Penn's Indian policy. Fiske's New England, 205; was only concluded at the time of the Connecticut cession of western lands to the United States (§ 223), by an arrangement which secured to her a valuable tract of land immediately west of Pennsylvania-known as the Western Reserve, which is now included in the state of Ohio. 89. Penn and the Indians. - William Penn, like Roger Williams and other colonists, was anxious that the natives within the limits of his colony should be treated with justice. Penn's ideas were set forth in a broad way in a treaty with the Indians which was not unlike the agreements between Hutchinson, the settlers of New York and the Iroquois, and between the Pilgrims and Massasoit. In all three cases, justice and fair dealing were promised on both sides, and, as a matter of fact, all three agreements were faithfully carried out. Stedman and II, 227; Hart's Contemporaries, I, No. 163. The "Walking Purchase." Government. Penn made several other treaties with the Indians, which related more especially to the purchase of land. The best known of these, perhaps, was the so-called "Walking Purchase," by which Penn acquired a tract of land west of the Delaware, extending inland as far as a man could walk in three days. The Quaker proprietary, with a few friends and a body of Indians, walked out the first day and a half in a leisurely fashion; they accomplished about thirty miles, which was as much land as was needed at the moment. In 1733, years after Penn's death, the other day and a half was walked out, this time in an entirely different spirit. The Pennsylvania authorities then employed the three fastest walkers that could be found; one of whom covered eightysix miles in thirty-six hours. Colonists came to 90. Government of Pennsylvania. the new province in great numbers, attracted by Penn's reputation and by the promise of religious liberty. The proprietary conferred upon them almost complete power of self-government; he even abandoned the right to veto any legislation which they might adopt. Grave disputes arose : the colonists did not fulfill their obligations to the satisfaction of the proprietary, and he revoked the grant of self-government. In 1701 Penn granted the Charter of 1663] The Carolina Charters ΙΟΙ Privileges, which remained the fundamental law of Pennsylvania until the American Revolution. 1701. Char ters and Constitutions, II, 15-36. This document was in reality a written constitution. It Charter of provided (1) that no person believing in one God should Privileges, be molested on account of religion; but (2) only those "who also profess to believe Jesus Christ the Saviour of the world" could take part in the government, and then only on promising allegiance to the king and fidelity to the proprietary; (3) no person should be disturbed in his property except by legal process; (4) an assembly, consisting of a single house, should annually be elected by the freemen, — which was interpreted to mean taxpayers; this assembly should exercise functions "according to the rights of free-born subjects of England, and as is usual in any of the king's plantations in America"; (5) the proprietary should be represented by a governor and council, who could negative any act of the assembly. The instrument also contained a provision for its amendment — except the clause as to religious freedom - provided the governor and six sevenths of the assembly should concur. sies with the Penns. This charter put an end to disputes with the proprietary Controveras to forms of government; but during the greater part of the first seventy years of the eighteenth century there was a fierce controversy over the question of the taxation of the proprietary's lands: the people asserted that these should be taxed like the lands of any private person, while the Penns claimed freedom from taxes on the ground that they were representatives of the king. Franklin went to England to lay the views of the colonists before the home government; in the end, the Privy Council decided in favor of the Pennsylvanians (1759), on certain conditions, however, which were by no means to the colonists' liking. charters, 1663, 1665. Winsor's 91. The Carolina Charters, 1663, 1665. — The new out- Carolina burst of colonizing spirit which followed the Restoration of Charles II was not confined to the northern and middle colonies it led also to the founding of a new colony south of Virginia, which was named Carolina in honor of the America, V, 290. Limits. Religious freedom. Early settle ments. Winsor's America, V, 287-290. Charleston, 1680. Winsor's America, V, 307309. second Charles. An earlier charter had already named this region Carolina for the first Charles. Among the grantees under the new charter (1663) were Clarendon, Albemarle (General Monk of Cromwell's time), Anthony Ashley Cooper, at the time known as Lord Ashley and later as the Earl of Shaftesbury, Sir William Berkeley, and the two grantees of New Jersey, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. The territory given to them lay between the thirty-first and the thirtysixth parallels of latitude, and extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific. A part of it was within the limits of Virginia under the charter of 1609, and two years later (1665) by another grant the northern boundary of Carolina was pushed still farther north to include one half a degree more of Virginia soil (36° 30'). At the same time, the southern boundary was pushed two degrees farther south to the twenty-ninth parallel (map, p. 68). The most interesting provision in the charter of 1665 is one which guaranteed freedom of conscience and worship to all Christians on condition that "they abused not their liberty to the disturbance of others." In other respects, the Carolina proprietaries enjoyed the same powers of government as the grantees of Maryland (p. 61). 92. Settlement of the Carolinas. Preparations were at once made to take possession of the new province. Settlers already were living in the northern parts, on Albemarle Sound, and a few New Englanders had at one time settled on the Cape Fear River, but it is not certain whether there were any living in that region in 1663. Colonists came soon from the Barbados, and a prosperous settlement sprang up in the northern portion of the province. In 1670 the first band of immigrants came to the southern part of Carolina and settled on the southern side of what is now known as Charleston harbor. This famous port is formed by two rivers, the Ashley and the Cooper, named in honor of the Earl of Shaftesbury; between them was a bit of ground destined by nature to become the seaport of the southeast, as Manhattan Island was designed to be the 1670] Grievances of the Virginians 103 commercial center of the north. It was not until 1680 that the colonists moved across the Ashley to Oyster Point, as this tract between the rivers was then called, and laid the foundations of Charleston. The new settlement throve, and by the end of the century, notwithstanding troubles with Indians and with the Spaniards, it was well established. Virginia, Winsor's 93. Grievances of the Virginians, 1660–76. —The Restoration brought even more trouble to the loyal colony of Virginia than it did to the members of the Puritanical New England Confederation. Virginia's royalist governor, Sir III, 149. William Berkeley, was one of the Carolina grantees and a party to detaching from the Old Dominion a large piece of her territory. To requite the proffered hospitality of the Virginia royalists (p. 59), Charles II, while still in exile, had renewed his father's grant of Virginia to several court favorites. After the Restoration (in 1663), he granted the whole colony to two men, Arlington and Culpeper, who were nearly as disreputable as he was himself. This made them masters of the province, and the Virginians were obliged to buy them off as well as they could. The new rulers of England also enforced the Navigation Acts with more vigor than the Puritans had done, and by new laws (p. 90) interfered with the tobacco trade, and caused a serious diminution in the price of that staple. The Virginians petitioned for relief, but received none. The royalist faction naturally gained the ascendency in the colony at the Restoration; they made sharp laws against religious dissenters, paid no attention to education, and very little to religion. Corruption and extortion prevailed in all branches of the government, and no election to the assembly was held for fourteen years. Then this ancient legislative body, which had been in existence since 1660, enacted a law greatly restricting the franchise, and it was proposed to hold a new election under this act. Affairs were in a critical condition when the Indians became very restless. The governor took little interest in plans for protecting the colonists, and was believed to be more concerned for the Hart's Contemporaries, I, No. 70. Bacon's Re Winsor's America, III, I, 445-478; prosperity of the natives than he was for the safety of the settlers, as he received the net proceeds of the duties on the furs exported. 94. Bacon's Rebellion, 1676. — Nathaniel Bacon, an able bellion, 1676. and popular man, now stepped forward and assumed charge of the war with the savages. Berkeley, on his part, declared Bacon and those who aided him to be rebels; this declaration was the signal for a general uprising. It is useless to follow the course of this revolt: wherever Bacon appeared, he was successful, but as soon as his back was turned, Berkeley gained the upper hand. Before long Bacon died, and the excitement came to a sudden end. There are indications to the effect that Bacon hoped to unite other colonies with Virginia in resistance to the royal authorities. The most regrettable thing about Bacon's Rebellion was that it prevented the granting of a charter giving the Virginia colonists the government of the province on substantially the terms of the Connecticut and Rhode Island charters. I, No. 71. Virginia to 1700. Win sor's America, V, 263265; Stedman and Hutchinson, II, 265: 95. Virginia, 1677-1700.- Virginia next fell into the hands of a most greedy set of governors, Lord Culpeper, Lord Howard of Effingham, Sir Edmund Andros, and Sir Francis Nicholson. The only important event of their time was the founding of William and Mary College, named after its royal patrons, the king and queen of England (1692). Its founder was the Rev. James Blair, who desired to estabtemporaries, lish an institution in which young Virginians might be educated for the ministry of the Established Church. Little was realized in this respect, but the college provided a fair training for those young Virginians who could not go to a Northern college or to England for an education. The years Hart's Con I, No. 89. King Fiske's New 96. Overthrow of the Massachusetts Charter. 1675-76, which were so eventful in the history of Virginia, were even more important in the annals of New England, for then occurred a terrible struggle with the natives, which is known as King Philip's War, from the name of the Indian Old South Leaflets, chief who organized the movement. The contest resulted VIII, No. 4. in the crushing overthrow of the Indians; it also greatly |