great stature in the North-they could not be quiet. The South began to fear and protest against encroachments upon their interests. Earnest men and women, actuated by the same zeal that moved Knox, Hampden and Pym against church and state in England, talked, wrote, voted, and acted within what they deemed constitutional limits, to rid themselves of all responsibility for the greatest of our national misfortunes. The aristocracy, more than the people of the South, finding itself likely to be outstripped in all the essentials of national power, made demands upon the government, which demands were belligerent in tone, and threatened the destruction of the Union if they were not conceded. To quiet them, a large share of the government patronage and political power was given to them. For the sake of peace, compromises were entered into. They demanded the rendition bill of 1850; it was granted. They desired the repeal of the Missouri Compromise; it was repealed. Successive national congresses were elected, and committees were formed in both branches favorable to the Virginian rather than to the Massachusetts Idea. Presidents were elected, who, for the sake of peace, were compelled to look with more favor upon them than their just rights and real importance demanded. These aristocrats, not the people, plotted, counter-plotted to maintain the balance of power, hoping to keep it by political manoeuvres, when it could be retained only by educational institutions, wealth, trade, commerce, manufactures, and the consequent increase of population. These agitations of sentiment and opinion soon extended themselves more decidedly into politics; Massachusetts always taking the lead, with Virginia and South Carolina, two States pledged to the same Idea, in the opposition. In 1856, the Republican party, a party embodying the Idea of Massachusetts, consummated a sufficient working power to hope to elect a Republican President. His election was confidently predicted. The South was alarmed, and, as she had often done, boldly threatened the dismemberment of the Union. The Republicans were defeated, and a Democratic President quieted agitation in a measure; but all action did not cease. The moral principle deemed to be involved on the one side, and the personal and pecuniary interests on the other, stimulated the opposing elements to continued activity. Massachusetts and Virginía, as the exponents of the democratic and aristocratic principles, were pitted against each other in open contest in Kansas and Nebraska. The election of 1860 approached. It had been for some time evident that, by the disintegration of old parties upon the new issues which had arisen, Massachusetts would soon elect her President. The North had long been consolidating upon her Idea. The South had long been protesting. The two sections seemed to be withdrawing from former intimate relations, and congregating around their two different centres. The central ideas of each were deeper than any "peculiar institution" entertained by either. Their peculiar institutions were only accessories, adjuncts, logical results of their dif