1664] Conquest of New Netherland 95 the king in the shape of two charters, one granted in 1662 to Connecticut and the other in 1663 to Rhode Island. These charters were drawn in such a liberal spirit that they continued to form the fundamental laws of Connecticut and of Rhode Island until 1818 and 1842. The voters of these two colonies were formed into corporations: to them was given practically all power, with the reservation of allegiance to the crown and the necessity of passing only such laws as should be conformable to the laws of England; their laws were not to be sent to England, but might be annulled by the king in council on appeal from the colonial courts. In other respects they enjoyed complete self-government: they elected their own officers and managed their own affairs to suit themselves. The Rhode Island charter also contained a provision for religious equality not unlike that of the second Carolina charter, which was granted in 1665. The boundaries of the two colonies, where they approached each other, were not accurately defined. Connecticut's western limits were in accordance with the terms of the old grant to Lord Saye and Sele and Lord Brooke (p. 77), and New Haven was included within it. New Netherland, 1664. 84. Conquest of New Netherland, 1664.- The continued The English possession of New Netherland by the Dutch was distasteful conquest of to the English; on the other hand, its acquisition by the English would greatly improve the latter's position on the continent. The conquest was easily effected, and the terms given to the vanquished were most liberal. Nine (1673) a Dutch fleet, happening to be on the coast, reconquered it; but at the Peace of Westminster in the following year (1674) it was ceded back to the English. years later Winsor's New York, I, temporaries, I, 155. Grants of In 1664, while it was still in Dutch hands, Charles II granted New Netherland to his brother James, Duke of New York York and Albany, who afterwards ascended the throne as and New James II. James, on his part, with true Stuart liberality, Jersey. immediately gave the portion between New York harbor and Hinsdale's Delaware Bay to two court favorites, Lord Berkeley and Old NorthSir George Carteret. The latter had gallantly defended the west, 92-96. 1688. Win sor's America, III, 392-411. island of Jersey against the Puritan forces, and the province was named in his honor, New Jersey. In the resettlement of New York after the conquest, the old Dutch names were changed to English ones: New Amsterdam became New York, and Fort Orange was called Albany; but there were surprisingly few changes which were likely to arouse opposition. The people of all the colonies which had been settled New York to by Englishmen enjoyed representative self-government; but New York had been settled by the Dutch and conquered by the English. Its people, therefore, enjoyed only the rights secured to them by the treaty which brought the conquest to a close. Indeed, it was not until 1684 that the first representative assembly met in New York. After the termination of the Dutch wars in 1674 New York began to grow New York, I, rapidly; but throughout the whole colonial period, settlement was confined to Long Island and to the banks of the Hudson and the lower Mohawk rivers. Roberts's ch. xii. Constitutional His Jersey. America, III, I, No. 164. 85. Settlement of New Jersey. The history of New tory of New Jersey is very complicated and difficult to understand. The colony soon became divided into numerous small portions, each with a history of its own; only the broad lines of development can be traced in this section. No sooner was the grant made than Berkeley and Carteret, the proprietors, temporaries, took measures to settle a colony in the new province; they drew up and published an agreement known as the "Concessions." In this document they promised that those who should emigrate to New Jersey should enjoy religious freedom and a liberal government resembling that of Maryland. Rebellions began almost as soon as the colonists reached New Jersey. These troubles induced Lord Berkeley to sell The Quakers his interest in the province to two Quakers, who soon quar in New Jersey. Janney's ch. viii. reled. In the end about nine tenths of Berkeley's share passed into the hands of the trustees, the foremost of whom was William Penn. The Quakers then negotiated with. Carteret and secured a division of the province into two parts, East and West Jersey. The Friends took the southwestern part and soon made many settlements. Later, in 1664] William Penn 97 1682, they acquired Carteret's rights in East Jersey also There was a good deal of doubt as to whether any powers of government were conferred by the Duke of York on the New Jersey proprietors. Sir Edmund Andros, governor of New York, claimed that the Duke had parted with his right to the soil only, and arrested the Jersey governors. In the end, however (1681), James gave way, and the Jerseys were governed by the proprietors. The later history of the province is the story of the gradual union of all these interests and the surrender of the jurisdiction to the crown. During the early part of the eighteenth century, the colony had the same governor as New York, with a legislature of its own; in 1738 a governor of New Jersey was appointed, and the province became independent. Owing to the frugality and industry of its inhabitants, to its freedom from fear of war, protected as it was by New York and Pennsylvania, and to the fertility of its soil, New Jersey enjoyed great prosperity, perhaps more than any other colony. East and 86. William Penn. - William Penn, who first became William interested in American colonization as one of the New Penn. Jersey trustees, was the Winsor's America, III 473-476; Janney's Penn. became a Quaker. Desirous to extend his colonial interests, William Penn Penn enlarges his colonial interests. and wishing to have a colony in which he could try his own ideas of government, William Penn obtained from Charles Janney's Extent of Penn's grant. xviii; Hins dale's Old Northwest, 98-104; Browne's Maryland; Fisher's Making of Pennsylvania, ch. xi. II and James, Duke of York (1680-82), the Swedish-Dutch settlements on Delaware Bay and a vast region stretching westward from the Delaware through five degrees of longitude to which the name Pennsylvania was given. Of the latter territory William Penn was made proprietary on nearly the same terms on which the Baltimores held Maryland; but the laws of Pennsylvania, unlike those of its neighbor, were to be submitted to the king, who might annul them at any time within three years. Religious toleration also was guaranteed, but provision was made for services according to the rites of the Established Church. Penn's relations with the colonists of what is now the state of Delaware were not laid down in any charter, and this omission gave rise to trouble in succeeding years. Delaware finally (1703) became independent of Pennsylvania so far as the legislature was concerned; but both provinces had the same governor during the colonial period. 87. Mason and Dixon's Line. The boundary disputes of Pennsylvania have been almost endless. The dispute with Maryland began immediately; it was due to the loose geographical ideas of that time. The plan evidently was that Penn should possess a continuous strip of land on the southern and western shore of Delaware Bay and River, from Cape Henlopen to the northern boundary of Pennsylvania. This territory, so far as it lay south of the fortieth parallel, had been included in Maryland by the charter of 1632; but it was held that Baltimore had forfeited his rights in this region by permitting the Swedes and the Dutch to make settlements on Delaware Bay. When observations were taken on the spot, it was discovered that there was a gap of some sixteen miles between the northern limit of the Swedish-Dutch colonies, which Penn had obtained by release from the Duke of York, and Pennsylvania, which he had reDixon's Line. ceived from the king. The southern boundary of Pennsylvania was the fortieth parallel, which had been the southern boundary of New England under the charter of 1620 and the northern boundary of Maryland under the charter of Mason and Hart's Con temporaries, I, No. 77 1680] The Northern Boundary of Pennsylvania 1632. Now a most awkward question arose: Penn was determined to retain the control of the navigation of the Delaware system and advanced arguments to show that Maryland had practically no right to any land at all. For years the disputation went on; at last, when both Penn and Baltimore were in their graves, an arrangement was made between their heirs which gave to Pennsylvania, to Delaware, and to Maryland their present boundaries (1732). English surveyors, Mason and Dixon, determined the eastern portions of these limits and ran the line westward for some distance, when their further proceedings were stopped by the Indians (1762-67). Subsequently the line was continued to the western boundary of Maryland, and was adopted by the states of Pennsylvania and of Virginia as limiting their respective territories. Such was the origin of Mason and Dixon's line, one of the most famous lines of demarcation in history. 88. The Northern Boundary of Pennsylvania. On the Northern north, Pennsylvania came into contact with Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York. In the disputes which arose over this portion of Pennsylvania, the arguments which Penn had advanced to restrict Baltimore's grant were used with great force by Pennsylvania's opponents, and in consequence that state includes only two degrees of latitude, instead of three, as the words of the charter seem to indicate. The contention with Connecticut limits. nia, ch. X. Old Northwest, 110 was especially violent. The Connecticut people had good Hinsdale's ground for complaint, as their charter, granted in 1662, was clearly infringed upon by Penn's grant of some twenty years 118. later. The dispute, continued throughout the colonial and the Revolutionary period, brought great misery to the dwellers in the Wyoming valley and on the upper Susquehanna, and |