lives and immense treasure, and placed arms and munitions of war in the hands of rebels at their respective capitals, which might be used, as soon as the armies of the United States were disbanded, and used to conquer and subdue loyal states.

4th. By the restoration of rebel authority in these respective states they would be enabled to re-establish slavery.

5th. It might furnish a ground of responsibility on the part of the Federal government to pay the rebel debt; and certainly subjects loyal citizens of rebel states to debts contracted by rebels in the name of the state.

6th. It puts in dispute the existence of loyal state governments, and the new state of West Virginia, which had been recognized by every department of the United States government.

7th. It practically abolished confiscation laws, and released rebels of every degree, who had slaughtered our people, from all pains and penalties for their crimes.

8th. It gave terms that had been deliberately, repeatedly, and solemnly rejected by President Lincoln, and better terms than the rebels had ever asked in their most prosperous condition.

9th. It formed no basis of true and lasting peace, but relieved rebels from the presence of our victorious armies, and left them in a condition to renew their efforts to overthrow the United States government and subdue the loyal states, whenever their strength was recruited, and any opportunity should offer.

The basis of soldiership is temperament: its exercise calls into play the heroic qualities of the mind: the seat of martial talent is the base of the brain. Decision of character-courage-tenacity of purpose-contempt of death or danger-insensibility to human suffering; are prime qualities and causality, comparison, ideality, benevolence, veneration and the other high qualities are in abeyance on the battle-field.

Davoust, Ney, Murat, Blucher, and Marlborough were great soldiers, and overflowing with valor; and the Duke of Montebello, the greatest French soldier in the Crimean war, had an actual delight in witnessing carnage.

Take the case of our Generals: Grant rose to no higher industrial plane than a wood pedlar in St. Louis, and a clerk in Galena; Sherman tried several things, including banking

in California, and law in Kansas, and signally failed in all— yet they were the leading characters in our war. Sheridan could fight, but he never tried to do aught else. Butler, a great lawyer, politician and man of affairs generally, was renowned only as a provost marshal in the army, although he was earnest, energetic, prolific in expedients and full of moral courage-but he was a civilian and not a soldier. Banks' fame as a soldier was in no wise equal to his fame as a civilian, although he too was a great man in all exigencies of civil life.

Alexander, Cæsar, Mahomet, John Sobieski, Frederic the Great, Henry of Navarre, Conde, John Paul Jones, Wellington, and Napoleon were of highly wrought nervous temperaments; while the Duke of Alva, Cromwell, Charlemagne, Hannibal, Louis Napoleon, and Von Moltke were of phlegmatic temperaments. In our country, Charles Lee, Benedict Arnold, Lafayette, Jackson, Scott, Sherman, Hancock, Sheridan, and Rosecrans were highly nervous; while Washington, Knox, Grant, Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and Thomas were phlegmatic and stolid.

The best temperament for actual hand-to-hand fighting evidently is the nervous-sanguine. No better example was educed from the Revolutionary war than Arnold-none better in this than Sheridan. Stoicism, stolidity, recklessness as to all but the main action are required in the commander-inchief: enthusiasm, energy, recklessness in all things, buoyancy of spirits, and undaunted courage are the needed things to lead a forlorn hope, or make a desperate charge: indeed, so true is this, that "the ear-piercing fife, and the spirit-stirring drum," flags, banners, high-flown oratory, the smiles of divine woman and other adventitious aids are resorted to to: inspire enthusiasm, gallantry and recklessness on the field, and thus to beget noble deeds of heroism; but the circumstances most needed, by the commander of all, are information, maps, resolution, decision of character and imperturbability; and Grant possessed all these things.

Sherman's march to the sea was one of the most daring achievements of all history. Its dramatic and sensational features have hitherto cast in the shade its daring and dangers. It had the glamour of novelty and the promise of fame. A spirit of adventure animated the whole army, and enthusiasm was more than a counterpoise for the dangers encountered on the perilous march.

Napoleon's expedition to Russia was a similar adventure, but there was no bouyancy of spirits or heroic resolve on the part of the army-else it would have met no such tragic denouement. Our soldiers were campaigning and fighting for their flag and the nation's life and honor: the Europeans were fighting to fill to satiety the ambition of Napoleon.

The march through Georgia was similar in its external aspects, to the Crusades: but in the latter religious enthusiasm was expected and relied on to furnish the animating principle, esprit du corps and management of the expedition: but the "March" was conducted on strictly tactical lines, and however much it savored of romance, it was a strategetical performance, which aided in crushing out the Rebellion as effectually as the battles around Atlanta.

To the gallant soldiers of the line, quite as much as to those who, adorned with stars, met at the council board, was the success of this and similar undertakings on a minor scale due. They had little to excite or stimulate their ambition, as the latter had. Hardship and prosaic duty in camp, and death or danger in the field, was the lot of the line officer or soldier, and naught but the loftiest patriotism inspired them to encounter cruel hardships and achieve deeds of valor.

But the rarest product of skill and enterprise is to command a large army. In modern days there have been about ten men competent: Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, Winfield Scott, George H. Thomas, Albert S. Johnson, Joseph E. Johnston, and Robert E. Lee were seven of them.