5. Pedlers are required to apply in writing to the clerk of the court of common pleas, who may grant to any person a license to peddle for one year, on his presenting a certificate of the county auditor, showing that he has paid for such license $25, if he is to travel on foot; if with one horse, $40; if with two horses, $50; if with a boat, $80: and also that he has paid one-half of one per cent. on the amount of capital to be employed in the business. The money goes into the state treasury.

6. Any person peddling without a license any goods not manufactured within this state, by himself or his employer, is liable to pay a fine of $100 for every offence, to be prosecuted before a justice of the peace. A person's refusal to show a license is to be deemed evidence that he has none.

7. The court of common pleas has power to appoint a proper number of suitable persons as auctioneers within the county, for the term of one year. No person may, without a license, sell at public auction, vendue, or outcry, any property, except utensils of husbandry, household goods, real estate, produce, horses, cattle, &c. The law fixes certain duties upon the property sold by auctioneers, to be paid into the county treasury, and thence into the state treasury. Fine for selling without a license, not less than $100, nor exceeding $500.

8. Provision has been made by law for that most unfortunate class of persons, idiots and lunatics. An idiot is one that is born destitute of common sense, usually called a natural fool. A lunatic, or an insane person, is one who has possessed his reason, but has suddenly been deprived of it. It was formerly supposed this disease was produced by the influence of the moon. Hence it is called lunacy, from luna, the Latin word for moon.

Idiots who are poor

are to be provided for as other paupers are.

9. If a person is lunatic or insane, the sheriff is to take him to the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, where he is to receive

whom are pedlers licensed? 6. What articles may be peddled without a license? Fine? 7. By whom are auctioneers licensed? What goods may other persons sell without a license? Fine? 8. What is an idiot? A lunatic? How are idiots provided for? 9. How are lunatics treated?

medical treatment for his disease. If he is discharged because he is found to be incurable, he is to be otherwise provided for. If he is not a pauper the court may appoint a guardian to take care of his property, and to see that it is properly applied to the maintenance of the person and his family. If he recovers his reason, his property is restored to him.

10. Public stages. For the safety of passengers travelling in public conveyances, every owner of a stage is required to have two lamps attached to the same, and kept lighted when travelling in the night-time. If the coach is unfurnished for forty-eight hours at any time, the owner may be fined from $10 to $30; and the driver, for not lighting the lamps, from $5 to $20.

11. The driver of a passenger carriage is forbidden to run his horses, or to leave them untied without placing the lines into the hands of some person, under a penalty of $5 to $20, to be prosecuted within thirty days; the money to go to the complainant. If the fine cannot be collected of the driver, the owner is liable. Or the owner may voluntarily pay, and recover of the driver.

12. Nuisances. Any person who shall put a dead animal into a well, or other water used for domestic purposes, is liable to a fine not less than $2, nor exceeding $40. It is also declared to be a nuisance to keep an unclean slaughter-house between the first of April and the first of October, to the annoyance of the citizens; or to permit any soap, candle, oil, glue, or varnish factory, or any pork, sausage, or lard house, to the annoyance of the citizens, farther than is necessary for the prosecution of the business of such establishments. Also to put a dead body into any place, or for the owner knowingly to leave it, where it is offensive to the citizens. The offender in such cases may be fined in proportion to the aggravation of the offence.

How is their property disposed of? 10. What regulations are made for lighting public stages? 11. What for securing the horses? 12. What are here declared to be nuisances? How much may offenders be fined?

6

CHAPTER XXII.

Of the Militia of the State.

1. In order to defend a country against attacks from foreign enemies, and to put down insurrections and rebellion against the government by its own citizens, it is the practice of every government to keep the country prepared for events of this kind. For this purpose, men are required to meet every year on certain days, for instruction in the art of war. This is usually called military exercise, or training.

2. By the laws of this state, all white male citizens of the United States, residing within this state, between the ages of twenty-one and forty-five years, are liable to do military duty, except the following: Ministers of the gospel; militia officers, having been uniformed and equipped, and having served five years; members of uniformed companies seven years; and acting members of fire companies, while such, and in time of peace, after they cease to be members. Certain public officers, while in office, are also exempt.

3. Besides these, there are persons exempted by the laws of the United States. They are the vice-president, and all executive and judicial officers of the government of the United States; members of congress, and its officers; customhouse officers and their clerks; post-officers, and drivers of mail stages; ferrymen employed at ferries on post-roads; pilots and mariners. The president, it will be seen, is not among the list of the exempt, he being commander-in-chief of the militia of the nation. [Const. U. S., Art. 2, sec. 2.] 4. By an act of the legislature in 1844, the rank and file of the militia are not required to train, except in time of All persons of the age mentioned, except those who are exempted by law, are to be enrolled in the militia, and, instead of training, to pay every year fifty cents, or labor

war.

1. For what purpose are military trainings? 2. Who are liable to do military duty? Who are exempt by the laws of the state? 3. Who exempt by the laws of the United States? 4. What portion of the

on the highways one day. The money is collected by the township assessor, and paid to the treasurer of the county.

5. All military officers and members of volunteer companies, while regularly performing military duty, are exempt from the poll-tax of two days' highway labor, but not from any other road tax. And any person enrolled in the militia, who shall join a volunteer company, becomes thereby exempt from the payment of the fifty cents, or the one day's labor on the road.

6. Volunteer companies are composed of men between eighteen and forty-five years; but minors may not be enrolled, without consent of their parents or guardians. These companies are the only acting militia of the state, and are the first to be ordered into service in case of war, or to suppress riots, or to aid the civil authorities in executing the laws. There is a company muster of volunteer companies every year, and also a brigade muster of the sev eral volunteer companies, for review and inspection.

7. The governor is, by the constitution, made the commander-in-chief of the militia of the state. [Const. Art. 2, sec. 10.] He has power to call them out, when their ser vices are wanted. The highest military officer under the governor, is the adjutant-general, and is appointed by the governor. The constitution declares by whom the different officers shall be elected. [Art. 5.]

8. The adjutant-general discharges the duties of the inspector-general, and distributes all orders from the commander-in-chief to the several divisions, or other corps of the militia; attends all public reviews, where the commander-in-chief shall review the militia; and obeys all orders to him relative to carrying into execution and perfecting the system of military discipline, established by

law.

9. It is believed that the law abolishing the trainings and

militia do not train? How and what do they pay instead? 5. Who are exempt from poll-tax? 6. Of whom are volunteer or uniform companies composed? What is said of their being called out? Of their musters? 7. What military office has the governor? What officer does he appoint? 8. What are the duties of the adjutant-general? 9. Can you give any reasons in favor of abolishing military trainings?

musters of the great body of the militia, is a good one; first, because they had become so inefficient as to produce no material improvement in discipline; secondly, the time spent in these useless exercises, and the money expended for arms and equipments, were highly burdensome to many citizens; thirdly, they tended to injure the public morals; and fourthly, there is little or no probability of a war, or other occurrence, requiring a large portion of the militia of the country to be called into immediate service. The volunteer companies are supposed to be sufficient for any event that is likely to happen.

10. Happily, the practice of settling disputes by war, is growing unpopular among civilized nations. War is a dreadful evil, and ought to be discouraged, and, if possible, avoided. How much better it would be, if nations should settle their disputes as individuals do, without fighting! If the love of military honor were less encouraged, and the principles of peace duly inculcated, the time would be hastened when "nations shall learn war no more."

CHAPTER XXIII.

Of Courts of Justice.-Justices' Courts.

1. In the preceding chapters it has been shown how the laws of the state are made, and how the government is administered; and also what are the powers and duties of officers in the legislative and executive departments of the government. There is another class of officers, whose powers and duties remain to be described, called judicial officers. The business of judicial officers is to administer justice to the citizens; and when sitting for that purpose, they are called a court.

It

2. The necessity of courts of justice is easily seen. would be improper to allow every man who thinks himself

10. Is war desirable? Can you mention any of its evil consequences?

1. What is the business of judicial officers? 2. From what does the